NOTABLE EVENTS AND DISASTERS OF 2014

HIGHLIGHTS OF EARTHQUAKES

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Disaster Reduction, Vienna,

Virginia, USA Virginia, USA 

EARTHQUAKES are small to awesome

manifestations of energy released in the form of seismic waves and tsunamis as tectonic

plates of the Earth’s crust slowly converge, diverge, or

slide by each other

EARTHQUAKES are small to awesome

manifestations of energy released in the form of seismic waves and tsunamis as tectonic

plates of the Earth’s crust slowly converge, diverge, or

slide by each other

2014: EARTHQUAKES ARE A GLOBAL NATURAL HAZARD CONTINUUM

• FLOODS

• SEVERE WINDSTORMS

• EARTHQUAKES• DROUGHTS

• VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

• ETC.

2014: THE TECTONIC PLATES THAT HAVE BEEN MOVING FOR 200 MILLION YEARS

CONTINUED TO MOVE

2014: EARTHQUAKES CONTINUED TO OCCUR AT PLATE BOUNDARIES

TECTONIC DEFORMATION

EARTHQUAKE

TSUNAMI

GROUND

SHAKING

FAULT RUPTURE

FOUNDATION FAILURE

SITE AMPLIFICATION

LIQUEFACTION

LANDSLIDES

AFTERSHOCKS

SEICHE

DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS

NOTE: GROUND SHAKING BECOMES

A POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENT WHEN IT INTERACTS WITH A COMMUNITY’S VULNERABLE

AND UNPROTECTED BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE

NOTE: GROUND SHAKING BECOMES

A POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENT WHEN IT INTERACTS WITH A COMMUNITY’S VULNERABLE

AND UNPROTECTED BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND

FAILURE)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES

LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

2014: SUB-OCEAN EARTHQUAKES CONTINUED

TO OCCUR; SOME LARGE ENOUGH TO GENERATE

TSUNAMIS

NOTE: TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP BECOMES

A POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENT WHEN IT INTERACTS WITH AN UN-WARNED, UN-

EVACUATED AND UN-PREPARED COASTAL

COMMUNITY

NOTE: TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP BECOMES

A POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENT WHEN IT INTERACTS WITH AN UN-WARNED, UN-

EVACUATED AND UN-PREPARED COASTAL

COMMUNITY

HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES

TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS

INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP

VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS

FLOODING

INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION

PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

2014: EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI DISASTER OF THE YEAR

THE DISASTER OF THE YEAR OCCURRED IN

IQUIQUE, CHILE

WHERE THE NAZCA PLATE IS SUBDUCTING BENEATH CHILE-PERU

IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE: M8.2 at 8: 46 pm ON APRIL 1, 2014

IQUIQUE, CHILE EARTHQUAKE (April 1, 2014)

IQUIQUE

Moment Magnitude 8.2

• On April 1, the mega-thrust Iquique earthquake struck off the coast of Chile approximately 95 km (59 mi) northwest of Iquique.

• The main shock was followed by a large number of moderate to very large aftershocks, including a M7.7 event.

IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE: DAMAGE

IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE: DAMAGE TO OLD BUILDINGS

IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE: FIRE

A TSUNAMI WAVE OF 2.1 M WAS GENERATD BY THE

MEGATHRUST EARTHQUAKE

IQUIQUE: DAMAGE FROM TSUNAMI

IQUIQUE: DAMAGE FROM TSUNAMI

IQUIQUE: NOT THE FIRST EARTHQUAKE EXPERIENCE

REMEMBERING MAY 9, 1877

THE HISTORICAL RECORD

• The 1877 Iquique earthquake occurred on May 9 with a magnitude estimated at 8.5-9.0 on the surface wave magnitude scale.

• The earthquake shaking caused significant damage over most of the coastal parts of the Tarapaca and Antofagasta regions.

THE HISTORICAL RECORD

• The earthquake triggered a devastating 10 m (33 ft) tsunami wave along about 500 km (310 mi) of coast, from Arica in the north to Meiillones in the south.

M6.1 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES NORTHERN YUNNAN PROVINCE

4:30 pm, JULY 22, 2013

LOCATION MAP

About 12,000 homes collapsed in Ludian county

TYPICAL DAMAGE IN ZHAOTONG, THE COUNTY SEAT

VULNERABLE BRICK HOUSES

• The homes that collapsed in Ludian (a population of about 429,000), were mostly old brick houses having little resistance to strong ground shaking.

At least 398 people died and

more than 1,400 were injured

A M6.0 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES NAPA, CA (USA’S WINE COUNTRY)

3:20 AM, AUGUST 24, 2014

• The Bay Area is prone to moderate- to large- magnitude earthquakes because it straddles the boundary between two major tectonic plates — the North American and Pacific plates.

