the oldest civilization of greece 1000154525

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THE

OLDEST

CIYILIZATIOIV

or

GREECE,

STUDIES

OF

THE

MVCENiEAN AGE

BY

H. K.

HALL,

M.A.

ASSISTANT

IN THE DEPARTMENT

OF

EGYPTIAN

AND

ASSYRIAN

ANTIQUITIES,

BRITISH MUSEUM

LONDON:

DAVID NUTT

philadp:lphia

:

J. b.

lippincott co.

1901


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GENtR^^

All

rights

ieset-iied


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T

n

M

A


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11/383

PREFACE

The

series

of

Studies

of the

Mycenaean

Age

which

are

comprised

in this volume

contain

the

notes

made

during

the

course

of

some

years'

study

of

the

''Mycensean

Question,

expanded

and

thrown

into

a

connected

form.

The

chief

problems

of

MycenaBan archaeology

are

dealt

with

separately,

but

at

the

same

time

are

also,

as

far

as

possible,

connected

in order

to

form

a

homogeneous

study

of

the

Mycenasan

Question

as

it

stands

to-day.

Here

and

there

it

has been

found

impossible,

when

dis-ussing

some one

problem,

to

steer

clear

of

trenching

upon

the

domain of

another

;

repetition

of

argument

has,

however,

been

as

far

as

possible

avoided,

and

it

is

hoped

that

these

chapters

will

be

of

use

both

to

the scientific

archaeological

student

and

to

the

layman

who interests

himself

in

the

most

fascinating

search which

evfer

yet

allured

the

seeker

after for-otten

history

the

search

for

the

origins

of Greek

civilization.

It

must

ever

be

borne

in

mind that

this search

is

still

being

pursued

amid the

clouds.

We

are

not

on

firm

earth when

we are

dealing

with

things

Myce-aean,

and

have

still

to

walk

warily.

It

must

be

remembered

that

all

statements

as

to

the

history


12/383

X

PREFACE

of Greek

civilization

before

the

eighth

century

B.C.,

must

needs be

more

or

less

hypothetical

;

we

seek

to

explain

the

prehistoric

monuments

of

Greece

by

more or

less

probable hypotheses

and

theories.

Our

explanation

of the

development

of

pra3-classical

Greek

culture

is,therefore,

merely

a

collection

of

theories

and

hypotheses.

And

although

the

majority

of students

of

the

Mycena3an

Question

are

agreed

with

regard

to

the

greater

])art

of these

explanatory

hypotheses,

yet

in

many

more

or

less

important

respects

they

differ

from

one

another,

with the

result that

at

j^resent

the

statements

of

any

one

author

on

''Mycena3an

subjects

must

usually

be

taken

as

representing primarily

his

own

view,

for

which he alone

is

responsible

;

he

is

not

telling

to

the

world

a

well-known

story

anew,

but is

giving

his

own

particular explanation

of

certain

])henomena

which

others

might

very

conceivably ex[)lain

otherwise.

With

regard

to

the

plan

of

the

book^

I

may

remark

that

I

have

not

considered

it

necessary

to

give

any

long

descriptions

of

Mycenaean

palaces

and

tombs

or

to

enter

into

any

lengthy

disquisitions

n

the

charac-eristics

and

peculiarities

f

Mycen^an

art

:

I

assume

that

my

readers

are

already

more

or

less familiar

with the

sixth

volume

of

MM.

Perrot

and

Chipip:z's

Histoire

dc

rArt,

with

ScHUCHHARrrr's

Epitome

of

Schliemann's

works,

or

with

the

Mycencmn

Age

of

Messrs. Tsountas

and

Maxatt,

in

which

the fullest

description

of the

details

of

Mycenaean

culture

may

be

found.

The

term

Mycenaean

*'

I have

used in

its

widest


13/383

PREFACE

XI

sense,

as

covering

the

typical

Cyclaclic

deposits

of

Thera,

Phyliikope,

Kamarais,

and

the

older

settlement

at

Knossos,

as

well

as

the

period

of

the

palace

of

Knossos,

the

Mycenae-graves,

lalysos,

and

Vaphio,

the

Mycenaean

period

in

its

narrower

sense.

The

term

Prae-Mycenaean

I have

used

only

with

reference

to

the

primitive

epoch

of

the

cist-graves

;

the

succeeding

period

of

transition,

the

Cycladic

period

of

Mr.

Myres,

I have

preferred

to

call

Proto-

Mycenaean.

To

apply

the

term

Prae-Mycenaean

to

this transitional

period

seems

to

me

to

give

the

impression

that

the culture

of the

Third

City

of

Phylakope

differed far

more

from

that

of

the

Fourth

than is

really

the

case.

I

have

endeavoured to

discuss

the

question

of the

relations of the

Mycenaeans

with the East

and

with

Egypt

as

fully

as

is

possible

within

the

compass

of

this

book.

The

question

of

Mycenaean

relations

with

Sicily,

Italy,

and the

West,

I

have

merely

referred

to

as

shortly

as

possible.

The

discoveries

of

Signor

Orsi

and his

fellow-workers

in

the Western

field

are

so

recent

that

their

results

can

hardly

yet

be

fully

discussed.

The

chronological

scheme which will be

found

at

the end of the

book

is

intended

merely

as

a

rough

guide.

The

dates

given

in

it

are

all

approximate,

and

many

are,

of

course,

purely hypothetical.

The

period

of

the

Aryan

invasion

must

naturally

be

understood

to

cover

several

centuries

;

perhaps

earlier,

perhaps

later

than

the date

given.

The

illustrations

are,

in

general,

intended

to

be

rather

helps

to

the better

understanding

of

the


14/383

xii

PREFACE

subject-matter

by

the

layman

than

contributions

to

the

knowledge

of

the

subject already

possessed

by

the

archaeologist

;

the

latter

will, however,

I

hope,

find

the

illustrations

to

chapter

vi.,

on

*'

Mycenae

and

Egypt,

useful

to

him.

In

the List

of

Illus-rations

will

be

found

explanatory

notes

appended

to

the

titles

of

the

figures,

In

conclusion,

I

wish

to

thank

many

friends,

esi)ecially

Dr.

E. A.

Wallis

Budue

and Mr.

L. W.

King,

of

the

Egyptian

and

Assyrian Department,

and

Mr. H.

B.

Walters,

of

the

Greek

and Roman

Department

of the British

Museum,

for

many

hints

and

suggestions,

and

also

Dr.

A.

S.

Mukkay,

Keeper

of the

Greek and

Roman

Department,

for

his

kind

permission

to

publish

the

silver

cup

from

Enkomi,

Fig.

24,

and the

pictographic inscription, Fig.

64.

H. R.

HALL.

Fchrvanj

1901.


15/383

CONTENTS

THE

NEW

CHAPTER

OF

GREEK HISTORY

ARCH^OLOaiST AND HISTORIAN

Enquiry

into

origins

of

Greek civilization

One of

the

domi-ant

objects

of

modern

Hellenic

study

Owing

to

the

results

of

archaeological

research

Archaeological

dis-overies

of the Nineteenth

Century

Egypt

and

Assyria-

New

light

thrown

on

Homeric

poems,

c.

Schliemann's

discoveries

Mycenae

Discussion

as

to

chronological

position

of

Mycenaean

culture

Relics

of

the

Heroic

Age

Troy

The

age

before

Mycenae

Back

to Neolithic

imes

Objections

to

this

scheme

Question

as

to

the

trustworthiness

of

archaeological

science

Instances

of

uncertainty

Absolute

certainty only possible

when

a

continuous

literary

tradition exists

Comparative

trust-orthiness

of

Egyptian,

Greek,

and

European

or

American

archaeological

theories

Limitations of the

archaeological

method in

Greece

One

thing

certain

:

Greek

civilization

not

an

isolated

development

A

working

hypothesis

possible

.

'

Pp.

1-2 1

II

THE

HYPOTHESIS

Doubtful

and

provisional

character

of the

Mycenaean

Hypothesis

Usually

not

sufficiently

emphasized

The

beginnings

of Greek civilization

Hissarlik

Chalco-


16/383

xiv

CONTENTS

lithic

period

First

appearance

of Bronze

Pottery

and

Building

The

Island-Graves

Copper

and

stone

weapons

Ivory

Cyprus Hagia

Paraskeve

and

Kalopsida

On

the Greek Mainland

In

Italy

In Asia Minor

Proto-

Mycenaean

Period

Thera,

Melos,

c.

Kamarais

Kahun

The

Mycenaean

Period

proper

A

local

development

peculiar

to

Greece

High

development

of

the

arts

Still

in

the

Bronze

Age

Export

to

Egypt,

Central

Europe,

and

Italy

The

Achaians

Oriental

influence

Western

traits

Theories

as

to

origin

-

Certainly

not

Phoenician

Certainly

Greek

Date

The

Geometrical Period

Art

of the

Dipylon

In

Attica and

the Islands

Probability

that

Mycenaean

culture

con-inued

to

exist

in

Asia

Relation

between

Mycenaean

and

Geometrical

art

Introduction

of

Iron

The

Homeric

Age

The

Return of the

Herakleids

The

Dorian

Invasion

The

Iron-using

people

of the

Geome-rical

period

were

the Dorians

Asiatic

Mycenaean

return-

influence

on

Geometrical

art

Sub-Mycenaean

and

Mixed

styles

Orientalizing

styles

Kameiros

Phoeni-ian

influence

Proto-Corinthian

vases

Greek

art

of

the

classical

period begins

with

the Corinthian and

Chalkidic

styles

of

vase-painting

Plausible

and

con-istent

character of the

Hypothesis

.

.

Pp.

22-47

III

THE

QUESTION

OF DATE

Rough dating

Evidence of

superimposed

strata

Athens

Latest

possible

date

in Greece

Egyptian

synchronisms

XVIIIth

Dynasty

objects

at

Mycenae

and

lalysos

The

Maket-Tomb

Tell

el-Amarna

Tomb of

Rekhmara

(1550

B.C.)

The

Great Men

of Kef

tin

Mr.

Torr's

objections

Egyptian

Chronology

Later

evidence

Tomb of

Rameses

III.

(1200 B.C.)

Tell

el-Yahudiyeh

Vase

of

Tchet-Khensu-auf-ankh

(1000 B.C.)

No

later

evidence from

Egypt

Treasure

of

^gina

(800

B.C.)

Mycenaean

survival

in Asia

and

Cyprus (700

B.C.)

Date

of


17/383

CONTENTS

XV

Prse-Mycenaean

period

Prae-Mycensean

culture

primitive

Proto-Mycenaean

dating

Doubtful

character of

Fouque's

geological

evidence from

Thera

Evidence

from

Egypt

Supposed synchronisms

with

Xllth and

Xlllth

Dynasties

Their date

r.

2500-2000

B.C.

Proto-

Mycenaean

Yase-fragments

from

Kahun

Doubtful

character of

this evidence

And of

that of

the Cretan

seal-stones

Better

evidence

of

Cyprian

prae-MycenaBan

vases

from

Khata'anah

and of the

Hagios Onouphrios

find in Crete

Prae-Mycenaean

culture

probably

contem-orary

with Xlllth

Dynasty

Supposed

earlier

evidence

from

Kythera

and

Egypt

weak

Earliest

attainable

date

c.

2500

B.C.

Scheme of the

evidence

.

Pp.

48-76

lY

THE

QUESTION

OF RACE

The

Mycenaeans

were

primarily

Achaian Greeks

Meaning

of this

Summarized

argument

Prof.

Ridgeway's

Pelasgian Theory

Objections

thereto

Some

Mycenaeans

Pelasgians

Many

Mycenaean

Ork/ines

Pelasgic

Who

were

the

Prae-Mycenaeans

?

Pelasgians

Non-

Aryan

tribes

Eteokretans

Connected

with

Lykia

Lykians,

Luka,

Luhkl

First

mentioned

c.

1400

B.C.

Native

name

TrmmU

{TepniXai)

Language

not

Aryan

The

Non-

Aryan indigenous

race

of Asia Minor

No

Semites

east

of the

Taurus

Lydians (Maeonians)

not

Semites

The

Aryan

invasion

from

Thrace

Phrygian

and

Mysian

tribes

and Maeonian

kings, Aryan

Late date of this

invasion

Prae-Mycenaean Trojans

not

Aryan

Phrygians

Primitive

culture

of Asia Minor

belonged

to

the

non-

Aryan

indi-enous

race

Primitive

Cyprians

probably

of

same

stock

Which also

possibly preceded

the

Semites

in

Palestine

Leleges

The

Prae-Mycenaean

Islanders

Connected

with

the Pisidians

In

Peloponnese

The

Pelasgi

of

Greece

proper

Both

Leleges

and

Pelasgi belonged

to

the

same

race as

the

indigenous

tribes

of Asia

Minor,

the

Eteo-retans,

c.

Possible

westward

extension of

this

race

into


18/383

xvi

CONTENTS

Italy

The

Etruscan

Question

undecided

The

Pelasgic

Race

of the

Eastern

Mediterranean

The

originators

of

the

primitive

prae-Mycenaean

culture

And

in Greece

the

first

developers

of the

Mycenaean

culture which

was

energized

and extended

by

the

Aryan

conquerors,

the

Achaians,

whose

power

centred in

Argolis

Pp.

77-106

MYCEX^

AND

THE EAST

Greece

as a

whole faces

the

East

So

early

connection

between

Greece and the East

probable

Connection

already

established

with

Egypt

in

primitive

times

No

doubt

by

way

of

Cyprus

Extent of connection

:

query

:

with

Mesopotamia

?

The

nude female

figures

Sup-osed

conquest

of

Cyprus

by Sargon

of

Agade

and

Narfim

-

Sin

a

myth

Possible

overland

connection

through

Asia

Minor

Supposed Babylonian

influence

at

Pterion

uncertain

Xo

Mesopotamian

influence traceable

in

Prae-Mycensean

culture

Nothing

known

of Hit-

tites,

Amorites,

Philistines,

or

even

Phoenicians

at

this

early

period

Connection

with

Mesopotamian

civiliza-ion

established

in

Mycenaean

times

Due

to

westward

advance of

the latter

Its

origin

and

history

Legendary

connection of

MycenaB

with

Asia

The

Pelopids

The

Lion-Gate

probably

inspired by Babylonian

heraldic

groups,

but

the

Lion-Tombs

of

Phrygia by

the

Lion-Gate

Knowledge

of bronze-

and of

gem-engraving

probably

came

from

Babylonia through

Asia Minor

Claim of the

Hittites

to

be

considered

as

intermediaries

at

this

time

doubtful

Theories

of

Reinach

and de Cara

connecting

Hittites

with

Mycenaeans

No

Mycenaean

influence

in

Inner

Asia

Minor

Connection

by

way

of

Cyprus

lonians

and

Phoenicians

lonians

settled

on

Asiatic

coast

of

jEgean

from

the

beginning

lonians

{Ya

trait)

the

first

post-Pelasgic

Greeks

to

come

into contact with the Semites

The first

Greeks in

Cyprus

Probably

the

first

Cyprian

Mycenaeans

Peculiar

characteristics

of the

Mycenaean Age


19/383

CONTENTS

xvii

in

Cyprus

Phoenicians in

Cyprus

A barrier

to

further

Greek

progress

eastwards

Probable

Pelasgic

origin

of

the

Philistines

Phoenician

activity

at

this

period

Xo

Mycenaean

traces

in

Phoenicia

or

S;yTia

Cuneiform

writing

never

introduced

into Greece

Clay

tablets

used,

however,

in Creta^The

Mycenaeans

already

possessed

pictographic scripts,

probably

of

independent origin

Xo

connection

with Hittite

script

proveable

Influence

of

Mesopotamian

on

Mycenaean

culture small

compared

with

that of

Egypt

.....

Pp.

107-142

VI

MYCE:N^^ and

EGYPT

Relations between

Greece and

Egypt

began

in

Prfe-Mycenaean

times

Primitive trade carried

on

by

way of

Cyprus

and

Palestine

Supposed

connection

by

way

of Crete

Geographical improbability

Development

of Mr.

Evans's

theory

Evidence

of the seal-stones

Connection

existed

between Crete and

Egypt,

but

not

directly,

temp.

Dynasty

XII.

The Ilau-Hchu

Relations between

Greece

and

Egypt

under the XVIIIth

Dynasty

Who

were

the

people

of

Kef

tin?

Not Phoenicians

Extended from

Crete

to

Cyprus

The

Hymn

of Amen

Egyptian

relations

with

the Northerners

temp.

Thothmes

III.

Egyptian

influence

in

Greece

at

this time

?

The Phoeni-ians

middlemen

between Greece

and

Egypt

Mycenaeans

in

Egypt

Gurob

Were

they

the

middlemen

V

The

Northern

Tribes and their

attacks

on

Egypt

Probable

identifications

The Thuiraha

probably

not

Tyrsenoi

Daiiaiuui^ TcJiakarai,

and Uanhasha

probably

Cretans

Geographical

certainties with

regard

to

these

tribes

Their

name-terminations

Pelasgian

They

cannot

have been the

middlemen

Direct

communication

beween

Crete

and

Egypt

still

improbable

Palestinian

route used

by

the invaders

Importance

of Crete

at

this

time

Reciprocal

influence

of

Egyptian

and

Mycenaean

art

on

each

other

Egyptian

influence

very

marked,

but

never

h


20/383

xviii

CONTENTS

affected

the

essentially

European

character

of

Mycenaean

art

Pp.

143-190

YII

MYCEN^'S PLACE

IN HISTORY

Mycenaean

civilization

European,

not

Oriental

The

Greek

phase

of

European

Bronze

Age

culture

A

peculiarly

advanced

development

Cause of

this

Proximity

to

Oriental

culture

How much

did

Europe

owe

to the

East?

Current

exaggerations

Not the first

knowledge

of

Gold, Silver,

Copper,

c^-c.

But

probably

of Bronze

Not,

however,

of

Iron

First

impulse

to

development

of

European

civilization

given

in the Greek

islands,

especi-lly

Crete

This

development

probably began

before

the

Aryans

reached Greece

Greek

spirit

the

spirit

of the

mixed

Aryo-Pelasgic

race

Prse-Hellenic and

Hellenic

elements

most

easily

distinguished

in Crete

Pelasgic

and

Aryan

divinities

The

Upos ydixos

General

theory

of

origin, development,

and

general

position

of

prehistoric

Greek

civilization

Impossibility

of

dogmatism

on

the

subject

Prominent

position

of Crete

in

early

history

of

Greek

civilization

The Minoan

thalassocracy

Proto-

Mycenaean

?

The Cretan

Pictographs

Cretan

Kef

tin

f

Synchronism

with the XYIIIth

Dynasty

Crete under

the

Mycenaean

thalassocracy

Achaian

princes

Dorian

Conquest

End of

Cretan

pre-eminence

Predominance

of

Argolis

in

the

later

Mycenaean

age

Orchomenos and

lolkos

The

Minyans

Lemnos

Route

to

the Helles-ont

Tribes

of the

vEgean

Mycenaean

culture in the

West

Imported

into

Italy

and

Sicily Legends

No

Greek settlers

in

Mycenaean

Age

. .

Pp.

191-220

YIII

DECADENCE

AND RENASCENCE

CONCLUSION

Mycenaean

culture

overthrown

by

the

Dorian

Invasion

Long

duration

of

the

period

of disturbance

The


21/383

CONTENTS

xix

Homeric

Period

Conscious

archaizing

of the

Homeric

poets

in

political

matters

Homeric

description

of

Heroic

Greece

Omnipresence

of

the Phoenicians in

Greek

waters

Traces

of them

on

the Greek

coasts

and islands

Date

of their

thalassocracy

Phoenician

objects

at

Mycenae

Phoenician

settlements in

Rhodes and

Crete

post-

Mycenaean-

-Theban

settlement unhistorical

Phoenician

thalassocracy

began

about

looo

li.c.

Phoenicians in the

West

General

conclusion

as

to

period

of

Phoenician

activity

in

Greece

Their

legacies

to

Greece

The

Alphabet

Other barbarian

peoples

in the

^gean during

the

post-Mycenaean period

Phrygians

in Lesbos

Thracians

Dionysiac

worship

Karians

Theories

as

to

their

thalassocracy

Xon-mention

of the

Cyclades

in

Homer

Possible

Cretan

origin

of

Apollo-worship

Leleges

not

mentioned

in the

islands

in

Homer

Pelasgians

The

Brauron-story

In

Crete

No Sardi-ians

or

Tyrrhenians

in the

^Egean

Expulsion

of the

Barbarians

The

Beginnings

of Classical

Greece

Survival

of

Mycenaean

tradition ^

in

Ionia

Artistic

Renascence

in

the Asiatic

islands

The

Mixed

Styles

of

art

Development

of

v^

civilization

Commerce and

Colonization

Traditional

dating

of earliest

colonies

too

high

Competing

Trade-Routes

The

Commercial

Leagues

Expansion

of

Greek

culture

Towards

the

West

Homeric

Ignorance

of the

West

Probable

cessation

of

communication

during

period

of

decadence

Corinthians

and Chalkidians in the

West

Influence

on

Italian

culture

Towards the

South-East

Cyprus

during

the

period

of decadence

Survival of

Mycenaean

art

Growth of Semitic influence

The

Assyrian

conquest

Greek

Cypriote kings

of

the

seventh

century

Phoenician

influence

in

art

Extinction

of

Mycenaean

art

in the

seventh

century

Geometric

vase-ornamentation

The

Cypriote

script

developed

out

of

a

pictographic

system

analogous

to

that of

Crete,

and

of

prae-Aryan

origin

Peculiar

characteristics

of the

Cypriotes

Direct

route

from

Crete

to

Egypt

opened

up

by

Cretan

rovers

Cessation

of communication between

Greece

and

Egypt

during

the

period

of

decadence

Egypt

in

the

Homeric


22/383

XX

CONTENTS

poems

Commercial

inactivity

of the Cretans

The

Milesians

in

Egypt

Date

of their

arrival

Followed

by

the

Rhodians

and

^ginetans

Relations

of Greece and

Egypt

under the XXVIth

Dynasty

Greece and

Inner

Asia Minor

Legends

The

Aryan

Invasion

Midas

The

Lydian

kingdom

and

its relations with

Greece

Invention

of

Money

Lydia

and

Assyria

Comparison

of

/Mycenaean

and Classical

Civilizations of

Greece

Out-ard

points

of difference

Spirit

the

same

Continuity

of

Greek

Art

Nothing essentially

oriental in

Mycenaean

culture

Unity

of

Greek

culture

Mycenaean

survivals

in

Classical

Greece

State-survivals

Athens

V

Argos

and

^gina

The

Kingdom

of

Diomed

and Pheidon

The

Dorians

at

Argos

Early seafaring

activity

of

^gina

The

^ginetan

and

Euboic

standards

Corinth

tYiQ par

miuc

Insignificance

of heroic Corinth

Her rise

due

to

Phoenician

initiative ?

'M.vKrjvalcov

Kai

TipvvBicov

TerpaKoaioL

The

End

....

Pp.

221-292

Attempt

at

ax

Aim'Koximate

Ciirox()i (;i(al

Scheme

of

the

Mycen.eax

Pekiod,

iScc.

To

face

P.

292

Appendix

I.

Note

on

Mycenaean

Religion

. .

P.

293

Appendix

II.

Group

of

Lion

and Bull

fighting,

from

Tell

el-Amarna

.

.

.

.

.P.

303

Appendix III.

Supposed Mycenaean

Bronze

Figures

of

Warrior

-Gods

. .

.

. .

.P. 307

Appendix IV.

Mycenaean

Influence

in

Hittite

Cylinders

P-

311

Addenda

.........

P.

313

Index

. .

P-

325


23/383
http://www.forgottenbooks.com/in.php?btn=6&pibn=1000154525&from=pdf


24/383

xxii

LIST

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG.

I'ACK

6.

Siphnian

Stone

box

in

form of

a

model

dwelling

;

pr8e-Mycena3an

period.

(Melos.)

...

24

(TsoLNTAs-: rANATT,

Fif^'.

133-)

Now

at

Mniiic-li.

('/.

decoration

of

.^fiori

huts.

7.

Greenish

Marble

box

in

form of

a

model

dwelling

:

prae-Mycenaean

period.

(Amorgos.)

. .

~S

(Tsou tas-:Manatt,

Fiy.

134.J

(/.

Dummlku,

Atli.

Mitth.

xi.

8.

Red

ware

Vase with

incised

design,

from

Cyprus

;

prae-Mycensean

period

26

(rERROT-CniPiKZ,

iii.

Fiy-.

485.

E.

T.

I'lKinhia.

,Vc.

ii.

Fig-.

209.)

From

Alaiubr.i.

9.

Proto-Mycensean

Yase,

from

Thera

.

.

.27

Cf.

rERROT-CniPiKZ,

vi,

pi.

XX.

Till

(U'sigii,

represent-ng

seaweed,

is

painted

in

iiuitt

colour (/.^'.

directly

n

tlie

clay

without

a

varnish-gTound).

The

well-known

Greek

varnish-

or ylaze-paintiny

FiniiHnma/erei)

seems

to

liave

been

invented

in

the

e.irlj'

Mycenaean

period

(c/.

Fi

rt-

MANGLER-LosCHCKK,

p.

vii

;

Hogartii-Welcii,

' Primitive

Painted

Pottery

in

Crete/V.

H.S.

xxi.

(i9oi),p.

80),

and

soon

became

universally adopted

:

the

proto-Mycenjvan

matt-

painted

vase

disappeari.'d.

The

new

teclini iue

was never

jibmdoned

by

the

Greek

vase-painters:

'-die

(Jrnamentik

,

(Ut

niykenischen

A'asen

ist

nntergeyanyen,

ihre

Technil:

jiber

hat

sich

fortt eptlanzt

und

hildet

lit

(InindUiije

fin-

die

liertitdlmKj

(lUer

helleniscln'it

Vdi^ciHiaitiniin'n''

(Flrtm.-

J.osciiCKE,

loc.

iit.).

On

Mycenaean

Viise-puintinu'

yenerally

see

TSOLNTAS-^rANATT,

p.

24O

ff.

10.

Mycenaean

Golden

Cup,

from

Mycenae.

(The

lion's

head is

Egyptian

in

style.)

29

(SCIILIEMANX,

Jflia-lies,

p.

477

;

SCHLCniIARDT,

Fig.

266.)

11.

Golden

Griffin,

from

Mycenae.

(The

design

is

of

purely Egyptian origin.)

30

(4/?er

ScriLiE.ArAN.N,

.\[ ia'nes,

t.

272;

Schuchhart)T,

Fig-.

186.)

Thin

gold

;

ior

attachment

to

dress.

While

the

winged sphinx

does

not

appear

in

Egypt

till

a

compara-ively

late

period,

the

winged

grittin

is

an

Egyptian

concep-ion,

ami

appears

under

the

Xllth

Dynasty,

if

not ejirlier.


25/383

LIST

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

xxiii

FIG.

PACK

12.

Golden

Plaque,

with

spiral

design,

from

Mycenae.

{Cf.

Metal-work

of Central

and

Northern

Euro-ean

Bronze

Age.)

-31

(SCHUCHIIARDT,

Fi -.

189.)

13.

Mycenaean

Gem

;

combat

of

warriors

...

32

Au

intaglio

from

Myceua?,

sliowiiig

Hollfuic

spirit

in

]VrycenaBaii

art.

14.

Design

in

relief

from

a

Golden

Cup

found

at

Vaphio

in Lakonia.

(Athens

Museum

;

a

repro-uction

is in the

Ashmolean

Museum,

Oxford.)

. 2 3

Cf.

Perrot-Chipiez,

^/s . de

VArf,

vi.pl. xv. (I'errot-

Chipiez,

vi.

Fig-.

369;

E. T. Primitive

Greece,

Fig.

362.)

15.

Design

in relief from

a

Golden

Cup

found

at

Vaphio

in Lakonia.

(Athens

Museum

;

a

repic-

duction is in the

Ashmolean

Museum,

Oxford.)

.

34

Cf. rERROT-CnipiEZ,

Hist,

de

I''

rt,

vi.

pi.

xv.

(

J'ekkot

Chipiez,

vi.

Fig.

370

;

E.

T.

Primitive Greece.

Fig.

363.)

16.

Geometrical

Vase,

from

the

Dipylon

at

Athens

.

^y

(rERROT-CniPiEZ,

vii.

Fig-.

44.)

JJ. C. II.

1895,

p.

275.

1

7.

Bronze Fibula of the

Geometrical

Period

.

.

38

(I*errot-Chipiez,

vii.

Fig.

118.)

.Tahrb.

Arch.

Inst.

1888,

p.

362.

The

pin

is

missing :

Ijotli

sides

of

the

guard are

given

in

the

figure.

18.

Design

on a

Geometrical

Vase

....

40

(Perrot-Ciiipiez,

vii.

Fig. 48.)

Anuali,

1872.

Tav.

d'agglunta

I.

i.

19.

Asiatic

Sub-Mycenaean

Vase,

from

Mylasa

in

Karia

43

(Perrot-Chipiez,

v.

Fig.

230

;

E. T.

Ltjdia,

ttc,

Fig.

230.)

Winter,

Vasen

aus Karieii,

p.

230.

20.

Vase

with

Orientalizing Designs,

from

Cyprus

.

45

(rERROT-CniPiEZ,

iii.

Fig.

518;

E.

T.

Phwnicia,

e.

ii.

Fig.

242.)

Cesnola,

Cijpras,

p.

55.

Tlie

object

in

the

centre

is

a

conventionalization

of the

Assjriau

siicred

tree,

with

traits borrowed from

Egyptian

art.


26/383

xxiv

LIST

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

KI ;.

I'ACK

21.

Mycenaean

Bull's

Head,

from the

tribute of

the

Keftiu

52

(Tomb

of

Kekhiuara.)

22.

Mycenajan

Metal

Cup,

from

a

wall-painting

in

a

Theban

tomb

;

c.

1500

n.c

53

(AJier

Prisse

D'Avennes,

Hi^it.

de

I'

Art;

Art

IiHliixtriel;

Vftnes

(Ifs

TributdireH

dc

Ka/a,

9.)

23.

Mycenaean

Metal

Cup,

from

a

wall-painting

in

a

Theban

tomb

;

c.

1500

n.c

54

(After

Phisse

D'Avennes,

N/sf.

(h-

/'Art;

Art

Jiidustriel

;

Vases

(les Trihitt aires

de

Ka/a,

2.)

24.

Mycenaean

Silver

Cup,

from

a

tomb

at

Enkomi

in

Cyprus.

(Brit.

Mus.

Gk.

and

Roman

Dept.

;

ef.

Murray,

Excaratiom

hi

Cf/prns^

p.

1

7,

Fig.

33.)

5 5

Probable date

the

Ylllth

century.

25.

Bronze Sword-blade

from

Mycenae,

with

inlaid

Egyptian design

of

cats

hunting

wildfowl

. .

58

(Tsol' tas-3Ianatt,

Fiy.

115.)

('/.

Pebrot-Chipiez,

vi.

pi.

xvii.

26.

Mycenaean

Btir/elkat/ueH(False-necked

Vases),

from

a

wall-painting

in the tomb of

Rameses III.

;

c.

1200-1150

P..C

59

(After

Cha.mpollion,

Motmments,

pi.

cclviii.)

27.

A

Mycenaean

Vase

and other

objects,

from

a

wall-

painting

in

the

tomb

of Barneses

III.

;

e.

1 200-

1

1

50

B.c

60

(After

CuAMPOLLTON,

Movuments,

pi,

fclix.)

The

objects

on

the

left

are

elephant-tnsks

;

above

the

Bu(jell:anne

is

an

Ejivptian

utchat-iyya

amnlet

of

lapis-

lazuli

;

the

vase

below the

Bntiellatine

is

of

variegated

j^lass,

and

is

probably

also

a

Bi\(felkaiine.

If

so,

it is of

E yptiau

make

:

no

;lass

Jiiif/eUcatinen

have

been

found

in

Greece,

((f.

v.

Bissing,

Atli.

Mitth. xxiii.

p.

262.)

28

.

Mycenaean

Biifjelhim/fi,

rom

a

XXIst

Dynasty

tomb

;

c.ioooB.c.

(Brit.Mus.

Egyptian

Dept.

No.

2282

1.)

61

Tbe

vase

of Tchet-Khensn-:iuf-ankli.

Ft

rtav

angler's

Third

style. '


27/383

LIST OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

xxv

FIG

29.

Vases

of

punctuated

black

ware,

from

Khata-

'anah and

elsewhere

in

Egypt

;

c.

2000

B.C.

(Brit.

Mus.

Egyptian

Dept.

Nos.

30444,

27472,

4809

21976.)

68

30.

