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The Renaissance, 1350-1600 AD“The School of Athens” Rafael Sanzio {Papal Apts.}

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Explain the social,

political, and

economic changes

caused by the

Crusades that led

to the beginning of

the Renaissance.

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Defeat of Roman Empire (476 AD) ended trade

and started a self-subsistent economy

= *manor system

Attila of the Huns Alaric of the Visigoths

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In Great Britain the ranks of the nobility are, in ascending order: Baron,

Viscount (Vice Count), Earl (Count), Marquess (Marquis), and Duke.

The Prince of Wales, a title granted to the male heir to the throne by the

monarch, has a singular coronet topped with a single arch, in distinction to

the double arch of the crown of the monarch.

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People lived on Medieval manors for

protection and production of goods

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11“Ooh, serf’s rule, baby!”

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Villages were walled in and protected by

the lord’s armies

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Pope Francis{current Pope / chosen in 2013}

14Cardinal

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Archbishop

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Bishop

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Priest

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Monk

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Catholic Church Powers:

1. Excommunication

2. Interdict

3. Inquisition

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The Crusades {1096 – 1291 AD}

brought back trade and money

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In 1089 AD, the Seljuk

Turks (Moslems) took

control of the Holy Land

and prevented

Christians from taking

pilgrimages to the area.

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Pope Urban II’s Speech in which He Calls for the Crusades

1. List five tools that Pope Urban used to make his speech

successful? Explain each.

A. (list the tool and put the number/s of the lines in the speech)

B.

C.

D.

E.

2. Draw a picture illustrating something Pope Urban said in his

speech.

3. Write a paragraph explaining whether or not the speech was

successful AND how it was successful.

4. Find five vocabulary words that you do not know and write them

as letters A – E. Leave two blank lines for each vocabulary

word.

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Pope Urban II (1088 – 1099) – called for the Crusades in a powerful

speech delivered in Clermont, France – in 1095 AD. QUOTE FROM

THE SPEECH - - “When they wish to torture people by a base death, they

perforate their navels, and dragging forth the extremity of the intestines,

bind it to a stake; then with flogging they lead the victim around until the

viscera having gushed forth the victim falls prostrate upon the ground.”

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The Crusades (1096 – 1291 AD)

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Key Crusades ports {Venice and Genoa} became

early centers of Renaissance trade. A middle class

formed and the market economy returned.

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Crusades War was lost to Moslems. Yet, trade

began again with the Mideast and its valuable silks,

spices, and jewels.

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Results of the Crusades:

1. The Christians lost the war (Turks retained control of

the Holy Land.

2. Trade between the Mideast and Europe started.

Spices, silks, jewels, and Persian rugs were very

important trade items.

3. A middle class developed in Europe. (came from

peasants who became artisans who could make

products to be sold in the Mideast)

4. The market economy returned to Europe.

5. Tax money from the middle class helped to create

centralized governments.

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MONEY causes the Renaissance

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“Money” Pink Floyd (Roger Waters) 1973

Money, get away.

Get a good job with good pay and you're okay.

Money, it's a gas.

Grab that cash with both hands and make a stash.

New car, caviar, four star daydream,

Think I'll buy me a football team.

Money, get back.

I'm all right Jack keep your hands off of my stack.

Money, it's a hit.

Don't give me that do goody good bullshit.

I'm in the high-fidelity first class traveling set

And I think I need a Lear jet.

Money, it's a crime.

Share it fairly but don't take a slice of my pie.

Money, so they say

Is the root of all evil today.

But if you ask for a raise it's no surprise that they're

giving none away.

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FRQ (Free Response Question) # 1 - - 35 minute timed

write

Explain the social, political, and economic changes,

brought on by the Crusades, that started the

Renaissance.

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Model for a New Civilization =

Classical Greece

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Model for New Civilization = Classical Rome

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Technological advance

accompanied the new trade

Johann

Gutenberg’s

printing press

(commercial use in

1456 AD

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Johann Gutenberg

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The Bubonic Plague’s worst wave hit

from 1347-1377 AD. 35% of Europe’s

population was erased.

