Meaning and Characteristics of Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissancethe Italian Renaissance

►Renaissance=RebirthRenaissance=Rebirth► Jacob BurkhardtJacob Burkhardt

Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860)(1860)

►Age of RecoveryAge of Recovery►Emphasis on individual abilityEmphasis on individual ability

The Making of Renaissance The Making of Renaissance SocietySociety

►Economic RecoveryEconomic Recovery ManufacturingManufacturing

►Textiles, printing, mining and metallurgyTextiles, printing, mining and metallurgy

►BankingBanking Florence and the MediciFlorence and the Medici

The Italian RenaissanceThe Italian Renaissance

►Many people believed they were living Many people believed they were living in the second coming of Classical in the second coming of Classical Society (Greco-Roman)Society (Greco-Roman)

►Other people believed they were Other people believed they were entering into a completely new eraentering into a completely new era

►Almost everyone believed that they Almost everyone believed that they were leaving an old “dark” time periodwere leaving an old “dark” time period

Greco/Roman-Middle Ages-Greco/Roman-Middle Ages-RenaissanceRenaissance

What brought about the What brought about the Renaissance?Renaissance?

►Venice became very rich from the Venice became very rich from the Crusades, particularly the 4Crusades, particularly the 4thth Crusade Crusade and riches of Constantinople.and riches of Constantinople.

► Italian states benefited from trade with Italian states benefited from trade with the Middle Eastthe Middle East

►Better ships were built that could carry Better ships were built that could carry more cargo, easiermore cargo, easier

The Italian States in the The Italian States in the RenaissanceRenaissance

► Five Major PowersFive Major Powers MilanMilan VeniceVenice FlorenceFlorence The Papal StatesThe Papal States Kingdom of NaplesKingdom of Naples

► Independent City-StatesIndependent City-States MantuaMantua FerreraFerrera UrbinoUrbino

FlorenceFlorence

What are they looking at?What are they looking at?

A Renaissance BanquetA Renaissance Banquet

►First Course:First Course: Pieces of marzipan and marzipan ballsPieces of marzipan and marzipan balls Neapolitan spice cakesNeapolitan spice cakes Malaga wine and Pisan biscuitsMalaga wine and Pisan biscuits Fresh grapesFresh grapes Prosciutto cooked in wine, served w/ Prosciutto cooked in wine, served w/

caperscapers Salted pork tongues, cooked in wine slicedSalted pork tongues, cooked in wine sliced Spit-roasted songbirds, cold with their Spit-roasted songbirds, cold with their

tongues sliced over themtongues sliced over them

A Renaissance BanquetA Renaissance Banquet► Second Course:Second Course:

Fried veal sweetbreads (throat, stomach) and liverFried veal sweetbreads (throat, stomach) and liver Spit-roasted skylarks with lemon sauceSpit-roasted skylarks with lemon sauce Spit-roasted quails with sliced eggplantsSpit-roasted quails with sliced eggplants Stuffed spit-roasted pigeons with capersStuffed spit-roasted pigeons with capers Spit-roasted rabbits, with sauce and crushed pine Spit-roasted rabbits, with sauce and crushed pine

nutsnuts Partridges larded and spit-roasted served w lemonPartridges larded and spit-roasted served w lemon Heavily seasoned poultry w lemon slicesHeavily seasoned poultry w lemon slices Slices of veal, spit-roasted (Au jus sauce)Slices of veal, spit-roasted (Au jus sauce) Leg of goat, spit-roasted (Au jus sauce)Leg of goat, spit-roasted (Au jus sauce) Soup of Almond paste, with the flesh of three Soup of Almond paste, with the flesh of three

pigeons to each servingpigeons to each serving

A Renaissance BanquetA Renaissance Banquet► Third Course:Third Course:

Stuffed fat geese, boiled Lombard style (w/ pork Stuffed fat geese, boiled Lombard style (w/ pork sausage) and covered w/ sliced almondssausage) and covered w/ sliced almonds

Stuffed breast of veal, boiledStuffed breast of veal, boiled Very young calf, boiledVery young calf, boiled Almonds in garlic sauceAlmonds in garlic sauce Turkish-style rice with milk, sprinkled with Turkish-style rice with milk, sprinkled with

cinnamoncinnamon Stewed pigeons with mortadella sausage and Stewed pigeons with mortadella sausage and

whole onionswhole onions Cabbage soup with sausagesCabbage soup with sausages Poultry pie, two chickens to each piePoultry pie, two chickens to each pie Fricasseed breast of goat dressed with fried Fricasseed breast of goat dressed with fried

onions (Stew)onions (Stew) Pies filled with custard creamPies filled with custard cream Boiled calves’ feet with cheese and eggBoiled calves’ feet with cheese and egg