Hawk Vase

of

black

punctuated

ware.

(Brit.

Mus.

Egyptian

Dept.

No.

1

7046.)

...

69

31.

Vase

of the

same

black

ware,

not

punctuated.

(Brit.

Mus.

Egyptian

Dept.

No.

32048.)

.

.

70

32.

Vase of

white

slip

ware

with

black

painted

decoration,

from

Cyprus

71

(Peurot-Chipiez,

iii.

Fig.

486 ;

E,

T.

Pluenicia,

c.

ii.

Fig-.

210.)

Cf.

3IYRES-E1CIITER,

Cyprus

Museum

Catahgtte,

p.

39

IT.

Specimens

of

this

Cyprian

ware

have

been

found

exported

far

from

Cyprus

;

e.t/.,

a

bonl

found

at

Sakkarah

in

Egypt

(Walters,

X

H. S.

xvii.

p.

74).

33.

Double Vase

of

Cyprian

black

base-ring

ware,

found in

Egypt.

Date

about

1

400-1

100

B.C.

.

71

Kough

line

sketch

of

the

type.

Cf.

Myres-Richter,

Cyprus

Museum

Catalogue,

p.

46

ff.

34.

Vase

of

Cyprian

black

base-ring

ware

:

found

in

Egypt.

Date

about

1400^1

100

B.C.

.

.

72

Hough

line

sketch

of

the

type.

35.

A

Lykian

Tomb of

the

fourth

century

B.C.

The

architecture

apparently

resembles that

of

the

Mycenaeans

89

(Perrot-Chipiez,

v.

Fig-.

261

;

E. T.

Lydla,

c.

Fig-. 261.)

Cf. Tsountas-Manatt,

Fig.

49.

36.

A

Karian

Inscription

of

the

sixth

century

B.C.

;

from

Egypt.

(Non-Aryan

language

of

Asia

Minor written

with

modified

Greek characters.

The

Lykian

alphabet

is

still

further modi-ied.)

99

(Perrot-Chipiez, v. Fig-.

212;

E.

T.

Lydia,

c.

Fig-.

212;

Sayce,

T.

S.

n.

A. ix.

(1887)

pt.

i.)

From

Zakazik.


28/383

xxvi

LIST OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG.

I'AGE

y].

A

Phrygian Inscription

:

Mother

Kybile

.

.

.

(Aryan

language

of

Asia

Minor, using

Greek

script.)

105

(Perrot-Chipiez,

V,

Fiy.

3;

E. T.

Ltj lia,

Ac.

Fiy.

3

;

Kamsay,

J. li.

A.

S.

XV.

I.)

38.

Primitive

Marble

Female

Figure

from

Amorgos.

(Prae-Mycenaean

period.)

iio

(Tsountas-Manatt,

Fi 4-.

132.)

39.

Heraldic

Lion-group

from

a

Phrygian

tomb

.

.120

(rEHROT-CniPiKZ,

V. Fiy.

no

;

E.'V.

Lifdia,

f.

Fiy.

no;

Ramsay,

./.

If.

S.

1884,

V-

285.)

(/.

tlic

Lion-yftte

at

My-

ccuie.

At

Arslaii-Kaj'a.

40.

Hittite

Belief

in

Assyrianizing style

;

from

Jera-

bis.

(Brit.

Mus.)

. .

.-

. .

.124

(Peruot-Ciiipiez,

iv.

Fiji'.

77;

E. T.

Jit lna,

Arc,

Fiji.

277.)

41.

A

Philistine

of the Xllth

century

]'..c.

(Sculp-ures

of Bameses

III.,

Thebes.)

. . .

-133

From

Medint't-Habu.

On

the liead-drcss

r.

p.

180,

n. 2.

42.

Ivory

Mirror-handle,

from

Mycenae,

of

Cyprian

Late-Mycenaean type

137

(Tsouxtas-Manatt, Fiji'.

84.;

C'f.

similar ivories

fi-om

Cyprus

iu

Brit. Miis.

43.

Prehistoric

Egyptian

Boat-Yase

;

c.

4500

B.C.

or

earlier

,

. .

.

.

. .

.150

(Brit.

Mus.

Ej -, Dept.

Xo.

26635.)

'^^^^ ^^ ^'^

'

the

ceutrc

;

above

are

human

flgiire.s.

44.

Fragment

of

an

archaic

Egyptian

Slate

Belief,

of

same

date

as

Fig.

45,

showing

the

style

of

art

with

which it has been

proposed

to connect

that

of

Mycenae

.

151

(Brit.

:Miis.

Ey.

Dept.

Xo.

20791.)

45.

Fragment

of

an

archaic

Egyptian

Slate

Belief

in

the

Louvre

;

c.

4000

B.C.

.

.

. .

^53

On

this

relief

cf.

Heuzey,

B. C.Jf.

xvi.

(1892)

who

com-ares

it

with

Mycen an

scenes

of

TavpoKa0d\(iLa.


29/383

LIST

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

xxvii

no.

l'A(}E

46.

Mycenaean

Biuidl'unncn

from

Egypt

.

*

.161

(

Hrit. Mus.

Xos.

29396, 4859, 29365.)

47.

Mycenaean

Gold and

Silver

Yase

;

from

a

wall-

painting

in the

tomb of

Rekhmara,

c.

1550

v,.v.

.

164

{After

Prisse

D'Avennes,

Hint,

de

VArt;

Art

IndiiHtrid

;

J 'uses des

Tribiitaires

de

Kafa, 4.)

48. Ceiling

of the

Treasury

of

Minyas,

at

Orcho-

menos

(Egyptian

design)

167

(Tsountas-Man.vtt, Fig.

48.)

Cf.

Pekkot-Ciiipjez,

vi.

Fig-. 221.

49.

Mycenaean Amphora,

found

in

Egypt.

(Brit.

Mus.

Eg.

Dept.

No.

4858.)

168

50.

Sard'iiia

(Sardians)

of

the Xllth

cent.

u.c.

(Thebes.)

172

(Sculptures

of Eaineses

III.,

Mediuet-Hiibu.) Cf.

the

helmet

with

the

Mycenseau representaliou

of

a

helmet

illus-rated

by

SCHUCHHARDT,

Fig . 198.

3Iaspkro .s

iileutitica-

tion

of

the Sardina

with the

Sardians

of Asia

3Iinor

(/ 'erue

Critique, 1880,

p.

109)

is

undoubtedly

the

best

;

W.

31.

Muller's

revival of

the

old idea

that

they

were

Sardinians

(Asien u.

Europa,

p.

372

f.)

is

notable,

but

will

gain

few ad-erents.

In

note

i

on

p.

173

it is

remarked

that

these

Sardina

were

probably

the first of

the

wandering-

Mediter-anean

tribes to

take

to

mercenary

soldiering,

and

that

they

served

in

Egypt

as

royal

guards.

As

Egyptian

mercenaries

a

body

of

them

fought,

with

some

Thttirsha

(p.

173),

against

the other Northerners

in the

time of

Kameses

III.,

when

the

Philistines

and

their

Cretan

allies

(r.

p.

175

flf.)

ere

overthrown

by

the

Egyptians

on

the

Palestinian

coast

(p.

182).

51.

T'ahaiuu

(Cretans?)

of the

Xllth

cent.

n.c.

(Thebes.)

.176

(Sculptures

of

Kameses

III.,

Medinet-Habu.)

52.

Blue

glazed

ware

Blirjdkamie^

made

in

Egypt.

c.

Xlllth

century

i$.c.

(Brit.

Mus.

Eg.

Dept.

No.

30451.)

185

Cf.

decoration

with that

on

BiUjelkannen

from

the tomb

of

Kameses

III., Fig-s.

26,

27.


30/383

xxviii

LIST

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

rUi.

PAGE

53.

Blue

glazed ware

Vase,

made

in

Egypt

in

imitation

of

a

Mycenaean

form

;

c.

Xlllth

centmy

y,.v.

(Brit.

Mus.

Eg. Dept.

No.

22731.)

.

.

.16

A

companion

vasi;

(Xo.

22730),

of

purely Ejiyptian shape,

Ims

spinil

decoration. A

similar

vase

to

Xo.

22731

is

carried

by

one

of tlie

Keftiti in the

tomb of

Kekhmira.

54.

Mycenaean

Vase of

the

type partly

imitated

by

Fig.

53.

(From lalysos.)

