Ancient Greece

“Birthplace of Western Civilization”SOL WH1.

Bell Activity 10/10/2013(2nd Block)

1) Ancient Greece was located on which peninsula?

2) What is the narrow passage of water that connects the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara?

3) How is geography going to impact the history of the Greeks?

4) Why did Phil Knight name his shoe company “Nike?”

SOL: WHI.5

Learning Targets: At the end of the day, you will be able to-

-Describe the impact of geography on the history of the Greeks

-Compare and contrast Athens and Sparta

You Are Here!

Greece!

Balkan Peninsula

Peloponnesus

Sparta

Athens

Geography of Balkan Peninsula

• Located on the Balkan and Peloponnesus Peninsula between the Mediterranean and Aegean Sea

• Land is very rocky; 80% of the island is covered by mountains

• Very few rivers; most dry up in the summer

• Major bodies of water used for trading: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Dardanelles

Impact of Geography on Greek Settlements

• Mountains hindered the formation of a national government

• Greeks formed independent city-states (Athens, Sparta, Marathon, etc.)

• The city-states (polis) were designed to promote civic and economic involvement.

• City-states were independent of each other• Because of overpopulation, Greeks began to

colonize new lands they could farm and spread their culture

Bell Activity 10/14/2013(2nd Block)

1. What was the Greek term for city-state?

2. What is the body of water between the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor?

3. What was the main economic trade in Greece?

SOL: WHI.5

Learning Targets: At the end of the day, you will be able to-

-Compare and contrast Athens and Sparta

-List Greek gods and goddesses

-Explain how Greek mythology impacts the modern world

*India/China/Persia Re-Test tomorrow!!

Sparta/Athens ComparisonSparta• Very militaristic• Isolated• Used 2 kings and a Council

(oligarchy)• Boys become soldiers at early

age, a woman’s job was to produce good soldiers

• Rigid social structure• Little use for new ideas or arts• Travel forbidden• Suffered from rigid ideas

Athens• Government evolved into a

democracy• Education was encouraged for

males• Valued the art of debate

(rhetoric)• Very involved in trade• Artistic• Not as military minded as Sparta• Women had limited rights

Athens/Sparta Assignment

Create an Acronym for each of the letters in the names of the city-states (“Athens” and “Sparta”).

A ST PH AE RN TS A

Essential KnowledgeEssential Knowledge

The expansion of Greek civilization through trade and colonization led to the spread of Hellenistic culture across the Mediterranean and Black seas

• Religion of Greece was polytheistic and integral to culture, politics, and art of Greece

• Greeks believed gods interacted with humans and were part of private lives

Greek Mythology

Greek mythology developed as a collection of stories to explain that which otherwise could not be explained (natural phenomena), human qualities, and life events

Greek Mythology

Greek Myth Rap

Examples of how myths are used in modern society:

• Herculean Task- A very difficult task- Named after Greek hero Hercules

• Most constellations named after Greek characters

• Atlas- Collection of Maps (Named after man who held up the sky)

• Phrases such as “Achille’s Heel” “Midas Touch”

Why Are Myths Important today?

• Myths often carried a moral with them

• Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient Greek mythology.

Greek Mythology

Greek Gods and Goddesses

• Zeus—king of the gods, ruled from Mt. Olympus

Greek Gods and Godesses

• Hera—queen of the gods, wife of Zeus

Greek Gods and Goddesses

• Athena—goddess of wisdom

Greek Gods and Goddesses

• Aphrodite—goddess of beauty and love

Greek Gods and Goddesses

• Apollo—god of music and sun

Greek Gods and Goddesses

• Artemis— virgin goddess of the hunt and childbirth

Bell Activity 10/15/2013(2nd Block)

1. Who was the King of the Gods on Greek mythology?

2. What were the 2 main city-states in Greece?

3. Which had a democratic government and promoted education?

4. How do we use Greek Mythology in the modern world?

SOL: WHI.5

Learning Targets: At the end of the day, you will be able to-

-Compare and contrast Athens and Sparta

-List Greek gods and goddesses

-Explain how Greek mythology impacts the modern world

*India/China/Persia Re-Test tomorrow!!

The Evolution of the Greek Democracy

I. Draco (620 B.C./B.C.E.)-Set up law code with very harsh penalties (Draconian Law)-Accused had right to trial and were innocent until proven guilty

II. Solon (Chief Ruler in 504 B.C.)-Outlawed debt slavery-opened government offices to more people-Gave assembly more power

The Evolution of the Greek Democracy Continued

III. Pisistratus (Tyrant) 546 B.C.-Weakened aristocracy by giving loans to farmers and jobs to poor

IV. Cleisthenes 507 B.C.-Set up Council of 500; members chosen by lot-Made Assembly a genuine legislature

V. Pericles (“Golden Age of Athens” 460-429 B.C.)-Believed all male citizens should participate in government-Gave government employees a salary-Presided over a Direct Democracy in which all citizens took part in day-to-day decisions.

Chronological order of Athenian GovernmentMonarchy, Aristocracy, Oligarchy, Tyranny, Democracy

– Athens slowly grew to become a democratic city-state

– Athens was a direct democracy—citizens voted on each issue considered by the government

Direct Democracy

Democracy in AthensDemocracy in Athens

Public debates and hearings were held so citizens could express their views

• Free people were allowed to participate in debates BUT could not vote

• Citizens were expected to partake in debates and voting

• City-states were called the polis

• Members of the polis:

• Citizens—free adult males—had political rights and responsibility of civic participation in government

Social Structure and Citizenship

• Free people—women, foreigners, and young males—had no political rights

• Slaves—non-citizens—had no political rights

Social Structure and Citizenship

Social Structure and CitizenshipSocial Structure and Citizenship

– To become a citizen, men served 10 years of military service

– Adult males became citizens and had a voice in government and protection from government

– Participation in government was expected

• Classical Athens developed the most democratic system of government the world had ever seen, although not everyone could participate in decision making. It became a foundation of modern democracies.

Essential Understandings

• Mostly occurring between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars

• Time of peace and prosperity for Athens

• Time of cultural advancement and innovations

• Pericles, the ruler of Athens, extended democracy to most males and they had an equal voice

Golden Age of Athens/Golden Age of Pericles

Architecture

• Pericles rebuilt Athens from destruction that occurred during the Persian Wars

• This was the period in which Greece gave many “gifts” to the world

• An example of this is the Parthenon (Doric style of columns)

Architecture: Columns

The Greeks Developed Three types of Columns

Doric

Ionic

Corinthian

Greek Architecture: Modern Connections

Can you think of other buildings that use this style?

Sculptors:

– Phidias is commonly known as the greatest sculptor of the Ancient Greek world. His statue of Zeus at Olympus was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

Greek sculptures were known for their “realistic but Idealistic portrayals of the human body

• Felt through logical thinking people could discover wisdom, truth, and laws of nature

• Taught by using Socratic Method

• Educate and enlighten through asking questions

• Leaders of Athens felt that he was a threat

Philosophers: Socrates

SocratesSocrates

• In 399 BCE, he was accused of corrupting the young and plotting to overthrow the government

• He was sentenced to death but declared himself innocent

• He believed his teachings and carried out the death sentence by drinking hemlock (drink made from poisonous plant)

• Student of Socrates and carried out Socrates work

• He took Socrates teachings and organized them into a philosophical thought

• Opened a school in Athens called The Academy

Philosophers: Plato

Philosophers: PlatoPhilosophers: Plato

• Wrote The Republic in which he set forth his views of government

• he felt the state was more important than the individual

• believed Philosopher Kings should rule—educated people

• Last great philosopher of Ancient Greece

• Student of Plato• Opened his own

school in Athens and contributed to the field of logic

• Tutor to Alexander the Great

Philosophers: Aristotle

• Herodotus— “Father of History”

• Wrote about the Persian Wars 200 years after they occurred

• Wrote in a first person style as though he was there

• Often tended to exaggerate events and glorify Athens

Historians

Thucydides• Participated in and

wrote about the Peloponnesian Wars

• Regarded as being accurate

• Is considered a Primary Source—eyewitness

Historians

Science and EngineeringScience and Engineering

• Archimedes—Greek inventor—worked with optics, physics, and hydraulics

• Archimedes Screw—way of pumping water, used in boats

• Also credited with the principle of the lever

MedicineMedicine

• Hippocrates—Father of medicine

• believed that all diseases came from natural causes and not supernatural

• drew a code of ethics for doctors—Hippocratic Oath

Poetry

• Homer- Blind Epic Poet of Ancient Greece• Epic poem- tells a story!• Wrote the Iliad and The Odyssey which tell

stories of the Trojan War and the adventures of Odysseus

• Euclid—Founder of Geometry• Pythagoras—student of Euclid, extended the

work of Euclid• responsible for Pythagorean theorem

Mathematics

• Greeks were the first to write and perform plays

• Tragedies—unhappy endings and human sufferings

• Comedies—humorous themes—happy endings

Greek Drama

Greek DramaGreek Drama

• Sophocles—wrote tragedies, most famous is Antigone

• Aeschylus—wrote over 80 plays—tragedies• fought in the Persian War

• The culture of Greece that emerged during the Golden Age of Pericles became known as Hellenistic Culture

Greek Culture

• Following the Peloponnesian Wars, Greece was left without unity

• a number of invaders threatened Greece

• the most powerful were the Macedonians

Rise of Macedonia and Alexander the Great

• King Philip II led his army to Greece and conquered northern Greece

• he moved into southern Greece, but died before all of Greece was conquered

• His son, Alexander the Great, age 23, took over and conquered Greece

Rise of Macedonia and Alexander the Great

• Alexander adopted Hellenistic culture and spread it with him as his army conquered more land

• Alexander’s army was the most powerful of its age

• Alexander’s empire went from Egypt to India and Greek culture went with it.

Rise of Macedonia and Alexander the Great

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great

• He died at age 33 under mysterious causes

• After his death, the empire was divided among his three top generals

• Without unity, Alexander’s empire was eventually defeated by the Romans

• Blend of Greek and oriental elements• Spread of Hellenistic culture through trade

Hellenistic Culture