the renaissance in europe, 1350-1600: guided reading: web viewname: class: date: the renaissance...

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The Renaissance in Europe, 1350-1600

Guided Reading ActivityThe Renaissance in EuropeLesson 1 The Italian States

Review Questions: Using Headings and SubheadingsDIRECTIONS: Locate each heading below in your textbook. Then use the information under the correct heading and subheading to help you write each answer.

I. The Major Italian States

1. What were the major territorial states?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. How did these states rise to power, and what kind of power did they have?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. How did the growth of monarchical states in Europe affect the Italian states?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What did Machiavelli think about the connection between politics and moral principles?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

II. Renaissance Society

5. What was expected of the nobility in Renaissance society?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Describe the lives of the urban upper class in Renaissance society.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. How were the lives of burghers and workers similar?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What was the purpose of marriage?_____________________________________________________________________Powered by Cognero

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9. What was the role of the mother-wife in the Italian family?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Summary and ReflectionDIRECTIONS: Summarize the main ideas of this lesson by answering the question below.

10. What were key characteristics of Italy during the Renaissance?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Guided Reading ActivityThe Renaissance in EuropeLesson 2 Ideas and Art of the Renaissance

Review Questions: OutliningDIRECTIONS: Read the lesson and complete the outline below. Refer to your textbook to fill in the blanks. (When answering online, separate multiple responses with a comma and one space.)

I. Italian Renaissance Humanism

11. _______________, an important intellectual movement of the Renaissance, was based on the study of the _______________, which included the literature of ancient Greece and Rome.

12. _______________, known as the father of Italian Renaissance humanism, began the emphasis on using pure classical _______________.

13. Some Italian writers, such as _______________, author of the Divine Comedy, wrote in the _______________, the local spoken language.

II. Renaissance Education

14. The increasingly _______________ focus of education in the humanist movement led to a core of topics called _______________.

15. Humanist educators believed that the purpose of education was to create _______________ citizens, and they stressed the importance of preparing the _______________ as well as the mind by emphasizing physical education.

16. German printer _______________ pioneered a new kind of printing that used _______________.Powered by Cognero

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17. The printing of books encouraged scholarly _______________ and helped stimulate the reading public’s desire to acquire _______________.

III. Italian Renaissance Art

18. Two major developments, an emphasis on the _______________ side of painting and study of movement and human _______________, helped Renaissance artists achieve the realistic portrayal of the individual.

19. Like painters, Renaissance _______________ and _______________ sought to portray a human-centered world.

20. During the High Renaissance, master painters such as Raphael, _______________, and _______________ captured the perfection of nature and of the individual in their art.

IV. The Northern Artistic Renaissance

21. Flemish painter _______________, who was among the first to use the technique of _______________, portrayed objects realistically by focusing on their fine details.

Summary and ReflectionDIRECTIONS: Summarize the main ideas of this lesson by answering the question below.

22. How did the ideas of the Renaissance influence art and education?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Geography and History ActivityThe Renaissance in Europe

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Renaissance City

During the Renaissance, people began to be influenced by new ideas about nature, humanity's place in nature, and a rediscovery of ancient forms. These ideas greatly influenced the urban geography of Renaissance cities. Urban geography is a type of human geography that focuses on various aspects of cities. Urban geographers study the spatial processes that create patterns in urban areas. They examine the growth of villages, towns and cities as well as their location and importance in relation to different regions and cities. Economic, political and social characteristics within cities are also important in urban geography.

At the dawn of the Renaissance, artists, architects, and scholars were rediscovering the values not only of classical Greek and Roman forms but also the beauty of ancient geometry in the Renaissance spirit of humanism. Architects used very ordered and symmetrical space and designs to build, cathedrals, homes and palaces. In part, humanism was about the intelligence of human beings, and these architectural designs showed people's mastery over natural forms.

These humanistic ideas translated into how people planned their towns. City planners tried to remodel their cities in the Roman style. Winding streets led to government offices and churches located in the town center, making them the focal point of the city, with the rest of the city radiating outward from them.

The transformation of his home village of Corsignano into the town of Pienza by Pope Pius II in the late fifteenth century is one of the earliest examples of this type of city plan. Though it was never completed, renaissance ideals, as seen in Pienza, applied to every aspect of the town, from individual buildings, to the layout of the streets, to the shape of the city itself, featuring a town center in the shape of a perfect square. Defense was an important aspect as well; many Renaissance towns were surrounded by walls and constructed in a star fort style, as shown here, lined with defensive towers. These towns were built to better serve the people and to be perfectly symmetrical. Citizens of these towns were actually living inside a Renaissance ideal.

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The Granger Collection, NYC — All rights reservedThe star fort style of city plan, as in the city of Palmanova, Italy, served as both a town and as a well-defended military command center. The entire city is protected by a wall, and the streets radiate out from the central command post to armed towers at the edges. This allowed for easy mobilization of defenses should the city fall under attack.

