hhd sac 2a summary notes for study

7/28/2019 HHD SAC 2A Summary Notes for Study

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How to study these notes???1. Highlighted text is to be learned by heart. You can be asked to define.2. If learnt by heart, it allows for high level answers. (extended versions)3. Any lists rule of three. You need to be able to list three.4. Any other text you need to understand so you can explain in your own words or

apply to a question.---------------------------------------------------------Term 2 Week 02Key Knowledge:1. Models of health & health promotion including:

a. Biomedical model of healthb. Social model of healthc. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

A. Biomedical Model of Health The Biomedical Model of Health is a medical model of care that focuses on the physical orbiological aspects of disease and illness. It is practised by doctors/health professionalsand is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease.

The Biological Model of Health is based on knowledge about the physical and biologicalcauses of disease. It sees health as the absence of disease. It developed with the growthof the medical profession and tends to take a curative approach. Doctors tend to favourthis model.

Points of interest include: Focuses on the physical and biological aspects of disease. It is a medical model of health care practised by Doctors and/or health

professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cures of disease .

Health care services covered in this approach: blood tests, x-rays, chemotherapy

Advantages of biomedical model It creates advances in technology and research (w/out thered be no x-rays,

antibiotics, etc.) Many common problems can be effectively treated (due to creation of medicines) Extends life expectancy Improves quality of life (if someone is ill biomedical model can return to good

health)

Disadvantages of biomedical model It relies on professional health workers and technology and is therefore costly It doesnt promote good health (people rely on it to fix) Not every condition can be treated (e.g. cancer has treatment but no cure) Affordability (not all countries can afford medical tech. that are a part of biomedical

model)

B. Social Model of Health The Social Model of Health is a conceptual framework within which improvements inhealth and wellbeing are achieved by directing effort towards addressing the social &environmental determinants of health. The model is based on the understanding that inorder for health gains to occur, social, economic and environmental factors must be


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It tends to take a preventive approach In recent years, doctors have begun to acknowledge the importance of social

influences on health, such as stress factors and lifestyle, and it is now recognisedthat good health is more than merely an absence of disease

The World Health Organisation defines Health as a state of complete physical,mental and social wellbeing

Disadvantages of social model

It relies on professional medical practitioners (doctors) utilising it as the preferredmodel

It relies on education as a factor (understanding health) Affordability (not all countries can afford the multi-faceted promotion that is a part

of social model)

C. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion is an approach to health development by theWorld Health Organization which attempts to reduce inequalities in health. The OttawaCharter for Health Promotion was developed from the social model of health and defines

health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over, and toimprove, their health (WHO 1998). The

Ottawa Charter identifies three basic strategies for health promotion:1. Enabling: Health promotion focuses on equity and aims to reduce differences in

health status to ensure equal opportunities and resources to enable allpeople to achieve their fullest health potential (by including a secure foundationin a supportive environment, access to info, life skills and opportunities to makehealthy choices). Individuals cant reach their full health potential if they cannotcontrol the things that influence of determine their health

2. Mediating: Optimal health cannot be ensured by the health sector alone, and health

promotion requires the coordinated action by all concerned , including all levelsof government, the health sector, non-government organisations, industry and themedia

3. Advocacy: Health promotion aims to make the political, economic, social,cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors favourable throughadvocacy for health

The Ottawa Charter identifies eight (8) key prerequisites for health: Peace Shelter Education

Food Income A stable ecosystem Social justice Equity

The Ottawa Charter identifies five (5) health priority action areas:1. Build healthy public policy2. Create supportive environments3. Strengthen community action


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and treating illness. The responsibility for health is shared amongst individuals, thecommunity, health professionals, the government, institutions and other organisations toachieve a healthcare system that promotes health (E.g. Doctor discussing the benefits of stopping smoking to a patient who presents asthma, medical professional discussing theimportance of P.A and healthy eating to a group of students)

