lessons learned from past notable disasters egypt part 1: floods walter hays, global alliance for...

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

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Page 1: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS

EGYPTPART 1: FLOODS

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,

Virginia, USA 

Page 2: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

EGYPT

Page 3: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

POLITICAL MAP OF EGYPT (Note: Aswan)

Page 4: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

Egypt has frequent earthquakes, floods, flash floods and landslides, dust

storms, sandstorms, periodic droughts, and hot, driving

windstorms called khamsin, which occur in the spring.

Page 5: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN EGYPTDISASTERS IN EGYPT

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN EGYPTDISASTERS IN EGYPT

FLOODS

STORMS

EARTHQUAKES

DUST STORMS

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT

HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

Page 6: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters

Planet Earth’s atmospheric-hydrospheric-lithospheric interactions create situations favorable for FLOODS

Page 7: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE NILE RIVER

Page 8: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE NILE’S FERTILE DELTA

Page 9: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

FLOOD-PRONE COMMUNITIES ALONG THE NILE

Page 10: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE NILE RIVER

• The ancient Egyptians thought of the annual floods as the annual coming of the god Hapi.

• They did not realize that the annual flood cycle happened after rainfall in the mountains to the south swelled the tributaries and small rivers that form the northward-flowing Nile River.

Page 11: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

FLOODING IS A PART OF THE EGYPTIAN CULTURE

• The annual flooding of the Nile River (Arabic: النيل وفاء a natural ,(عيدcycle, has been a part of Egyptian culture since ancient times.

• It is celebrated annually as a holiday (known as Wafaa El-Nil) for two weeks starting August 15.

Page 12: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE ANNUAL RYTHMN OF LIFE ALONG THE NILE

Page 13: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE ANNUAL FLOOD CYCLE

• The first indications of the rise of the Nile River and the beginning of the flood cycle are typically seen as early as the beginning of June.• A steady increase in water level occurs until the middle of July.

• The Nile continues to rise until the beginning of September, when the level remains stationary for a period of about three weeks, sometimes a little less. In October it rises again, and reaches its highest level. From this period it begins to subside, and though it rises yet once more and reaches occasionally its former highest point, it sinks steadily until the month of June when it is again at its lowest level

Page 14: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE ANNUAL FLOOD CYCLE (Continued)

• The water level in the Nile continues to rise until the beginning of September, then the level remains stationary for a period of about three weeks.

• In October the water rises again and reaches its highest level.

Page 15: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE ANNUAL FLOOD CYCLE (Continued)

• From October to June, the water level in the Nile continues to subside until it once again reaches its lowest level in June.

Page 16: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER

Page 17: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK

EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE

VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION

RISKRISKRISKRISK

Page 18: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

FLOOD HAZARDS (AKA

POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)

• TOO MUCH WATER DISCHARGED WITHIN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM TO BE ACCOMMODATED NORMALLY IN THE REGIONAL WATER CYCLE

• EROSION

• SCOUR

• MUDFLOWS

Page 19: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE

POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD INTERACT WITH

EGYPT’S COMMUNITIES

A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE

POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD INTERACT WITH

EGYPT’S COMMUNITIES

Page 20: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN

FLOODSFLOODS

INUNDATION

INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER

WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)

EROSION AND MUDFLOWS

CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

Page 21: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

The annual flood cycle of the Nile River has made the

difference between living and dying for thousands of years in

Egypt.

Page 22: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE NILE AS A SOURCE OF LIFE

• The annual floods of the Nile River brought nutrient-rich silt from the mountains to the Nile delta, which produced bountiful crops.

Page 23: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

ABOUT THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF WATER

Page 24: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE NILE AS A SOURCE OF DEATH

• When the water levels in the Nile River are too high, flooding prevents deposition of the nutrient-rich silt in the Nile delta, reducing agricultural output.

• When water levels are too low for flooding, the result is low agricultural output and possible starvation.

Page 25: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

TOO MUCH WATER

Page 26: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

A DISASTER is ---

--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., floods, earthquakes,…) intersect at a point in space and time.

Page 27: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause

extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,

joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

Page 28: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST.

Page 29: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.

Page 30: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

Page 31: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

Page 32: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

Page 33: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

FLOODS IN EGYPT ARE INEVITABLE AND DAMAGING

FLOODS IN EGYPT ARE INEVITABLE AND DAMAGING

• ---SO, DON’T WAIT FOR ANOTHER REMINDER OF THE IMPORTANCE OF BECOMING FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENT.

Page 34: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE ALTERNATIVE TO A FLOOD DISASTER IS

FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE

THE ALTERNATIVE TO A FLOOD DISASTER IS

FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE

Page 35: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

EGYPT’S EGYPT’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

EGYPT’S EGYPT’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

• FLOOD HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

FL\OOD RISK FL\OOD RISK

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

FLOOD DISASTER FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS

Page 36: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I.E., WORKING TOGETHER ON A

COMMON GOAL)

FOR BECOMING FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENT

STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I.E., WORKING TOGETHER ON A

COMMON GOAL)

FOR BECOMING FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENT

Page 37: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA
Page 38: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL FLOODS

PREPAREDNESS FOR ALL OF THE LIKELY HAZARDS AND RISKS IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY DISASTER RESILIENCE

Page 39: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA
Page 40: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL FLOODS TECHNOLOGIES THAT FACILITATE STRATEGIC COLLABORATION ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

Page 41: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL FLOODS

TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

Page 42: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL FLOODS

PROTECTION OF A COMMUNITY’S PEOPLE, BUILDINGS, & INFRASTRUCTURE AGAINST LOSS OF FUNCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

Page 43: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE ASWAN HIGH DAMTHE ASWAN HIGH DAM

After ten years of construction, the Aswan High Dam in Egypt was completed on July 21, 1970.

Page 44: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

The Aswan High Dam, located on the Nile River just north of the border between Egypt and Sudan, was built to control the frequent cycles of flooding and

drought within Egypt.

Page 45: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE ASWAN (HIGH) DAM

Page 46: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE ASWAN (HIGH) DAM

Page 47: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE ASWAN HIGH DAM

• At 364 feet (111 meters) high and about 2.4 miles (3.8 kilometers) wide, the Aswan High Dam was a marvel of construction in 1970, costing about $1 billion to build.

Page 48: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

ELECTRICITY

• In addition to preventing flooding of the Nile River, the Aswan High Dam brought electricity to households and villages across Egypt that had never had it.

• This dam's 12 turbines are capable of generating ten billion kilowatt-hours annually

Page 49: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

FRESH WATER

• The reservoir (Lake Nasser) with a gross capacity of 136,927,000 acre-feet (168.9 billion cubic meters). behind the Aswan High Dam provides a source of fresh water for the Egyptian people during drought years.

Page 50: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS EGYPT PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

Unfortunately, before the dam could be built, 90,000

of Egypt’s poor and Sudan’s Nubian nomads

had to be relocated