LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS

RUSSIAPART 3: EARTHQUAKES

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,

Virginia, USA 

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN RUSSIADISASTERS IN RUSSIA

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN RUSSIADISASTERS IN RUSSIA

FLOODS

WINDSTORMS

EARTHQUAKES

WILDFIRES

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT

HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

TECTONIC PLATES

Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters

Planet Earth’s Restlessness Causes Movement of Tectonic Plates, which leads to:

Earthquakes

KURIL-KAMCHATKA TRENCH

• Many earthquakes and tsunamis originate from Kamchatka as a result of subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Okhotsk Plate at the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench

SEISMICITY MAP SINCE 1900: KAMCHATKA HAS THE MOST SEISMIC ACTIVITY

FORTUNATELY, THE REGION IS SPARSELY

POPULATED

ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER

HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK

EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE

VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION

RISKRISKRISKRISK

A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE

POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH THE VULNERABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS OF RUSSIA’S

COMMUNITIES

A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE

POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH THE VULNERABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS OF RUSSIA’S

COMMUNITIES

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS:

ARE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS

TECTONIC DEFORMATION

EARTHQUAKE

TSUNAMI

GROUND

SHAKING

FAULT RUPTURE

FOUNDATION FAILURE

SITE AMPLIFICATION

LIQUEFACTION

LANDSLIDES

AFTERSHOCKS

SEICHE

DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTH-QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING AND GROUND FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

VULNERABILITY TO GROUND SHAKING

UNREINFO

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INTENSITYINTENSITY

REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS

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ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME

VV VIVI VIIVII VIIIVIII IXIX

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND

SHAKING

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND

SHAKING

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND

FAILURE)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES

LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

A DISASTER is ---

--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, landslides,..) intersect at a point in space and time.

Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause

extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,

joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

THE ALTERNATIVE TO DISASTER IS

EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

THE ALTERNATIVE TO DISASTER IS

EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

RUSSIA’S RUSSIA’S COMMINITIESCOMMINITIES

RUSSIA’S RUSSIA’S COMMINITIESCOMMINITIES

DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

• QUAKE HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

EARTHQUAKE RISK EARTHQUAKE RISK

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

QUAKE DISASTER QUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTHQUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING AND GROUND FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTHQUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTHQUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE– ONE OF RUSSIA’S NOTABLE

EARTHQUAKES

11:03 pm; May 27, 1995

Mw7.1; Ms7.6

Depth: 9 km (5.4 miles)

THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995

• A “BULLS EYE EARTHQUAKE: The 40-kn-long rupture of the right-lateral strike-slip fault passed directly under Neftegorsk

THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995

• Neftegorsk was nearly completely destroyed by the earthquake, and approximately 2,000 of the 3,176 residents in the town were killed.

THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995

• 406 person were rescued alive from under the rubble, but 37 of them died in a hospital following rescue

THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995

• The settlement was not rebuilt after the earthquake.

• Most of the 1,144 survivors were relocated.

TWO OF KAMCHATKA’S MANY EARTHQUAKES

April 20, 2006

April 29, 2006

APRIL 20, 2006 KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE

• The April 20, 2006 Kamchatka earthquake was a M7.6 shock located near the coast of Koryak Autonomous Okrug at an estimated depth of 22 km.

APRIL 20, 2006 KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE

• The April 20, 2006 Kamchatka earthquake was a M7.6 shock located near the coast of Koryak Autonomous Okrug at an estimated depth of 22 km.

• This major quake and the aftershock sequence that followed damaged buildings and infrastructure in three villages.

APRIL 29, 2006 KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE

• The M6.6 earthquake, which struck on Saturday, April 29, was followed by a number of strong and medium aftershocks.

APRIL 29, 2006 KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE

• 1,000 people were evacuated, 40 people were injured, but no deaths.

APRIL 29, 2006 KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE

• Several diesel electric power stations were damaged.

RUSSIA’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IN KAMCHATKA IS INEVITABLE

RUSSIA’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IN KAMCHATKA IS INEVITABLE

• ---SO, DON’T WAIT FOR ANOTHER REMINDER FROM A M4.4 OR LARGER EARTH-QUAKE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE.