Unit 7: Renaissance and Reformation1350-1600

What is the Renaissance?When and where does it happen?

• Begins in Florence, Italy in the mid-1300s

• Rebirth in thinking (politically, socially, economically, and culturally)Influenced by Greek and Roman writings

• Old thinking centered on religion; centers on human experience and achievements-humanism

Causes

1.Trade/Crusades2.Plague and wars made people question church and religion3.Most citizens were wealthy and well educated4. Ruins in Rome reminded people of once great civilizations

Most historians mark the Renaissance as the beginning of the modern era

What changed during the Renaissance?• Use the handout to help answer this question.

• Value and enjoy worldly activities-education, art, curiosity, luxuries

• Individualism• Valued talents and take pride in abilities- ‘Universal Man’• Focused on the Greek and Roman writings- sought guidelines

for living• Changes in art- focus on natural world, humans, perspective• Questioning power of the church/state-Rise of Secularism

Renaissance Thought

Renaissance Thought

People should lead meaningful

lives

Life is to be enjoyed

Celebrate Human

achievementsIndividualism

Support the arts

Leonardo da Vinci• Artist, Architect,

Painter, Sculptor, Scientist.• Painted the Mona

Lisa, The Last Supper, Proportions of Man,

Michelangelo• Painter, ceiling of the

Sistine Chapel• Sculptor, David and

Pieta• Also designed the dome

of St. Peter’s Basilica

Sistine Chapel

Machiavelli• Wrote The Prince,

about what it takes to make it politics • Examined how

imperfect humans are• Founder of modern

political science

Raphael• Studied Michelangelo

and da Vinci• Painter-mostly

religious scenes and portraits• The School of Athens

is his most famous work

Renaissance Spreads• Causes• 1. Trade• 2. Rulers supported arts/universities• 3.Johannes Gutenberg- Printing Press(1450) Used his printing

press to print copies of the Bible. • Printing press helped spread new humanists ideas and

knowledge to a larger audience.!

People of the Northern Renaissance

Desiderius Erasmus• Asked for the Bible to be

translated for all to read• Criticized church’s lack of

spirituality , too many ceremonies

• Best work, The Praise of Folly

• Satirical view of the Church and their practices(fasting, pilgrimages, interpretation of scripture)

Thomas More• Condemned the

government as corrupt• Wrote Utopia, which

described an ideal society• Executed for not

recognizing King of England as head of Church

William Shakespeare• Greatest playwright • Hamlet, Macbeth,

Julius Caesar, Romeo and Juliet, etc.

The Reformation• Use Chapter 15,

section 3 to complete both sides of the worksheet and complete the pyramid on a separate sheet.

• Due Wednesday

Left Side-Causes, events leading to

Luther’s ExcommunicationRight Side- Events

between Excommunication and New Church

Luther Excommunicated

Lutheran ChurchEstablished

Reformation: Movement for religious reform

• Questioned power of the Church• Salvation only possible through the Roman Catholic Church

• Church too interested in money • Sold Indulgences- Release from all or parts of punishment of sin

• Popes were political leaders and not spiritual, moral leaders • Some were even criminal

• Pope moves to Avignon, France• Multiple Popes

• Begins in Germany(not unified)• Era is marked with mass violence against the new “protesters”

Martin Luther• To rebuild St. Peter’s, the

Pope sold indulgences • Martin Luther, a monk,

dislikes this and posted 95 Theses on a church door(1517)• Ideas form the basis of

Lutheranism (Protestantism)• Uses printing press to

spread ideas

Luther Preached

• Salvation through God’s forgiveness requires strong inner faith, not works or deeds• People must repent themselves, have a personal

relationship with God• Teachings based on the Bible; church traditions are

false (Bible only has two sacraments- Baptism and Holy Communion)• All people in faith are equal, do not need a priest

to interpret the Bible for them(bible is the true authority of Christianity, not the church or the pope)

Luther on Trial• Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther, declared a heretic (1520)

• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V put Luther on trial to retract his comments, but he wouldn’t

• Edict of Worms: Declared Luther an outlaw within the Empire and no one should give him foods or shelter , or print his works

Luther in Hiding and Beyond• Luther hid in a castle and

translated the Bible in to German

• Established new Lutheran Church

• Spreads throughout Germany• Peace of Augsburg- each

prince can choose state’s own religion

• Luther’s break with the church sets off a time bomb of new sects or Christian groups

Reformation Review Questions• Who was the most

important person in the Reformation?• What event begins the

Reformation?• What was one of the

causes of the Reformation? • How do Protestant

beliefs differ from Catholic?

The Reformation in England:King Henry VIII

• 1491-1547• One of the most well

known Kings in European history

(wives, violence, fat)• Hopes to reconquer

land for England(France)• King Henry was married

to Catherine of Aragon• Spain/England

Henry VIII• King Henry was married

to Catherine of Aragon and they had a daughter, Mary

• Henry wanted a divorce to get a son and to marry Anne Boleyn

• Henry argued their marriage was against the Church because Catherine was his brother’s widow

• Pope Clement VII said no

Henry VIII• Henry fought for 5 years for divorce, lost• So instead, he started a new church, Church of England

(Anglican Church-protestant/catholic)• King(himself) was head of the church, not the pope• Catherine was imprisoned in a castle(dies mysteriously) and

Henry married Anne (and had one daughter)• Led to war with Catholic Spain

Wife #2: Anne BoleynMother to ElizabethExecuted-Beheaded Wife #3:Jane Seymour

Mother to King Edward VIDied in child birth

Wife #4: Anne of ClevesDivorced

Wife #5: Catherine HowardExecuted-Beheaded

Wife #6: Katherine ParrSurvived

Edward VI• Son of King Henry VIII

and son of Jane Seymour• King at age 9, so

other really ruled and they strengthened Protestantism• At 16, he fell ill and

named his cousin as his successor

Queen Mary Tudor• Daughter of Henry VIII

and Catherine of Aragon• Married Philip II of

Spain to restore Catholicism (and get a Catholic heir)• Killed Protestants-

“Bloody Mary”• Died after 5 years as

Queen

Queen Elizabeth• Daughter of King Henry

VIII and Anne Boleyn• Took over when Mary

died• Restored Protestantism

but supported religious toleration• Spanish Armada, led by

her brother-in-law Philip II, attacked England and lost

Calvinism• John Calvin • Predestination• Strict Religious rules• Theocracy

• Fatalism, Determinism, and Free Will Reading

The Catholic Counter-Reformation-Council of Trent• Catholic Church held a meeting to finalize their response to

the reformation• 1. Church’s interpretation of Bible is final• 2. Need faith and good works for salvation• 3. Bible and Church traditions are equally powerful forces in

guiding one’s life• 4. Indulgences are valid expressions of one’s faith

Results of The Reformation• 150 years of religious

wars• Many different

churches• Increased power of

national government(kings-queens)• Decreased power of

Pope