Large internal pockets of pus (buboes) found close to lymph glands

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Florence was

the early

center of the

Renaissance.

Halfway

between Rome

and N. Europe

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Florence

= central

location

between

Vatican &

N.

Europe

trade

routes

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Vatican = Headquarters of the

Roman Catholic Church {in Rome}

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Government of Florence called the

*Signoria

Piazza Signoria

Governmental

Center

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Florence = 1st Center of the

Renaissance

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Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore

(includes Brunelleschi’s il Duomo

and Giotto’s Belltower)

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Interior of “il Duomo”

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The Baptistery, Florence

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“The Door of Paradise” by Ghiberti took

25 years to complete! (Baptistery)

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Ponte Vecchio, Florence

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*Cosimo de Medici (strong leader of

Florence and great art patron)

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1. Rural

2. Religious focus

3. Backwards socially – still in late

stages of feudalism

4. Main emphasis on getting to

heaven

5. Christian Humanism

6. Also known as the

REFORMATION

1. Urban

2. Secular focus

3. Progressive – chance to build a

new society

4. Main emphasis on virtue or

success

5. Humanism

Northern European Renaissance Southern European Renaissance

Possible FRQ = Compare and contrast the Northern European Renaissance

and the Southern European Renaissance.

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1st Phase of the Renaissance =

*Humanism (1325-1375 AD)

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Father of Humanism =

*Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374)

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Dante Aligheri (1265-1321) = an example of a Medieval

writer. In Medieval literature everything had religious

symbolism. (Dante’s masterpiece = Divine Comedy)

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*Giovanni Boccacio {1313-1375}

In the Renaissance, writers began to write in a SECULAR style. In other

words, they just told things the way they were - - without always

connecting them to religion.

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*Pico della Mirandola {1463-1494} gave

best description of “humanism” in

“Oration on the Dignity of Man”

Man alone (among all creatures)

was given the ability to become

as successful as possible or to

sink to the lowest of levels. In

other words, God gave man the

ability to control his own

destiny.

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2nd Phase of Renaissance =

*Civic Humanism {1375-1460}

Cicero = Roman

hero for Civic

Humanism

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3rd Phase of Renaissance =

Neoplatonism {1460-1576}

Plato = role

model for this

phase

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Plato in Rafael’s fresco, “The

School of Athens”

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1453 AD = Ottoman Turks conquered

Byzantine Empire {Greek} and took

control of Constantinople

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Marsilio Ficino and Greek

scholars fled to Florence and

created the Florentine Academy

62The Japanese Embassy in Washington D.C.

63Chinese Embassy in Washington D.C.

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Vittorino da Feltre {d. 1446} =

leading Renaissance educator

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Baldassare Castiglione – The

Book of the Courtier

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Lorenzo Valla – “The Donation of

Constantine” {philology}

Lorenzo Pope Sylvester and Emperor Constantine

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Holy Roman Empire

indicated by the area

inside the dark red lines

(indicated by arrows)

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Original translation of the Bible

called The Latin Vulgate

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Desiderius Erasmus translated

the Greek version of the Bible

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Humanists Outside Italy

Guillaume Budé

Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris

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Francois Rabelais

Gargantua and Pantagruel

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Women and Renaissance Culture

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Chivalry

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Sexual Double Standard

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Noted Renaissance Women

Christine de Pisan The Treasure of the City of Ladies

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Vittoria Calonna 1492 - 1547

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Vittoria Colonna as sketched by

Michelangelo Buonarotti

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Laura Cereta

(1469-1499)

• Great scholar at 15

• Symbolic of choices

women have to make

upon marriage proposal

• Widowed at 18 & worked

as scholar for remaining

12 years of life

• Men thought educated

women violated nature

and ceased to be women

• Cereta said women who

did not educate

themselves were “empty

women”

• Blamed women

themselves for accepting

subordination to men

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Renaissance Politics

• Return to centralized government

• Use of educated bureaucrats

• Political idea of “balance of power”