Directions: Answer the questions below in the space provided. Understanding Concepts

23. Describing Where did Renaissance architects get most of the inspiration for their new ideas about urban geography?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

24. Explaining Fill in the details that show how symmetry and geometry affected the planning of Renaissance cities. Use the space below the chart to fill in your answer.

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_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

25. Making Inferences Based on the passage, what might the urban geography of cities have looked like prior to the Renaissance?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Applying Concepts

26. Drawing Conclusions How might keeping important buildings at the center of a city help the general flow of the city?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

27. Making Connections How does the focus on perfect symmetry in a building's design reflect the Renaissance idea of human mastery over nature? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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The Renaissance in Europe, 1350-1600Economics of History ActivityThe Renaissance in Europe The Medici: Ruling Behind the Scenes The Medici family line traces back to the twelfth century, but it was not until the mid-thirteenth century that the Medicis came to control Florence, Italy. The Medici family's rise to power and how they used their wealth to rule the state for two centuries is described below. Economics Terms to Know monopoly market structure characterized by a single producer

underwrite to support by offering financial assistance The earliest Medicis were peasants living north of Florence. As Florence began to grow into a flourishing center of trade and commerce, members of the family moved there and developed a successful cloth and silk manufacturing business. In the late fourteenth century, Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici founded the Medici bank, which soon became one of the largest banks not only in Italy but in all of Europe.One of the main strategies the Medicis used to increase their wealth and strengthen their position was to always have powerful friends in high places. Early in the bank's history, a business friend of Giovanni's was elected pope and made the Medici bank the official bank of the Church. The Medici wealth skyrocketed. Giovanni was now in control of all money going into and coming out of the Church. Collecting debts became easy when the penalty for not paying was excommunication, or expulsion, from the Church.When Giovanni's son Cosimo became leading citizen—and unofficial ruler— of Florence in 1434, he continued his father's policy of "friends of friends," making sure that public offices were held by people he could trust or manipulate to help him achieve his goals. Cosimo also continued the Medicis' relationship with the Church, and in 1466, Pope Pius II granted the Medici bank a monopoly on Europe's alum mines. Alum was used to clean fabrics and set dyes so they would not run. In this way alum was essential to Florence's textile industry. Having full control of the mines meant that the Medicis could control the supply of alum and set the prices. This level of control over such an essential commodity helped the Medici bank become the most powerful bank in Europe, and the Medicis themselves the wealthiest family.While the Medicis did use much of their wealth and power to gain even more wealth and power, family members were also the greatest patrons of Renaissance arts. They were avid buyers, collecting some of the finest sculpture, painting, and literature of the period, and surrounded themselves with the keenest artists and thinkers of the Renaissance. They were directly responsible for much of the art created during the Renaissance, underwriting works of art in every city they operated in, including the works of such brilliant artists as Brunelleschi and da Vinci. Applying Economics to History

28. Using Context Clues Using information from the passage, write a new sentence for each boldfaced word:monopoly:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ underwriting:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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The Renaissance in Europe, 1350-160029. Analyzing Why was the Medici family in a strong position to have a great effect on the Renaissance?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

30. Identifying Central Issues How can someone be in power without actually holding a government office?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

31. Making Inferences Why do you think Pope Pius II might have been so generous to Giovanni de Medici?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Primary and Secondary Sources ActivityThe Renaissance in Europe Niccolò Machiavelli’s The Prince

Background

Niccolò Machiavelli was an independent thinker and a man of many talents; at various times in his life he was a diplomat, a political writer, a playwright, a historian, a philosopher, and a musician. Born in 1469, he served his native city of Florence in several posts while it was a republic. Later he served as an emissary, or ambassador of the government, and as general secretary to the chancery, or court. When the Medici family seized power in Florence, however, Machiavelli found himself on the wrong side, and in 1513 he was arrested and tortured.After his imprisonment, he retired to his estate to write several works about power and politics, including his most famous work: The Prince. In The Prince, Machiavelli expresses his opinions about how a ruler should really act, as opposed to how churches or teachers profess that the ruler should behave. It is considered the first text based on a type of harsh, practical approach to governing that advises rulers about how to obtain and retain power, even as they pretend to be ruled by moral principles and self-restraint. Most striking is its open admission that self-interest truly motivates most people, no matter what ethical or moral systems suggest. The term Machiavellian has come to signify the kind of ruthless scheming, manipulation, and deception that The Prince appears to advocate.

Primary Source Reading

Directions: Read the two excerpts and answer the questions that follow.

Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by greatness or nobility of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails. Powered by Cognero

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The Renaissance in Europe, 1350-1600— Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 1532

And you have to understand this, that a prince, especially a new one, cannot observe all those things for which men are esteemed, being often forced, in order to maintain the state, to act contrary to fidelity [or faith], friendship, humanity, and religion. Therefore it is necessary for him to have a mind ready to turn itself accordingly as the winds and variations of fortune force it, yet, as I have said above, not to diverge from the good if he can avoid doing so, but, if compelled, then to know how to set about it.

— Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 1532

32. Analyzing Primary Sources In your own words, explain what Machiavelli advises regarding normal moral ideas such as honesty, trust, and faithfulness. How does his estimate of human nature affect his position?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

33. Making Generalizations Machiavelli advises those in power that “fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails.” What point is he trying to make? Do you think modern democratic leaders follow Machiavelli’s advice? If you do, describe one. If not, explain why such a philosophy cannot work in a true democracy.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

34. Constructing Arguments Reread the last two sentences of the second excerpt. Many people find Machiavelli’s advice about the need to “have a mind ready to turn itself accordingly as the winds . . . of fortune force it” and the need to “diverge from the good” in order to maintain the state to be refreshingly honest and accurate. Others believe he is wrong to suggest that a ruler should ever “act contrary to faith, friendship, humanity, and religion.” Choose one position and write a statement that expresses your beliefs about it.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

35. Constructing Arguments In general, do you think people are ruled more successfully by fear, or by kindness and love? Explain why you think as you do.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Biography ActivityThe Renaissance in Europe

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The Renaissance in Europe, 1350-1600Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)

© Pixtal/age FotostockMore About the Image: Leonardo da Vinci drew this 13 x 8.25-inch (33 x 21-cm) self-portrait in red chalk in 1512 or slightly later. It is currently in a vault at the Royal Library of Turin, Italy.

Leonardo da Vinci was an inventor, painter, architect, sculptor, and musician of the Italian Renaissance. Da Vinci made maps and architectural drawings as well as detailed studies of human anatomy. He drew inventions such as a moving fortress and a flying machine. Da Vinci grew up near Florence and lived for many years in Milan working at the court of Duke Ludovico Sforza. There he painted one of his most famous works, the Last Supper mural. Da Vinci spent his later years traveling and working in different Italian cities and city-states—he began his Mona Lisa in Florence in 1503. He eventually moved to France, where he died. Da Vinci’s writings, drawings, sculptures, and paintings have been among the most influential in human history. 43. Drawing Inferences What do you think attracted an artist like da Vinci to the courts of Italy’s city-states?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

44. Analyzing Information Based on what you know about da Vinci and the Renaissance, how does he embody the ideas of the period?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Biography ActivityThe Renaissance in Europe Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475–1564)

Pixtal/age FotostockMore About the Image: This portrait resembles one painted by Jacopino del Carto in approximately 1540.

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni was an Italian painter, sculptor, architect, and poet. Although he is well known for his paintings and frescoes, Michelangelo thought of himself primarily as a sculptor. His most famous works include St. Peter’s Basilica (construction), the frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the painting Holy Family, and the sculptures Piet and David. Michelangelo spent the last 30 years of his life completing the frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and writing poetry.

45. Comparing and Contrasting What qualities did Michelangelo share with other artists and sculptors of Renaissance Italy?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

46. Drawing Conclusions How was Michelangelo influenced by humanism?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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The Renaissance in Europe, 1350-1600Biography ActivityThe Renaissance in EuropeJohannes Gutenberg (c. 1400–1468)

Austrian Archive/CORBIS; ca. 1750More About the Image: This oil painting of Johannes Gutenberg was made in the mid-1700s.

Johannes Gutenberg was born in Mainz, Germany. Beginning in the 1440s, and borrowing from several existing technologies, he developed a method of printing using blocks of moveable type set on a mechanical press. This process took more than a decade, and Gutenberg borrowed heavily to finance his printing press. In 1455 the Gutenberg Bible became the earliest book printed from moveable type in Europe. Gutenberg’s partner and financier, Johann Fust, sued Gutenberg in 1455, claiming that Gutenberg had misused the business funds. Ultimately, Fust took over the printing business, and the use of moveable type spread across Europe.

47. Making Inferences How would the development of a printing press with moveable type make publishing books easier?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

48. Comparing and Contrasting How was the impact of printing press technology similar to the impact of current information technology?_____________________________________________________________________

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Biography ActivityThe Renaissance in EuropeLorenzo de’ Medici (1449–1492)

© SuperStock/SuperStockMore About the Image: This portrait of Lorenzo de’ Medici by Agnolo Bronzino (1503–1572) is in oil on wood.

Lorenzo de’ Medici, grandson of Cosimo, was called “The Magnificent” for his political prowess and dedication to the arts. Like his grandfather and father before him, he ruled Florence not as a prince nor as an elected official, but through his use of his enormous wealth. Initially, he ruled together with his younger brother Giuliano, but the latter was murdered at the altar of a church over a banking dispute with rival Florentine families. Lorenzo was a brilliant statesman who helped to keep peace among the Italian city-states. As a patron of the arts, he supported such artists as Leonardo da Vinci and the teenage Michelangelo, who created timeless works that are revered to this day.

49. Drawing Inferences How do you think Lorenzo de’ Medici and his family could rule Florence without being born to the position nor elected to it?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

50. Drawing Conclusions How did Lorenzo de’ Medici help the citystate of Florence become dominant in its region?_____________________________________________________________________

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