187

(Pekrot-Chipiez,

vi.

Fij^-.

473

;

E.

T.

J'rimitive

(ireece,

Fiy.

464:

Fl'RTwXngler-Loscucke,

No.

71.)

The cuttle-

iish-de8i n

of

this

vase

is

.an

instance

of

the

love

of

the

3Iycena;an

artists

for

marine

subjects

(see

]).

202)-

The

form

of the

cuttlefish accommodated itself

esi ecially

well

to

the

shape

of

the

3Iycenaean

kv\i^

(f-f/.,

Brit. Mus.

First

Vase

Itoom,

Vase

A.

271

;

rERROT-CiiiPiEZ,

vi.

Fiy.

492.

('/.

Fkj.

I

of this

book).

Amony

other

marine

subjects

employed by

the

3Iycena'}iu

artists

may

be

noted Seaweed

(( /.

Vui.

9)

;

the

Flyino-tish

(Ann.

Jirit. Scli.

Ath.

1897-8,

1)1.

iii.)

:

the

Aryonaut

(e..v.,

he

Marseilles

Vase,

1'ehrot-

CiiiPiEZ,

vi.

Fiy.

486,

anil Brit.

Mus,

First Vase

Koom,

Vase

A.

349,

Walters,

J.

H.

S.

xvii.

p.

75)

Arf/ananta

(tn/o.tho

''X.iutilus

of

Aristotle:

the

ruri le-Fish

(J'lir-

jnira),

as

on

the

vase

Fi 5.

i

;

and

imaginary

sea-jiriffins

like

Fir..

57.

55.

Carved wooden

object

of

Mycenaean

style,

found

in

Egypt.

(Berlin

Museum.)

.

.

.

.188

(Perrot-Chipiez,

vi.

Fiy.

409;

E.

T.

I'n'mitire

Greece,

Fiy. 402.)

A

similar

object,

froim

Menidi,

is

fl8:ured by

rERROT-CiiiPiEZ

on

the

sime

p.iye.

56.

Top

of

an

Egyptian

alabaster

vase,

made

in imita-ion

of

a

Mycenaean

Jiilf/elkfuute.

Brit.

Mus.

Eg.

Dept.

No.

4656.)

190

The

lower

part,

not

floured,

is

of

ordinary

Eoyptiin

form,

and

certainly

did

not

orioiually belon ^-

to

the

top,

though

found

with it.

57.

A

Mycenaean

Sea-demon,

from

an

early

matt-

painted

vase

from

Mycenae

.

.

.

.

.201

Cf.

rERROT-ClIIPIEZ,

vi.

pi.

XX.

3.


31/383


32/383

XXX

LIST

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG.

PAGE

66.

Obverse

of

a

Lydian

Coin

of the

early

part

of the

Vlth

century

ij.c.

(Compare

designs

of

Myce-aean

gems.)

292

(rERUOT-CiiiPiEZ,

V.

Fi -.

192;

E.

T.

Liidia,

f.

Fiy. 192.)

Cf.

Hill,

Handbook

of

Greek

and

Jloman

Coins, pi.

i.

8,

9.

67.

Emblem

of Zeus of the

Double-Axe

(Mycenae)

.

294

Thin

gold

:

used

to ornament

clotliiny (V).

68.

Mycenaean

Water-demon

(?

Artemis),

from

an

in-aglio

.

.

.

. . .

.

t

.

295

Cf. rERROT-CHiriEZ,

vi.

Fiy.

431.

6.

69.

Artemis

(Diktynna)

iroTvia

Orjpav.

(From a

My-enaean

intaglio,

found

at

Vaphio.)

.

.

.

296

Cf.

Tsountas-Manatt,

Fig.

154.

70.

Mycenaean (?) Group

from

Tell

el-Amarna

.

.

304

7

1

.

The

same

Group

from another

point

of view

.

305

72.

Bronze

Figure

found

at

Tiryns

....

307

(Perrot-Chipiez,

vi.

Fig. 353:

E. T. Prhnitirc

Greece,

Fig.

349

;

'E0ij^-

'Apx-

1891,

pi.

ii.

i.

)

73.

Bronze

Figure

found

at

Berut

....

309

lirit. ; Ins.

No.

25096.

74.

Impression

of

a

Cylinder

from

Aidin

in

Lydia.

(Louvre.)

311

(I'KKKOT-CiiiPiEZ,

iv.

Fig.

382

;

E.

T.

Jndmt,

Arc.

Fig.

382.)

75.

Impression

of

a

Cylinder

from

Asia

Minor.

(Louvre.)

312

'

(Perrot-Ciiipiez,

iv.

Fig.

378

;

E.

T.

Jada'u,

e.

Fig.

378

;

MAnant,

Ua Pier

res

Cravees dc la Haute

Asie,

ii.

Fig.

iii.)


33/383

LIST OF

ABBREVIATIONS

Aarhfificv

af

(h'f

Kg

.

Nord.

Ohhkr/ft

*sV7.s7.-.,

arb'/ger

af

det

Konglig

Xordiske Oldskrif

t

Selskab,

Copenhagen.

AhhaudJ.

kf/l.

preu^-s.

Akad.,

Abhandlungen

der

kihiiglichen

preussischen

Akademie der Wissenschaf

ten,

Berlin.

.4.

Z.^

Zeitschrift

fiir

Agyptische Sprache

und Altertums-

kunde,

Berlin.

Am.

Joiirii.

Arch.,

American Journal of

Archaeology,

Princeton,

U.S.A.

Ann. Brit.

Sch.

Ath.,

Annual of

the British School

at

Athens.

Annall

:

Annali dell'

Instituto di

Correspondenza

Archeo-

logica,

Rome.

Antiqv.Tkhkr.for

Sn^rif/e

:

Antiqvarisk

Tidskrift

fur

Sverige,

Stockholm,

Arch.

Anz.,

Archiiologische Anzeiger (published

with

Jahrb.

Arch

Inat.,

q.r.).

Arch.

Zt'/fg.,

Archiiologische Zeitung,

Berlin.

Ath.

J//7///.,Mittheilungen

des Kaiserlich Deutschen

Archiio-

logischen

Instituts,

Athenische

Abteilung,

Athens.

B.

C.

II.,

Bulletin

de

Correspondance

Hellenique,

Paris.

Bull,

di

Paletnologia

italiami

:

Bulletino di

Paletnologia

italiana,

Parma.

Bui^oLT,

G

r.

Gc.Hch., Bus(rLT,

Griechische

Geschichte,

Gotha,

1893.

Brugsch,

Wortcrhuch

:

H.

Brugsch, Hieroglyphisch-Demo-

tisches

Worterbuch.

C.

I.

G.,

Corpus

Inscriptionum

Graecarum.

C(italof/nc

dca

Monument.

s

:

Catalogue

des

Monuments

et

Inscriptions

de

I'Egypte

Antique,

Vienna,

1894.


34/383

xxxii

LIST

OF

ABBREVIATIONS

Champollion,

2Ionuments

:

Chami'oi.liox,

Monuments

de

I'Kgypte

et

de

la

Nubie,

Paris,

1835.

Chr. Or.

(i:

Eeinach).

Class.

Rev.,

Classical

Review.

De

Morgan,

Recherches

:

De

Morgan,

Recherches

sur

les

Origines

de

FEgypte,

Paris,

1896-7.

DiJMiCHEN,

Histor.

Lischr.,

DuMiciiEX,

Historische

In-

schriften,

Leipzig,

1867.

E.

T.,

English

Translation.

Evans,

Fictocivdphs

:

A. J.

Evans,

Cretan

Pictogi-aphs

and

Prae-Phoenician

Script,

London,

1895.

'E0^I -

'Apx-

i

'^^ ^^^^'^

\^pxaio\oytKi).

thens.

Frazer,

Pans.,

Frazer,

Pausanias's

Description

of

Greece,

London,

1898.

FDRTW.-L.iSCH(KF.

:

JFUKTWANCLKK

nd

LoSHiCKK,

FcRTWANCLKR-LosCHfKF.:

I

Myken.sche

Vasen, Berlin,

1886.

Gardner,

New

Chapters:

Prof.

Percy

Gardner,

New

Chapters

in

Greek

History,

London,

1892.

,/.

H.

S'.,

ournal

of Hellenic

Studies,

London.

Jahrb.