A Renaissance BanquetA Renaissance Banquet►44thth Course Course

Bean tartsBean tarts Quince pastries (Like apples/pears)Quince pastries (Like apples/pears) Pear tarts, the pears wrapped in marzipanPear tarts, the pears wrapped in marzipan Parmesan cheese and Riviera cheeseParmesan cheese and Riviera cheese Fresh almonds on vine leavesFresh almonds on vine leaves Chestnuts (Roasted, salt and pepper)Chestnuts (Roasted, salt and pepper) Milk curdsMilk curds Ring shaped cakes (mmmm, donuts)Ring shaped cakes (mmmm, donuts) Wafers make from ground grain (mmm, Wafers make from ground grain (mmm,

wheat thins)wheat thins)

The Birth of Modern The Birth of Modern DiplomacyDiplomacy

►Modern Diplomacy is a product of Modern Diplomacy is a product of Renaissance ItalyRenaissance Italy

►Changing concept of the ambassadorChanging concept of the ambassador Resident ambassadorsResident ambassadors Agents of the territorial stateAgents of the territorial state

Machiavelli and the New Machiavelli and the New StatecraftStatecraft

►Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) The PrinceThe Prince Acquisition, maintenance and expansion Acquisition, maintenance and expansion

of political powerof political power

Art in the Early RenaissanceArt in the Early Renaissance

► Emphasized Emphasized individual talent in individual talent in painting, sculpture, painting, sculpture, architecture, architecture, literature and music literature and music

► Architecture Architecture returned to the returned to the domes and columns domes and columns of ancient Greece of ancient Greece and Romeand Rome

*Tempera paint (water *Tempera paint (water color) dried too color) dried too quickly, but oil water quickly, but oil water colors allowed artists colors allowed artists to correct mistakes to correct mistakes because of its slow because of its slow drying time. drying time.

*The new techniques *The new techniques include using oil include using oil paints to paint on paints to paint on fresh plaster, fresh plaster, creating, a new creating, a new unique type of fresco unique type of fresco

Old Art Compared to New ArtOld Art Compared to New Art

► The medieval The medieval artists often artists often painted bland two painted bland two dimensional dimensional pictures (top). pictures (top).

► The Renaissance The Renaissance artists painted artists painted luscious three luscious three dimensional dimensional pictures (bottom).pictures (bottom).

GiottoGiotto

► Represented the Represented the spirit of the spirit of the beginning of the beginning of the RenaissanceRenaissance

► FrescoesFrescoes

MasaccioMasaccio

► Realistic portrayal Realistic portrayal of cripples and of cripples and beggars was beggars was revolutionary in his revolutionary in his timetime

► Followed the Followed the stylized sculptures stylized sculptures of Donatelloof Donatello

►Great ability to Great ability to express emotionexpress emotion

MasaccioMasaccio

►Frescoes-Santa Maria NovellaFrescoes-Santa Maria Novella►Trinity>Trinity>

Paolo UccelloPaolo Uccello

Antonio PolliauoloAntonio Polliauolo

Sandro BotticelliSandro Botticelli

►Discovered by Discovered by Lorenzo de MediciLorenzo de Medici

►Developed a new Developed a new kind of artkind of art Fantasy and DesireFantasy and Desire

Botticelli’s Primavera (1480)Botticelli’s Primavera (1480)

Botticelli’s Birth of VenusBotticelli’s Birth of Venus

Botticelli’s Venus and MarsBotticelli’s Venus and Mars

DonatelloDonatello

►One of the most One of the most famous sculptors famous sculptors from the from the RenaissanceRenaissance

►David-Originally David-Originally considered an considered an outrageoutrage

► St. JohnSt. John

the Baptistthe Baptist

San LorenzoSan Lorenzo

► Parish church of the Parish church of the Medici familyMedici family

►Donatello pulpitsDonatello pulpits► The Martyrdom of The Martyrdom of

St. LawrenceSt. Lawrence

Medici ChapelMedici Chapel

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

► Accomplished in arts and Accomplished in arts and sciencessciences

► Ultimate Renaissance ManUltimate Renaissance Man

Da Vinci’s Vitruvian ManDa Vinci’s Vitruvian Man

Vitruvian ManVitruvian Man► a palm is the width of four fingers a palm is the width of four fingers ► a foot is the width of four palms a foot is the width of four palms ► a cubit is the width of six palms a cubit is the width of six palms ► a man's height is four cubits (and thus 24 palms) a man's height is four cubits (and thus 24 palms) ► a pace is four cubits a pace is four cubits ► the length of a man's outspread arms is equal to his height the length of a man's outspread arms is equal to his height ► the distance from the hairline to the bottom of the chin is one-tenth of a man's the distance from the hairline to the bottom of the chin is one-tenth of a man's

