The RenaissanceThe Renaissance1350 - 16001350 - 1600

Major ThemeMajor Theme: After the : After the Later Middle Ages, Europe Later Middle Ages, Europe experienced a experienced a “rebirth”“rebirth” of of

commercecommerce, interest in , interest in classical culturesclassical cultures, and , and confidence in confidence in human human

potentialpotential..

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance

Marked the Marked the beginning of modern beginning of modern European HistoryEuropean History

Time Line:Time Line:

1. Began in 1. Began in ItalyItaly, , early 1300searly 1300s

2. Spread to 2. Spread to Northern Europe, c. Northern Europe, c. 14501450

3. Lasted in 3. Lasted in EnglandEngland from from 16th- 16th-17th centuries17th centuries

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance

Characteristics:Characteristics:

1. 1. Distinctly different from Middle Distinctly different from Middle AgesAges (19 (19thth c. Swiss historian c. Swiss historian Jacob BurckhardtJacob Burckhardt))

2. Benefits applied almost 2. Benefits applied almost exclusively to exclusively to upper classupper class – little – little impact on peasants and working impact on peasants and working classclass

Italian Italian City-StatesCity-States

Five major Five major players:players:

1.1. FlorenceFlorence

2.2. MilanMilan

3.3. RomeRome

4.4. VeniceVenice

5.5. NaplesNaples

Rise of the City-StatesRise of the City-States Northern Italian city-states led the way Northern Italian city-states led the way

– – Genoa, Venice, MilanGenoa, Venice, Milan– OligarchiesOligarchies and and signori signori in control by 1300 in control by 1300

in most of Italyin most of Italy– Trade and bankingTrade and banking– UrbanizationUrbanization of Italy of Italy

Politics of the City-StatesPolitics of the City-States– Competition, not unityCompetition, not unity

““Balance of power”Balance of power” DisunityDisunity led to disaster led to disaster Diplomatic legacy Diplomatic legacy of the city-statesof the city-states

– CondottieriCondottieri – mercenary generals with – mercenary generals with private armies hired by city-statesprivate armies hired by city-states

Republic of FlorenceRepublic of Florence Center of the RenaissanceCenter of the Renaissance in in

1414thth-15-15thth Dominated by Dominated by MediciMedici family family

Cosimo de Cosimo de MediciMedici (1389- (1389-1464) – ruler of 1464) – ruler of FlorenceFlorence

Lorenzo de MediciLorenzo de Medici (1449-1492) – “The (1449-1492) – “The Magnificent”, patron of Magnificent”, patron of artsarts

Duchy of MilanDuchy of Milan

Ruled by Ruled by SforzaSforza family family after 1450after 1450

Main adversary of Venice Main adversary of Venice and Florenceand Florence

Ludovico Sforza (“il Moro”) – (1452-1508) – most famous ruler, patron of da Vinci

Rome, the Papal StatesRome, the Papal States Popes served Popes served

as as religious religious and politicaland political leadersleaders

Controlled Controlled much of much of central Italycentral Italy

Powerful Powerful Italian families Italian families competed for competed for the Papal officethe Papal office

Alexander VI – (1492-1503) – Borgia family, corrupt & controversial

Julius II – (1503-

1513) – “the

Warrior Pope”,

great patron of

the arts

Republic of VeniceRepublic of Venice

Longest-Longest-lastinglasting of the of the city-states – city-states – until early until early 1800s1800s

International International trading powertrading power with strong with strong navynavy

Kingdom of NaplesKingdom of Naples Only city-state with “King”Only city-state with “King” Controlled by Controlled by FrenchFrench – – 1266-14351266-1435 Ruled byRuled by SpanishSpanish after 1435after 1435 Second-Second-largest citylargest cityin Europein Europein 1500sin 1500s

Decline of the City-Decline of the City-StatesStates

1494 – 1494 – French invasions beganFrench invasions began – – support Milan vs. Florence and support Milan vs. Florence and NaplesNaples

1494-1559 – 1494-1559 – Hapsburg-Valois WarsHapsburg-Valois Wars for control of Italyfor control of Italy

Italy now center of Italy now center of ‘power struggle’‘power struggle’ between between Spain & the Holy Roman Spain & the Holy Roman Empire Empire (Hapsburgs)(Hapsburgs) andand France France (Valois)(Valois)

Decline of the City-Decline of the City-StatesStates

1494 – Medicis ousted in 1494 – Medicis ousted in FlorenceFlorence

1494-1498 – Girolamo 1494-1498 – Girolamo Savonarola – Catholic Savonarola – Catholic priest – ruled Florence as priest – ruled Florence as a theocracya theocracy

1497 – “Bonfire of the 1497 – “Bonfire of the Vanities”Vanities”

Savonarola Savonarola excommunicated and excommunicated and burned at stake, Medicis burned at stake, Medicis eventually returned to eventually returned to powerpower

End of the Italian End of the Italian RenaissanceRenaissance

1527 – Sack of 1527 – Sack of Rome by soldiers Rome by soldiers of Charles V of of Charles V of HREHRE

Pope Clement VII Pope Clement VII imprisoned by imprisoned by Charles VCharles V

Destruction of Destruction of Rome signaled Rome signaled end of Italian end of Italian RenaissanceRenaissance