^4rc/?./;/.s-^.,

ahrbuch

des

Kaiserlich

Deutschen ArchJi-

ologischen

Instituts,

Berlin.

Journ.

AitfhrojJ,

Ittst.,

ournal of

the

Anthropological

Insti-ute,

London.

KfjI.

V'ltterhets

Akad.

Ilandlingar

:

Handlingar

af

Konglig

Historie

och

Yitterhets

Akademien,

Stockholm.

Maspero,

Hist.

Ahc.

Or.,

Mabpero,.

Histoire Ancienne

des

Peuples

de

FOrient, Paris,

1

886.

Mir.

Or.

(v.

Reinach).

Mitth.

Anthrop.

Ges.

in

Wien

:

Mittheilungen

der

Anthro-

pologischen

Gesellschaf

t

in

Wien,

Vienna.


35/383

LIST

OF

ABBREVIATIONS

xxxiii

MuRKA^',

Ifdbh.

Gr.

Arch.,

Dr. A. S.

Murray,

Handbook

of

Greek

Archaeology,

London,

1892.

Myrej^-Richter, Ci/prus

Catalofjw

:

J. L

Myres

and M.

OnxEFALSCH-RicnTER, Catalogue

of the

Cyprus

Museum,

Oxford,

1899.

Xnie

Jlihilclter. K/ is.^.

Alf.,

Neue

Jahrbiicher des klassischen

Altertums.

F. S.

B.

A.,

Proceedings

of the

Society

of

Biblical

Archae-logy,

London.

Pape-Benseler,

Wbch. Gr.

Eifintn.,

W.

Pare and

G.

Bexseler,

Worterbuch der

griechischen Eigennamen,

Braunschweig,

1884.

Perrot-Cilipiez

:

G.

Perrot

and

C.

Chipiez,

Histoire

de

I'Art

dans

FAntiquitr,

Paris

(in

progress).

Proc. Soc.

Antiq.^ Proceedings

of

the

Society

of

Antiquaries,

London.

RccueU

:

Recueil

de Travaux

relatifs

a

la

Philologie

et

a

FArcheologie

Egyptiennes

et

Assyi'iennes,

Paris.

li. I.

H.,

E. De

RoudE,

Inscriptions Hieroglyphiques,

Paris,

1877.

RAWLixsoN,TF ?s' ^ry

Asiatic

I/iscrqitiot/xRawlixsox,

Cunei-orm

Inscriptions

of Western

Asia,

London, 1

861

-91.

Reixacii,

Mir.

Or.,

Salomox

Reixach,

La

Mirage

Oriental

;

Chr.

Or.

ii.

p.

509

ff.

Reixach,

Chr.

Or.,

Salomox

Reixach,

Chroniques

de

rOrient,

Paris,

189

1-6.

Jier.

Arch.,

Revue

Archeologique,

Paris.

Jiheiu.

Mils.,

Rheinisches

Museum,

Bonn.

Mom.

Mitth.,

Mittheilungen

des

Kaiserlich Deutschen

Archiio-

logischen

Instituts,

Rumische

Abtheilung,

Rome.

Sifzhrr.

der

kr/J.hai/r.

Ahad.,

Sitzungsberichte

der

konig-

lichen

bayerischen

Akademie

der

Wissenschaften,

Munich.

ScHUCHHARDT

:

)

ScHUCHHARDT,

Schliemann's

SciIUCHHARDT, Sc/J/^wro///;

j


36/383

xxxiv

LIST

OF

ABBREVIATIONS

T.

S.

B.

A.,

Transactions

of

the

Society

of

Biblical

Archae-logy,

London.

Trtni^. R. Soc.

Lit.,

Transactions of the

Royal Society

of

Literature,

London.

Tsountas-Manatt

:

Prof.

Dr.

Ciirestos

Tsoun

tas

and

Dr.

J.

luviNU

Manatt,

The

Mycenaean

Age,

London,

1897.

W.

A.

/.,

Rawlinson,

Wcxft'r/t Asiatic

luscrtpt'ions,

q.r.

W.

M.

Mlj.lkk:

W.

Max

Mullkk,

Asien

und

Europa,

Leipzig,

1893.

Wbch.

(Jr.

Etfjout.

(r.

PAl'K-BKXSKLKit).

Ymer

:

Ymer,

Tidskrif

t

utgif

ven

af

Svenska

S.'illskapet

fur

Antropologi

och

Geogi-afi,

Stockholm.


37/383

NOTE

I li(ir '

^pcc'tdJhj

vc-irn

inflated uJl tlw

put^HHijcH

from

Kgyptkoi

ht.scrqjfio/tx,

i(x'.,

trliich

(ire

quoted

in

fli'ta hook.

With

regard

to

tlte

tra/hsliterftfio)/

of

E(]yptiau

and

Axi^yrkin

word^,

it

nuu/

he

noted

that

s

=

sh,

s =

ts,

V

tch, dj, zh,

or Home

such

sounds

irliile

h

/'.s

xtronifJii

dspirnted

hh

(r/.s-

in

the

Arahic

kohl),

and

h

-

kh,

(iernian

ch.

Tlie

fornn^

of

Ef/ /ptian

nanieM

of foreign

jjeopfe.s (jiren

in

hraekets

hji

the side

of

the uonal

forms,

e.g.

(Aqaiwaasa)

h//

the side

o/^'

Akaiuasha,

are

stricter

and

more

aecur((te

transliterations

of

the

hierotj/t/phs.

In

speaking of

the

Kguptian

ling

Amenhetep

IV.,

I hare

preferred

to

use

the

hetter-kntarn

form

f

his

later

name,

Khuenaten,

rather

than the less-known

Akhenaten.

The

nana'

Keftiu is

jjroperhj

that

(f

the

count

rg,

not

the

/)eople

;

hut

I hare

usu dhj

pre-erred

to

speak

of

the

people

as

simplg

Keftiu,

rather than

use

such

a

cumbrous

expressio)

as

' ''

Keftiu-jieople''.

or

the

hghrid

Keftians. '

I

mag

further

note

that

the

spind

design

at

the

top

(f

the

cover

is

Mgcoucan, heing

taken

from

the

gravestone

puhlished

originallg

in

Schliemann's

Mycc'iies,

Fig.

140,

irhile that

at

the hottom

is

Kggptian,

heing

taken

from

the

ornamentation

(f

some

of

the

pillars

in

Khuenaten'

s

ijalace

at

Tell

el-Anairna,

origin(dlg

puhlished

in

Pktkie'.s Tell

el-

Amarna,

pi.

x.

2.

H. H.


38/383


39/383


40/383

2

STUDIES

OF

THE

MYCENAEAN

AGE

period

of

time

which

had

elapsed

between the

two

could

not

be

estimated with

any

approach

to

cer-ainty,

nor

could

the

process

of

the

development

of

the

civilization

of

the

classical

out

of that

of

the

Homeric

period

be

traced with

any

attempt

at

accuracy.

Behind

Homer

lay impenetrable

dark-ess.

To-day,

however,

the

veil

which

hid the

origins

of Greek civilization

from

us

has,

at

least

partially,

been

lifted,

and

although

much is as

yet

uncertain,

the

historian

of Greece

can

at

least

say

with truth that his

knowledge

of

Greek

story

no

longer

ends

in the seventh

century

;

he is

now

not

only

able to connect

the Homeric

period

with

the

classical

age,

but

his

range

of

vision extends

beyond

Homer

and

brings

him almost

to

the

very

beginnings

of

Greek

civilization.

He

does

not,

however,

owe

this

increased

range

of

vision

to

himself alone

;

it is

to

the

spade

of

the

archaeologist,

ot

to

the

pen

of

the

historian,

that

the

discovery

of

the

origins

of

Hellas

is

due.

Formerly

the

archaeologist

was

but

the

servant

of

the historian

;

it

was

his

duty

merely

to

illustrate

by

his

discoveries the

materials

which

the

historian

drew

from

his

ancient

authorities.

Now,

however,

it

is

to

the

archaeologist

that

the

historian

looks

to

give

him

increased

knowledge,

to

supply

him

with

facts

with

which

he

may

recon-truct

the lost

history

of

prae-classical

reece.

The

present

energy

of the

archaeologist

in

Greece

and

the

modern

interest

in

early

Greek

archaeology

date

from and

are

a

consequence

of the

epoch-making

discoveries

of the

beginning

of

the

XlXth

century

in

the

domain

of

Egyptian

and

Oriental

archaeology.


