The Renaissance

The Italian Renaissance

Renaissance-French in origin-Meaning Renaissance-French in origin-Meaning Rebirth.Rebirth.

Emerged in Italy because of economic Emerged in Italy because of economic growth and governmental factors.growth and governmental factors.

Trade flourished here-ramification of the Trade flourished here-ramification of the Crusades.Crusades.

Italian city-states had maintained political Italian city-states had maintained political independence.independence.

Italy is closely attached to the classical Italy is closely attached to the classical traditions of Greece and Rome.traditions of Greece and Rome.

Interest in the classics was labeled Interest in the classics was labeled humanism.humanism.

Scholars who pursued this-humanists.Scholars who pursued this-humanists. The very philosophy of life changedThe very philosophy of life changed Seek fulfillment in daily living rather than Seek fulfillment in daily living rather than

merely the afterlife.merely the afterlife. Emphasis on the individual.Emphasis on the individual.

HUMANISM

Humanities – history/philosophyHumanities – history/philosophy Emphasis upon becoming a “well rounded Emphasis upon becoming a “well rounded

person” with a variety of interests-art, person” with a variety of interests-art, music, sports, literature, and politics.music, sports, literature, and politics.

Today’s education based on this Today’s education based on this philosophy.philosophy.

Humanist Writers

Petrarch—Sonnet—14 lines-unrequited Petrarch—Sonnet—14 lines-unrequited love.love.

Cellini– Autobiography.Cellini– Autobiography. Machavelli—Machavelli—The PrinceThe Prince– End justifies the – End justifies the

means.means.

Italian City-States

Because Italy resisted feudalism and control Because Italy resisted feudalism and control of the emperor a social order emerged in of the emperor a social order emerged in which wealth and ability was valued over which wealth and ability was valued over titles and land ownership.titles and land ownership.

City-States are governed by wealthy City-States are governed by wealthy families.families.

Leading City-States

Florence: birthplace of Italian RenaissanceFlorence: birthplace of Italian Renaissance Wealth in textile industry.Wealth in textile industry. Medici’s made their money in banking—patrons Medici’s made their money in banking—patrons

of the arts.of the arts. Instituted a graduated income taxInstituted a graduated income tax Medici rule was for a time interrupted by an Medici rule was for a time interrupted by an

uprising led by a Dominican friar: Girolamo uprising led by a Dominican friar: Girolamo Savonarola.Savonarola.

Savanorola strict regulation of public behavior Savanorola strict regulation of public behavior soon aroused public opposition.soon aroused public opposition.

Rome and Venice

Rome: Pope and cardinals comprise wealthiest Rome: Pope and cardinals comprise wealthiest class. Replaces Florence as leading city- stateclass. Replaces Florence as leading city- state St. Peter’s Basilica (largest Christian church in St. Peter’s Basilica (largest Christian church in

the world)the world) Venice: By late 1500’s assume leadership of the Venice: By late 1500’s assume leadership of the

Renaissance.Renaissance. Dominates trade with AsiaDominates trade with Asia Governed by a RepublicGoverned by a Republic

Venice

Republic headed by a Doge (Duke)Republic headed by a Doge (Duke) The council of ten (wealthiest merchants) The council of ten (wealthiest merchants)

had the real political power.had the real political power. Revenue generated via tariffs.Revenue generated via tariffs. Artists flocked to this commercial center.Artists flocked to this commercial center. Artists emphasized realism and secular Artists emphasized realism and secular

activities, Human Emotions.activities, Human Emotions.

Architecture returns to classical style Italian RenaissanceItalian Renaissance

BrunelleschiBrunelleschi Created the Created the

Cathedral of Cathedral of FlorenceFlorence

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Sculptors

DonatelloDonatello 11stst to cast in bronze to cast in bronze

since the ancients.since the ancients. MichelangeloMichelangelo

Statue of DavidStatue of David GhibertiGhiberti

10 magnificent 10 magnificent New Testament New Testament ScenesScenes

Painting

RealisticRealistic Emphasizing Human Emphasizing Human

EmotionsEmotions DaVinciDaVinci

DaVinciDAVINCIDAVINCI

Michelangelo-Sistine ChapelChrist giving the key to St. Peter

The Renaissance filters to the North

FranceFrance

EnglandEngland

NetherlandsNetherlands

The Northern Renaissance

Spread of the Renaissance to Northern Spread of the Renaissance to Northern CountriesCountries

1.1. War Spreads itWar Spreads it

1494 France invades Italy1494 France invades Italy King Frances I becomes fascinated King Frances I becomes fascinated

w/Italian Renaissance fashion and w/Italian Renaissance fashion and art.art.

Brings Leonardo Da Vinci and others to Brings Leonardo Da Vinci and others to FranceFrance

Other rulers in North follow –bring Other rulers in North follow –bring humanists to their countryhumanists to their country

Spread of Renaissance Cont.

2.2. TradersTraders

New found wealth amongst the Northern New found wealth amongst the Northern merchants begin to spend money on merchants begin to spend money on (values) education, arts, fine goods and (values) education, arts, fine goods and expensive housing.expensive housing.