height height ► the distance from the top of the head to the bottom of the chin is one-eighth the distance from the top of the head to the bottom of the chin is one-eighth

of a man's height of a man's height ► the maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter of a man's height the maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter of a man's height ► the distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand is one-fifth of a man's the distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand is one-fifth of a man's

height height ► the distance from the elbow to the armpit is one-eight of a man's height the distance from the elbow to the armpit is one-eight of a man's height ► the length of the hand is one-tenth of a man's height the length of the hand is one-tenth of a man's height ► the distance from the bottom of the chin to the nose is one-third of the length the distance from the bottom of the chin to the nose is one-third of the length

of the face of the face ► the distance from the hairline to the eyebrows is one-third of the length of the the distance from the hairline to the eyebrows is one-third of the length of the

face face ► the length of the ear is one-third of the length of the face the length of the ear is one-third of the length of the face

The Virgin of the RocksThe Virgin of the Rocks

Lady with an ErmineLady with an Ermine

RaphaelRaphael

► Influenced by da Influenced by da Vinci and Vinci and MichelangeloMichelangelo

►Often painted Often painted Madonna and JesusMadonna and Jesus

►Most well known Most well known painting painting School of AthensSchool of Athens

Raphael’s School of AthensRaphael’s School of Athens

Michelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo Buonarroti

►Musician, Poet, Musician, Poet, Painter, SculptorPainter, Sculptor

► Age 29-sculpted DavidAge 29-sculpted David► Pieta-Only signed Pieta-Only signed

workwork► Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel

Despised the task, Despised the task, which was ordered by which was ordered by Pope Julius IIPope Julius II

Considered by many to Considered by many to be his greatest be his greatest accomplishmentaccomplishment

PietaPieta

DavidDavid

Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel

The Last JudgementThe Last Judgement

Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel

► The Ceiling of the The Ceiling of the Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel-40x133 feet ceiling-40x133 feet ceiling-68 feet high -68 feet high scaffolding scaffolding-Four years to-Four years to complete complete-He almost went blind-He almost went blind and ruined his and ruined his healthhealth

Giovanni Bellini-VenetianGiovanni Bellini-Venetian

TitianTitian

► Venetian artistVenetian artist► Studied under the Studied under the

tutelage of Giovanni tutelage of Giovanni BelliniBellini

►World-renowned>World-renowned> Assumption of the Assumption of the

MadonnaMadonna►Women tended to Women tended to

have auburn-have auburn-colored hair in his colored hair in his paintingspaintings

TitianTitian

Vittore CarpaccioVittore Carpaccio

Jan van EyckJan van Eyck

►Flemish painterFlemish painter►Wanted to paint the world realisticallyWanted to paint the world realistically►Achieved new and remarkable effects Achieved new and remarkable effects

using oil paints.using oil paints.►Most well known piece of artMost well known piece of art

Giovanni Arnolfini and His BrideGiovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

► The placement of the two figures suggests conventional gender roles – the woman stands The placement of the two figures suggests conventional gender roles – the woman stands near the bed and well into the room, symbolic of her role as the caretaker, whereas the man near the bed and well into the room, symbolic of her role as the caretaker, whereas the man stands near the open window, symbolic of the outside world. Giovanni looks directly out at stands near the open window, symbolic of the outside world. Giovanni looks directly out at the viewer, his wife gazes obediently at her husband. the viewer, his wife gazes obediently at her husband.

► The oranges on the chest below the window may refer to fertility and symbolize the purity The oranges on the chest below the window may refer to fertility and symbolize the purity and innocence that reigned in the Garden of Eden before the Fall of Man. They are also a and innocence that reigned in the Garden of Eden before the Fall of Man. They are also a token of prosperity, since these fruits could be afforded only by the wealthy few. token of prosperity, since these fruits could be afforded only by the wealthy few.

► The cast-aside clogs are possibly a gesture of respect for the wedding ceremony and also The cast-aside clogs are possibly a gesture of respect for the wedding ceremony and also indicate that this event is taking place on holy ground. Husbands traditionally presented indicate that this event is taking place on holy ground. Husbands traditionally presented brides with clogs. brides with clogs.

► The little dog symbolizes fidelity. The little dog symbolizes fidelity. ► The green of the woman’s dress symbolises hope, possibly the hope of becoming a mother The green of the woman’s dress symbolises hope, possibly the hope of becoming a mother

and her white cap signifies purity. and her white cap signifies purity. ► Behind the pair, the curtains of the marriage bed have been opened, depicting that the Behind the pair, the curtains of the marriage bed have been opened, depicting that the

couple have been visited and blessed by the Trinity. The red curtains allude to the physical couple have been visited and blessed by the Trinity. The red curtains allude to the physical act of love, the carnal union of the married couple. act of love, the carnal union of the married couple.