The M6.0 Napa earthquake was the strongest in the San

Francisco Bay area since the 1989 M6.9 Loma Prieta

quake, BUT it only had about 1/30th of Loma Prieta’s

energy release

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

• Loss of power, gas, and water for 70,000 people.

• Injuries, but no deaths

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

• Local damage to buildings and houses, infrastructure, and interior contents of homes and stores.

• $ Millions from extensive loss of product (wine)

BEYOND 2014: Communities throughout the

world know why it is urgent for their stakeholders to continue

working on becoming EARTHQUAKE- and TSUNAMI-

DISASTER RESILIENT

Each community knows that it is only a matter of time until the

inevitable earthquake occurs that can expose its physical and

social vulnerabilities

YOUR YOUR

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY

YOUR YOUR

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

•MONITORING•HAZARD MAPS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE

•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EM RESPONSE•RECOSTRUCTION AND RECOVERY

EARTHQUAKE DISASTER EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

EARTHQUAKEHAZARD MODEL

EARTHQUAKEHAZARD MODEL

SEISMICITYSEISMICITY TECTONICSETTING &

FAULTS

TECTONICSETTING &

FAULTS

FAULTS, EARTHQUAKES, AND RECURRENCE INTERVALS

• A LONG FAULT IS NEEDED TO GENERATE A LARGE-MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKE.

• LARGE-MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKES HAVE RECURRENCE INTERVALS OF 100 YEARS OR MORE; SEVERAL TIMES LONGER THAN THOSE FOR SMALL- TO MODERATE- MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKES

THE USA’S NOTABLE PLATE BOUNDARY FAULT ZONE

THE USA’S OTHER NOTABLE PLATE BOUNDARY FAULT ZONE

THE USA’S OTHER NOTABLE PLATE BOUNDARY FAULT ZONE

• THE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE

• SUBDUCTING BENEATH WASHINGTON AND OREGON;

• POTENTIAL FOR M9.0

• THE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE

• SUBDUCTING BENEATH WASHINGTON AND OREGON;

• POTENTIAL FOR M9.0

FAULTS: COCOS PLATE SUBDUCTION ZONE; MEXICO

MOTAGUA FAULT, GUATEMALA

CHILE’S NOTABLE PLATE BOUNDARY FAULT ZONE

CHILE’S NOTABLE PLATE BOUNDARY FAULT ZONE

• THE NAZCA PLATE

• SUBDUCTING BENEATH CHILE AND PERU

• HAS GENERATED M8-9.5 QUAKES

• THE NAZCA PLATE

• SUBDUCTING BENEATH CHILE AND PERU

• HAS GENERATED M8-9.5 QUAKES

FAULTS: DEAD SEA RIFT ZONE

NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT:TURKEY

LONGMAN SHAN FAULT: CHINA

ELEMENTS OF RISK ASSESSMENT

RISK = HAZARD x EXPOSURE

EARTHQUAKE: EXPOSURE: PEOPLE

TSUNAMI BUILDING STOCK

INFRASTRUCTURE

GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS ENTERPRISE

EXPOSUREMODEL (PEOPLE,

BLDGS., AND INFRASTRUCTURE)

EXPOSUREMODEL (PEOPLE,

BLDGS., AND INFRASTRUCTURE)

LOCATION OF STRUCTURE

LOCATION OF STRUCTURE

IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF

STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS

IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF

STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS

THE PEOPLE CONTINUUM

• 7 + BILLION (DISTRIBUTED IN COMMUN-ITIES AND RURAL AREAS THROUGHOUT

THE WORLD)

THE COMMUNITY CONTINUUM: (BUILDINGS.INFRASTRUCTURE, ENTERPRISE)

• GOVERNMENTS

• DWELLINGS

• SCHOOLS

• HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

• BUSINESSES

• INFRA-STRUCTURE

VULNERABILITYMODEL

VULNERABILITYMODEL

QUALITY OF DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION

QUALITY OF DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION

ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE

RESISTING SYSTEM

ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE

RESISTING SYSTEM

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND

SHAKING

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND

SHAKING

THE REASONS FOR AN EARTH-QUAKE DISASTER TO OCCUR. . .

• The community is UN-PREPARED for the earthquake hazards (GROUND SHAKING, TSUNAMI WAVES, etc.,) that are likely to happen.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or PROTECTION SYSTEM OF CODES AND STANDARDS in place as a strategic framework for identi-fication and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations in a timely and cost-effective manner.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is INEFFECIVE during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED IMPORTANT LESSONS from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.