3.3. TravelTravel To Italy to study w/Italian mastersTo Italy to study w/Italian masters

•Newly educated middle classknowledge among middle class aided by the invention of the printing press.

Printing press

Johannes GutenbergJohannes Gutenberg About 1440 German About 1440 German

metal workermetal worker Used moveable typeUsed moveable type Result: publish books Result: publish books

more quickly and less more quickly and less expensiveexpensive

Northern Scholars adapt Italian Renaissance to fit better their

needs.

The French RenaissanceUnique-blended French medieval Unique-blended French medieval Gothic with the classical columns Gothic with the classical columns

used by Italian architects to create the used by Italian architects to create the Chateaux (castles)Chateaux (castles)

Francis I and Nobles built large Francis I and Nobles built large country estates.country estates.

Chateaux

French Writers

Pierre Ronsard-own Pierre Ronsard-own sonnets inspired by sonnets inspired by Petrarch. Wrote on Petrarch. Wrote on love, passing youth love, passing youth and immortalityand immortality

Michel de Montaigne

AutobiographyAutobiography Personal EssayPersonal Essay Short Phrase Short Phrase

compositioncomposition Express clearly Express clearly

personal viewpersonal view Disadvantage of Disadvantage of

royalty—”A heavy royalty—”A heavy burden to be a king.”burden to be a king.”

Francois Rabelais (RA-buh-lay)

Most popular of French Most popular of French authorsauthors

Wrote on many topics-Wrote on many topics-themes were of rejecting themes were of rejecting Middle Ages focus on the Middle Ages focus on the after life.after life.

People should enjoy life to People should enjoy life to the fullestthe fullest

Wrote on law, medicine, Wrote on law, medicine, politics, theology & politics, theology & navigationnavigation

Northern Europe

Germany

Accepted Italian Accepted Italian RenaissanceRenaissance

Universities and schools Universities and schools promoted the humanist promoted the humanist learninglearning

Latin still the scholarly Latin still the scholarly language (increase in language (increase in German and Dutch)German and Dutch)

Christian Humanism

More religious toneMore religious toneWanted reform in the Catholic Wanted reform in the Catholic

ChurchChurchBelieved that humanist learning Believed that humanist learning

and Bible study were the best and Bible study were the best way to promote these goalsway to promote these goals

Most Famous Christian Humanist

Desiderius (Dez-ih-deer-ee-us) ErasmusDesiderius (Dez-ih-deer-ee-us) Erasmus Inspired colleagues to study Greek and Inspired colleagues to study Greek and

HebrewHebrew Can understand older versions of the Can understand older versions of the

Bible.Bible. Take a more critical view of the Catholic Take a more critical view of the Catholic

Church.Church.

He attacked the extravagances He attacked the extravagances of the Renaissance Popes.of the Renaissance Popes.

Noted work, “The Praise of Noted work, “The Praise of Folly”Folly”Describes these popes as no Describes these popes as no

longer practiced Christians.longer practiced Christians.

Quote from Erasmus: “Scarce any kind of men live more devoted to pleasure or with less troubles…To work miracles is…not in fashion now;to instruct the people, troublesome; to interpret scripture; to pray, a sign one has little else to do…”

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Northern European Painters

Their style relies more Their style relies more on Medieval than on Medieval than classical modelsclassical models

1400’s Flemish 1400’s Flemish painters painters Jan & Jan & Hubert EyckHubert Eyck (EYEK) (EYEK) painted scenes from painted scenes from the Bible and daily life the Bible and daily life in sharp realistic detailin sharp realistic detail

Developed Techniques

Developed painting in oilsDeveloped painting in oils

Gives richer colorsGives richer colors

Soon spreads to Italy-oil painting Soon spreads to Italy-oil painting techniquetechnique

Pieter Brueghal (Broy-gahl)

Combine Italian Combine Italian technique with artistic technique with artistic traditions of his traditions of his homeland.homeland.

Paints realistic Paints realistic portraits, landscapes portraits, landscapes and scene from and scene from peasant life.peasant life.

The English Renaissance

Ideas of Renaissance did not spread to Ideas of Renaissance did not spread to England until 1485---War of the Roses—England until 1485---War of the Roses—endsends

Henry VII invites Italian Renaissance Henry VII invites Italian Renaissance scholars to England—Teach Humanismscholars to England—Teach Humanism

Thomas More-English Statesman

Writes “Utopia” in Writes “Utopia” in LatinLatin

Criticizes today's Criticizes today's society and compares society and compares it to a perfect societyit to a perfect society

William Shakespeare

Drew ideas from Drew ideas from Medieval Legends and Medieval Legends and classical mythology.classical mythology.

History of England, History of England, Denmark and Rome.Denmark and Rome.

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Christopher Marlowe

Wrote on: humanistic Wrote on: humanistic qualities such as:qualities such as:

Love, jealousy, ambition, Love, jealousy, ambition, and despair.and despair.

Plays are still relevant today

Still done.Still done.