► The contrast between red and green, which appear side by side in the painting, suggest the The contrast between red and green, which appear side by side in the painting, suggest the coming together of opposites. coming together of opposites.

► The single candle in the left rear holder of the ornate seven-branched chandelier, is possibly The single candle in the left rear holder of the ornate seven-branched chandelier, is possibly the candle that the bride gave to the groom. This was a traditional Flemish marriage the candle that the bride gave to the groom. This was a traditional Flemish marriage custom. Oddly lit in broad daylight, the candle alludes to the ever-present light of God. custom. Oddly lit in broad daylight, the candle alludes to the ever-present light of God.

► On the bedpost is a tiny ornament of the statue of Saint Margaret, patron saint of childbirth, On the bedpost is a tiny ornament of the statue of Saint Margaret, patron saint of childbirth, and from that hangs a brush which symbolic of domestic care. Furthermore, the brush and and from that hangs a brush which symbolic of domestic care. Furthermore, the brush and the rosary (a popular wedding gift) appearing together on either side of the mirror may also the rosary (a popular wedding gift) appearing together on either side of the mirror may also allude to the dual Christian injunctions allude to the dual Christian injunctions ora et laboraora et labora (pray and work). (pray and work).

► The inscription above the mirror announces that The inscription above the mirror announces that Johannes de Eyck fuit hicJohannes de Eyck fuit hic (Jan van Eyck was (Jan van Eyck was here), that he was there to capture the wedding. The artist signature is lettered in flourished here), that he was there to capture the wedding. The artist signature is lettered in flourished script normally used for legal documents. The picture’s purpose, then, seems to have been script normally used for legal documents. The picture’s purpose, then, seems to have been to record and sanctify this marriage and thus acting as a marriage certificate. to record and sanctify this marriage and thus acting as a marriage certificate.

► The small medallions set into the mirror frame show tiny scenes from the Passion of Christ The small medallions set into the mirror frame show tiny scenes from the Passion of Christ and represent God’s promise of salvation for the figures reflected on the mirror’s convex and represent God’s promise of salvation for the figures reflected on the mirror’s convex surface, which in turn, represent the eye of the Christian God observing the vows of the surface, which in turn, represent the eye of the Christian God observing the vows of the wedding. wedding.

► A spotless mirror was itself an established symbol of Mary, referring to the Holy Virgin’s A spotless mirror was itself an established symbol of Mary, referring to the Holy Virgin’s immaculate conception and purity. immaculate conception and purity.

Pieter BruegelPieter Bruegel

► Flemish painterFlemish painter► Inspired by Inspired by

everyday scenes of everyday scenes of country landscapes country landscapes and peasantsand peasants

Albrecht DurerAlbrecht Durer

Durer-Adoration of the MagiDurer-Adoration of the Magi

Hans Holbein the YoungerHans Holbein the Younger

Modern Renaissance Modern Renaissance HumanismHumanism

► You are to draw a picture of your own You are to draw a picture of your own humanistic traits, beliefs, ideas, etc.humanistic traits, beliefs, ideas, etc.

► You are to draw the picture in the style of You are to draw the picture in the style of Renaissance artistsRenaissance artists

►No stick figures!No stick figures!►Must be in color!Must be in color!►Must be appropriate-No nude picturesMust be appropriate-No nude pictures► Include on the back a paragraph describing Include on the back a paragraph describing

how the picture is a representation of your how the picture is a representation of your present humanism!present humanism!

The Da Vinci CodeThe Da Vinci Code

► Bestselling novel written by Dan BrownBestselling novel written by Dan Brown► Why is it so controversialWhy is it so controversial

Brown’s novel raises many troubling questions Brown’s novel raises many troubling questions about the people and events involved in the about the people and events involved in the possible birth of Jesus’ own child to the church and possible birth of Jesus’ own child to the church and it’s role in a possible cover up.it’s role in a possible cover up.

Did the ancient church conspire to transform the Did the ancient church conspire to transform the man Jesus into a deity? man Jesus into a deity?

Did Constantine promote Christ’s divinity by Did Constantine promote Christ’s divinity by selecting certain gospels for the New Testament selecting certain gospels for the New Testament canon?canon?

Was Mary Magdalene Jesus’ wife and the mother Was Mary Magdalene Jesus’ wife and the mother of his child? of his child?

Has the church suppressed evidence of their Has the church suppressed evidence of their relationship down through the centuries?relationship down through the centuries?