TWO RENAISSANCESTWO RENAISSANCES Italian Renaissance Italian Renaissance

Renaissance, or rebirth of art and learning, 1350-1600Renaissance, or rebirth of art and learning, 1350-1600 Aristocrats, popes, nobles became wealthy patrons and Aristocrats, popes, nobles became wealthy patrons and

vied to outdo one anothervied to outdo one another City-states sponsored innovations in art and City-states sponsored innovations in art and

architecture architecture Renaissance architecture Renaissance architecture

Simple, elegant style, inherited from classical Greek and Simple, elegant style, inherited from classical Greek and Roman Roman

Magnificent domed cathedrals Magnificent domed cathedrals St. Peter’s in RomeSt. Peter’s in Rome

Humanists or Man is the Measure of All Things Humanists or Man is the Measure of All Things Drew inspiration from classical models especially Drew inspiration from classical models especially

Greece, RomeGreece, Rome Leading scholars included Dante, PetrarchLeading scholars included Dante, Petrarch Scholars interested in humane lettersScholars interested in humane letters Attention to political and social issues and graces, tooAttention to political and social issues and graces, too

Northern RenaissanceNorthern Renaissance Especially strong in France, England, NetherlandsEspecially strong in France, England, Netherlands Focus was more on science, math, and Christianity Focus was more on science, math, and Christianity

(language favored was Hebrew)(language favored was Hebrew) Strongly supported by the middle classes and minor Strongly supported by the middle classes and minor

noblesnobles Leading figures include Shakespeare, Durer, Erasmus, Leading figures include Shakespeare, Durer, Erasmus,

Protestant reformersProtestant reformers

PROTESTANT REFORMATIONPROTESTANT REFORMATION Precursors to LutherPrecursors to Luther

Great SchismGreat Schism 2/3 popes at same time undermined authority of the church2/3 popes at same time undermined authority of the church Church councils rule/attempt to overrule popesChurch councils rule/attempt to overrule popes

Jan Hus in Holy Roman Empire and Wycliffe in EnglandJan Hus in Holy Roman Empire and Wycliffe in England Both attacked aspects of church corruption, wealth, practicesBoth attacked aspects of church corruption, wealth, practices Both condemned by ChurchBoth condemned by Church Hus executed, but Wycliffe protected by King of EnglandHus executed, but Wycliffe protected by King of England Wycliffe had Bible translated into EnglishWycliffe had Bible translated into English

Martin Luther (1483-1546) Martin Luther (1483-1546) Attacked the sale of indulgences, 1517 Attacked the sale of indulgences, 1517 Attacked corruption in Catholic Church; called for reform Attacked corruption in Catholic Church; called for reform Argument reproduced with printing presses and widely read Argument reproduced with printing presses and widely read Enthusiastic response from lay Christians, princes, many cities Enthusiastic response from lay Christians, princes, many cities By mid-16By mid-16thth century, half Germans adopted Lutheranism century, half Germans adopted Lutheranism

Reform spread outside Germany Reform spread outside Germany Protestant movements popular in Swiss cities, NetherlandsProtestant movements popular in Swiss cities, Netherlands Scandinavian kings like movement as it removes Church as a Scandinavian kings like movement as it removes Church as a

rival rival English Reformation sparked by King Henry VIII's desire for English Reformation sparked by King Henry VIII's desire for

divorcedivorce John Calvin, French convert to Protestantism John Calvin, French convert to Protestantism

Organized model Protestant community in Geneva in the 1530s Organized model Protestant community in Geneva in the 1530s Calvinist missionaries were successful in FranceCalvinist missionaries were successful in France

The Catholic Church Reformed Its

S.I.N.S.

S.Society of Jesus (Jesuits) proselytized for Catholic ChurchFounded by Ignatius of Loyola.

Jesuit Achievements:

1. Strengthened Pope’s control.

2. Organized schools.

3. Won back most of Europe for Catholic Church.

I.Inquisition: church court to punish Protestant heretics

Accused heretics were identified by the general population and brought before the inquisition. They were given a chance to confess their heresy against the Catholic

Church and were

also required to

name other

heretics.

Trial of Galileo

If they confessed and turned in others they were either released or sentenced to prison. If they did not then they were publicly they were publicly executed. (burned alive!)

N.

No more indulgences

S.

Stop spread of Protestants: 30 Years’ War

-Hapsburgs (Catholic rulers of Holy Roman Empire) fight Protestant princes in Northern Germany

Reformation in France-French king makes

Edict of Nantes - first religious freedom law

-Huguenots (French Protestants)

The End!