• Use of embassies and ambassadors

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Lorenzo “the Magnificent” de

Medici {1449-1492 Florence}

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1454-1455 Treaty of Lodi represents

political idea of “balance of power”

• Treaty created 2

separate sides to keep

the balance of power on

peninsula

• Milan, Naples, &

Florence

VERSUS

• Venice and Papal States

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Lorenzo de Medici’s son, Giovanni

de Medici (who became Pope Leo X)

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1490 - A new despot, Ludovico Sforza {aka

Ludovico “il Moro” came to power in Milan &

broke the alliance between Milan & Naples

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Pope Alexander VI (Borgia)

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French King, Charles VIII{IN PANIC, Ludovico Sforza invited Charles to serve as an ally

in the fight against Naples, Florence, and the Papal States}

(A “hot” guy no matter which portrait you choose!!)

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Piero de Medici {son of Lorenzo}

ruled Florence from 1492-1494

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Dominican Prior, Girolamo Savonarola

ruled Florence from 1494-1498 through

theocracy.

Statue of Savonarola leading Florence

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The Signoria (or Council of 10) regained

control of Florence (gov’t returned to a

Republic) in 1498 and made Niccolo

Machiavelli the republic’s Secretary & Diplomat

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Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) is known as

the father of modern political science largely

because of his book, The Prince (1513)

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Key ideas in The Prince by

Machiavelli:

• Use whatever tactics are necessary to get & keep

complete political power

• Do all evil at one time

• ** Better to be feared than loved **

• Avoid being hated by keeping hands off men’s

property & women

• ** Leadership metaphor of “the fox and the lion” **

• Use lies & deception as men are easily deceived

• People judge more on appearance than on actual

accomplishments

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“ The Rack”

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“St. Jerome in

His Study”

Albrecht Dürer

(silver engraving)

Machiavellian analogy of

the “fox and the lion.”

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King Henry VII – England

• Tudor Dynasty

• One of 1st

to use the

*Royal Council

(institution)

• Chose *middle class

advisors (tactic) to

serv*e on Royal

Council

• *Court of the Star

Chamber (institution) –

no jury, accused not

told evidence held

against him, used

torture

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English kings tried to use *diplomacy (tactic) to

avoid expensive wars which required them to go to

Parliament to get approval for tax increases.

Parliament used the *power of the purse to control

kings.

Meeting of

Parliament in

the 1500s AD

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French King Charles VII

Created new taxes to

provide a steady stream of

revenue to finance his

rule:

*gabelle (tactic) – tax on

salt

*taille (tactic) – property

tax

Charles also created a

*royal standing army

(institution) which often

consisted of mercenaries.

Was used to control his

own people and fight wars.

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King Ferdinand of Spain

Established *the Inquisition

(institution) in 1478 AD.

Religious court designed to

hunt down *heretics and

bring them to trial.

Had 3 judges, known as

Inquisitors.

Almost always found people

guilty. Famous for its use

of torture.

The guilty were burned at

the stake!

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Inquistion Torture Devices

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Inquistion Torture Devices

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Inquistion Torture Devices

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Inquistion Torture Devices

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Corruption in the Papacy helped

cause the Reformation of the 1500s

Papal tiaras (Pope hats!)

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Pope Alexander VI 1492-1503

(aka Roderigo Borgia)

• Most corrupt pope

to hold the papacy

• Used his religious

power to get secular

political power for

his children

(Lucrezia & Cesaré)

• Made his son,

Cesaré, leader of

Romagna

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Pope Julius II 1503-1513

{aka Giuliano della Rovere}• Greatest patron of arts

in history of papacy

• Moved center of Renaissance to the Vatican in 1503

• Issued the “Jubilee Indulgence” to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica

• Known as the “warrior pope”

• Contracted syphilis from a prostitute

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Michelangelo Buonarotti

The Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican

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Donato Bramante (architect who

redesigned St. Peter’s Basilica

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The Vatican

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Rafael Sanzio – “The School of Athens” in the papal apartments