renaissance & reformation. renaissance=“rebirth” began in italy in 1300 a.d. reached its...

Renaissance & Reformation

Renaissance=“rebirth”Renaissance=“rebirth”

• Began in Italy in 1300 A.D.

• Reached its peak around 1500 A.D.

• Emphasized human experience and individual achievement rather than religion

Renaissance…• Intellectual movement

• Based on ‘humanism’

• Studied classical culture of Greece & Rome to broaden their understanding

• Emphasized the humanities: rhetoric, poetry, & history

Renaissance Art…

• Reflected Humanism• Painters pursued “realism” • Developed improved ways to

represent humans and landscapes

• Discovered “perspective”: ways to make art appear 3-dimensional

Famous Renaissance Painters…

• Leonardo de Vinci

Famous Renaissance Painters…

• Michelangelo

Michelangelo

Famous Renaissance Painters…

• Raphael

Famous Renaissance Writers…

• Niccolo Machiavelli

• “The Prince”: Guidebook for rulers on how to gain & maintain power

Other Renaissance Men…

• Erasmus: Dutch priests/humanists who called for translation of the Bible into more modern vernacular

• Thomas More: Called for social reform; utopian society.

William Shakespeare

• English poet/playwright. 37 plays; 1,700 new words to English language.

• “Romeo & Juliet”• “MacBeth”• “Hamlet”

Coming out of the Dark Ages…The Printing Press

• Johann Gutenburg

• 1455=printed the 1st complete edition of the Bible.

Printing Press

Cheaper Books

Easier to produce

More booksavailable

More peopleLearn to

read

New ideas & new places

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution mid-1500s

Nicholas Copernicus (1543)Proposed a heliocentric (sun-centered)

model of the solar system

Galileo

• Italy

• Assembled telescope & observed 4 moons of Jupiter orbiting the planet.

• Opposed by the Church

New approaches to New approaches to science… science…

Based on:• Observation • Experimentation• Logic• Reasoning ↓↓• Hypothesis→ → →Scientific

Method

Scientific Scientific RevolutionariesRevolutionaries

• René Descartes=Reasoning

• Francis Bacon=Experimentation & Observation

• Isaac Newton=Gravity & calculus

The Protestant The Protestant ReformationReformation

• Martin Luther

• Germany, 1517

• Challenged the Catholic Church

• Stated that all Christians have = access to God through faith & the Bible

• Christians can be saved only through faith.

John Calvin

• Switzerland

• Also challenged Catholic Church

• Believed in predestination (Only those God has picked who will go to Heaven)

• English Calvinists sail to America to escape religious persecution in the 1600s.