41/383

NEW CHAPTER

OF GREEK

HISTORY

3

A

new

world

was

opened

to

us

by

these

discoveries

;

the

horizon

of

our

knowledge

of

the

ancient civiliza-ions

of the earth

was

widened

indefinitelyby

them

;

and it

was

not

long

before

classical

students

began,

after

much doubt and

incredulity,

to

ask

themselves

how

far

this

new

knowledge might

bear

upon

the

early history

of the

Greeks.

But

not

all

:

many

classical

scholars

were

utterly

unable

to

conform

themselves

to

the

new

order of

ideas.

The

keen

intellect

of

Sir

G.

C.

Lewis,

for

instance,

was

unable

to

grasp

the

meaning

of

the

new

discoveries

;

he

continued

to

the

end

of

his

days

refusing

to

believe

that

anybody

could

read

a

singlehieroglyph

or

inter-ret

a

single

group of

wedges.

But these

were

excep-ions

:

others

among

them Mr.

Gladstone

turned

eagerly

to

the

new

light

for

information,

and when

it

was

found

that,

although

Herodotos's oriental

history

might

be

to

a

great

extent

confirmed

by

the

Inscription

of

Behistun

and

other

early

trophies

of

cuneiform

study,

yet

his

history

of

Egypt

was so

legendary

and

unreliable

as

to

be

of

little

use

to

anybody

but the

folklorist,

the results

of

Egypto-ogical

study

were

utilized

by

them

for

the

pur-ose

of

further

elucidating

the Homeric

question.^

Although

the

Homeric

poems

were

still

regarded

in

England

as

the work

of

a

single

hand,

yet

they

were

now

studied

not

merely

in order

to

properly

base

ovv

or

to

trace

the

pedigree

of the

digamma,

but

to

glean

knowledge

of

that

heroic

age

of

which

*'

Homer

sang,

and

to

seek

out

through

him

the

secret

of

the

origins

of Hellas.

^

Kg.

Gladstone,

Juventus

Mundi,

p.

144

;

and

elsewhere.


42/383

4

STUDIES

OF

THE

MYCENAEAN

AGE

It

was

in

the

early

sixties

that

De

Kouge

trans-ated

the

inscriptions

of

Merenptah

and

Rameses III.

(B.C.

1 2

50-

1

150),

which

record

the

two

great

in-asions

of

Egypt

by

the

piratical

hordes

of

the

Mediterranean and

their

successive defeats

at

Piarisheps

and

off the

coast

of

Palestine,

and

announced

to

the

world

that

Achaians,

Danaans,

Pelasgians, Teukrians,

and

Dardanians

had formed

part

of

the

invading

hosts.

The

question

of the

correctness

of his

identifications

will

be discussed

later;

at

the time

many

were

incredulous,

many

hailed

his

announcement

with

sanguine

interest and

anticipation.

It

was

evident

that the Homeric

period

was

a

time

of

storm

and

stress,

of

wars

and

wander-ngs

;

and the

picture

of the

Homeric

Greeks

warring

with

Asia Minor

and

adventuring

far

voyages

to

Egypt

and

to

the

West,

as

if

already

disturbed

and

displaced

by

the

pressure

of the

Dorians from the

North,

certainly

tallied

well

with

the indications

given

by

the

Egyptian

records

of

occasional visits

from the

piratical

ships

of

the

wandering

clansmen

of the

Very

Green

Sea,

coming

sometimes

as

single spies,

sometimes

in

battalions,

sometimes

to

settle

in

the

islands

and

marshes

of

the

Delta,

more

often

to

burn,

to

slay,

and

to

enslave. And did

not

the

legends

of

Hellas

tell

of

Egyptian

and

Oriental

settlers

in Greece

itself:

of Inachos and

Danaos in

Argolis,

of

Kekrops

in

Athens,

of

Kadmos,

the

man

from

the

East,

in

Boeotian

Thebes

?

Whence

did

this last

name

come

to

Greece

if

not

from

Egypt?

Thothmes

III.

made

Cyprus tributary

why

not

also

more

westerly

islands

and

coasts

?


43/383

NEW

CHAPTER OF

GREEK

HISTORY

5

Such

considerations

as

these

prompted

Mr.

Glad-tone

-relying

on

such

interpretations

of

Thoth-

mes

III.'s famous

Hymn

to

Amen

at

Karnak^

as

that

given by

Lenormant

to

conjure

up

for

us

a

Homeric

Greece

which

had been

conquered

long

before

the

days

of

Agamemnon by

Thoth-

mes

III.,

and had

thereafter been

ruled

by

Egyptian

vicegerents

of

the Theban

Pharaohs, who,

as

depo-itaries

of the wisdom of the

Egyptians, dispensed

the

civilization of the Black

Land

to

their

eager

subjects,

and

became

the

founders

of

most

of the

princely

houses of Greece.- Few

found

themselves

able

to

follow

Lenormant and

Gladstone

;

all

that

could

be

admitted

was

that,

since

at

a

time

not

long

anterior

to

the

Homeric

period

Egyptian

con-uest

had

reached

Cyprus

and the southern

coast

of

Asia

Minor,

and

wandering

seafarers

quite possibly

and

veiy

probably

Greeks

had reached

Egypt,

an

actual connection

between

Greece

and

Egypt

might

quite

possibly

have existed

at

that

time,

but

that

tangible

proof

of

any

Egyptian

influence

upon

early

Greek

civilization

at

that

epoch

did

not

exist.

So

stood

the

matter

when

Schliemann,

great

in

faitn

and

in

works,

excavated

Troy,

Mycenge,

and

Tiryns,

thus

applying

a

method of

investigationalready

suc-essful

in

Egypt

and

Assyria

to

Greece.

His

startliug

discoveries

compelled

classical

scholars

once

again

to

abandon

preconceived

notions

and

to

revise their

ideas

anew.

Had

we

at

last

reached the

age

of

^

Histoire

Ancienne

des

Peuples

de P

Orient,

i.

pp.

386, 387.

2

Gladstone,

Homer

(Literature

Primers,

ed.

by

J.

R.

,

Green),

p.

49.


44/383

6

STUDIES

OF

THE

MYCEN.EAN AGE

Homer?

Schliemann

believed

that

he had

dis-nterred

the

actual

heroes

of the

Trojan

War

;

in the

bones

which

he

dug

out

of

the

graves

in

the

akropolis

of

Mycense

he

saw

the

actual

remains

of

Agamemnon,

of

Klytaimnestra,

and of

Aigisthos,

in

their

golden

masks

the

actual

presentments

of

those

whose

deeds

and

woes

Homer

and

Sophokles

had

sung.

But

criticism

soon

dismissed

this

idea

from

all minds

except

that of the discoverer. The fact

that

the Homeric

Greeks burned

the

bodies of

their

dead

to

ashes

upon

a

pyre,

and

did

not

mummify

them

as

Schliemann's

Mycenaeans

did,

was

sufficient

to

show

some

diflference

between them and

the

Mycengeans;^

and

the

conviction

that

the culture

of

which

Schliemann

had

discovered

the

remains

was

not

that

of

the

Homeric

time,

though

it

was

evidently

connected with

it,

gradually

gained

ground.

Was

it,

then,

earlier

or

later

? At

first

this

was

difficult

to

decide

;

so

much

had

been

discovered

which

was foreign

to

the

archaeologist

who

had been

trained in the school of

classical

Hellas,

so

much

was

entirely

new

and

strange,^

that

the task

of

deciding

the

relation of the

newly-

discovered

culture

to

the

civilizations

of the

Homeric

and

classical

periods

was

one

of

great

difficulty.

To

place

the

Mycenaean

remains

anywhere

within

the

classical

period

was

impossible

;

it

was,

however,

suggested

that

they

might

possibly

date

from

the

1

Though

in

reality

not

so

great

a.

ditterence

as

it

has

often

been held

to

show.

2

So

new

and

strange

that

one archseologist

considered

the

remains

to

be those

of

warriors

of

the

Avars

and

Heruli,

buried

with

their

own

property

and

the

spoil

of Greek

cities.


45/383

NEW

CHAPTER

OF

GREEK

HISTORY

7

Byzantine

age,

a

suggestion

made

only

to

be

con-lusively

refuted.

Thus

only

two

possib

the oldest civilization of greece 1000154525

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