RELIGIOUS CONFLICTRELIGIOUS CONFLICT Religious wars Religious wars

Between Protestants, Catholics during 16Between Protestants, Catholics during 16THTH century century Wars as much social, political as religiousWars as much social, political as religious Neither side is innocent of conflict Neither side is innocent of conflict

Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada War between Catholic Spain, Protestant England, 1588War between Catholic Spain, Protestant England, 1588 Spill over from conflict in the NetherlandsSpill over from conflict in the Netherlands Question of heir to English throne: Catholic Scottish Question of heir to English throne: Catholic Scottish

Queen or Protestant Elizabeth Queen or Protestant Elizabeth Protestant provinces of the Netherlands revolted Protestant provinces of the Netherlands revolted

against rule of Catholic Spainagainst rule of Catholic Spain Originally began as a revolt of all Netherlands against Originally began as a revolt of all Netherlands against

SpainSpain Eventually split country into Catholic south (Belgium) Eventually split country into Catholic south (Belgium)

and Protestant north (Holland) and Protestant north (Holland) The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)

The most destructive European war up to WWI The most destructive European war up to WWI Began as a local conflict in Bohemia; eventually Began as a local conflict in Bohemia; eventually

involved most of Europe involved most of Europe Devastated the Holy Roman Empire (German states): Devastated the Holy Roman Empire (German states):

lost one-third populationlost one-third population Saw rise of Sweden as Great Power and eclipse of Saw rise of Sweden as Great Power and eclipse of

Spain, Hapsburgs as European great powerSpain, Hapsburgs as European great power Saw independence of Holland, Switzerland from Holy Saw independence of Holland, Switzerland from Holy

Roman EmpireRoman Empire Ended with Germany neither holy, nor Roman nor an Ended with Germany neither holy, nor Roman nor an

EmpireEmpire

NEW RELIGIOUS MAPNEW RELIGIOUS MAP

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONSSCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS The reconception of the universe The reconception of the universe

The Ptolemaic universeThe Ptolemaic universe A motionless earth surrounded by nine spheres A motionless earth surrounded by nine spheres Could not account for observable movement of the planets Could not account for observable movement of the planets Compatible with Christian conception of creationCompatible with Christian conception of creation

The Copernican universe The Copernican universe Copernicus suggested sun was center of universe, 1543 Copernicus suggested sun was center of universe, 1543 Implied that the earth was just another planetImplied that the earth was just another planet

The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution Science becomes the new authority and challenges faith for controlScience becomes the new authority and challenges faith for control Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) demonstrated planetary orbits Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) demonstrated planetary orbits

elliptical elliptical Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

With a telescope saw sunspots, moons of Jupiter, mountains of the moon With a telescope saw sunspots, moons of Jupiter, mountains of the moon Theory of velocity, falling bodies anticipated modern law of inertiaTheory of velocity, falling bodies anticipated modern law of inertia Tried by Inquisition as his ideas challenged Papal infallibilityTried by Inquisition as his ideas challenged Papal infallibility

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in 1686 in 1686 Mathematical explanations of laws govern movements of bodies Mathematical explanations of laws govern movements of bodies Newton's work symbolized the scientific revolutionNewton's work symbolized the scientific revolution

Direct observation Direct observation Mathematical reasoningMathematical reasoning

ENLIGHTENMENTENLIGHTENMENT Enlightenment Enlightenment

Thinkers called philosophesThinkers called philosophes Sought natural laws that governed human society Sought natural laws that governed human society Center of Enlightenment was FranceCenter of Enlightenment was France Theory of progress was ideology of philosophesTheory of progress was ideology of philosophes Apply reason/science to society, government, law Apply reason/science to society, government, law

Voltaire (1694-1778) Voltaire (1694-1778) Champion of religious liberty and individual freedom Champion of religious liberty and individual freedom Prolific writer; father of EnlightenmentProlific writer; father of Enlightenment

John LockeJohn Locke All human knowledge comes from sense perceptionsAll human knowledge comes from sense perceptions Life, Liberty and Property; 1689 English Bill of Rights Life, Liberty and Property; 1689 English Bill of Rights Allowed persons to revolt against an oppressive rulerAllowed persons to revolt against an oppressive ruler

Adam Smith: laws of supply and demand determine price Adam Smith: laws of supply and demand determine price Montesquieu: checks, balances, balanced government Montesquieu: checks, balances, balanced government Deism Deism

Popular among thinkers of EnlightenmentPopular among thinkers of Enlightenment Accepted existence of a godAccepted existence of a god Denied supernatural teachings of Christianity Denied supernatural teachings of Christianity God the Clockmaker God the Clockmaker Ordered the universe according to rational and natural lawsOrdered the universe according to rational and natural laws

Impact of Enlightenment Impact of Enlightenment Weakened the influence of organized religion Weakened the influence of organized religion Encouraged secular values based on reason rather than revelation Encouraged secular values based on reason rather than revelation Subjected society to rational analysis, promoted progress and prosperitySubjected society to rational analysis, promoted progress and prosperity Enlightenment applied science to every day life and made science Enlightenment applied science to every day life and made science

practicalpractical