Term 2 - Week 03

Key Knowledge:2. The role of VicHealth in promoting health including:

a. Its missionb. Its prioritiesc. How it reflects the social model of health

The Role Of Vichealth The peak body for health promotion in Victoria, it was initially established for the purposeof replacing tobacco sponsorship at sporting & arts events in Victoria & to act as aresource for health promotion and disease prevention

A. VicHealths Mission StatementOur mission is to build the capabilities of organisations, communities, and individuals in

ways that: Change social, economic, cultural and physical environments to improve health for all

Victorians, and; Strengthen the understanding and the skills of individuals in ways that support their

efforts to achieve and maintain health

B. VicHealths Key Priorities Reducing smoking Improving nutrition Reducing harm from alcohol Increasing physical activity Increasing social and economic participation Reducing harm from UV exposureKey result areasVicHealths Key Result AreasKRA 1 Health inequalities1.1 Improve the physical and mental health of those experiencing social, economic orgeographic disadvantage.1.2 Contribute to closing the health gap between Indigenous1 and non-IndigenousVictorians.

KRA 2 Participation2.1 Increase participation in physical activity.2.2 Increase opportunities for social connection.2.3 Reduce race-based discrimination and promote diversity.2.4 Prevent violence against women by increasing participation in respectfulrelationships.2.5 Build knowledge to increase access to economic resources.

KRA 3 Nutrition, tobacco, alcohol and UV3.1 Create environments that improve health.3.2 Increase optimal nutrition.


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3.3 Reduce tobacco use.3.4 Reduce harm from alcohol.3.5 Reduce harmful UV exposure.Our approachKey result areasKRA 4 Knowledge4.1 Produce, synthesise and translate practical health promotion knowledge.4.2 Evaluate health promotion practice.

KRA 5 Communications5.1 Develop, implement and evaluate marketing and communications approaches toimprove health.5.2 Develop evidence on effective social marketing.5.3 Provide accurate, credible and timely information to stakeholders on healthpromotion issues.

KRA 6 Business operations6.1 Ensure effective business and risk processes and systems.6.2 Develop high-performing people in a healthy and sustainable work environment.6.3 Operate transparently and with accountability.Health promotion actionsC. How VicHealths Priorities & Programs reflect the social model of healthReducing smoking

To reduce smoking rates and effect changes in smoking behaviours, VicHealth hasworked in conjunction with QUIT and the Cancer Council. The focus of this has beenlobbying for changes in smoking legislation (stricter penalties for selling tobacco tominors, smoking in public areas). The QUIT program encourages people to stop smokingand raise awareness of tobacco related issues. Includes: Media campaigns Quitline Free kits to quit

Improving nutrition This priority aims to increase the consumption of healthy foods within the Victorianpopulation.

The Food for All program: Aimed to help people to regularly access and consume a variety of nutritious foods,

particularly fruit and vegetables (targets food security Focuses on population groups that are socially, economically, geographically

disadvantaged) Participating local councils took the lead in reducing barriers to accessing healthy

foods in their communities

Reducing harm from alcoholAims to reduce alcohol-related harm in Victoria (premature death and disabilityassociated with road trauma, workplace accidents, drowning, sexual assault, domesticviolence)Good Sports program: Run by the Australian Drug Foundation, the program helps sporting clubs manage

alcohol responsibly to reduce alcohol related problems such as binge and underagedrinking. The program helps the sports club have a responsible attitude towardsalcohol and provides a safe environment for players, members and supporters.Provides free ongoing education and support to the clubs to ensure they serve and sell


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alcohol within the law (footy nights, etc.)

Increasing Physical ActivityIt aims to reduce the behavioural determinant physical inactivity that acts as a risk factorfor many diseases. The goal is to encourage Victorians to incorporate P.A into their dailylives. Walking School Bus: The Walking School Bus program encourages primary school children to walk to school

with the bus, made up of volunteer parents and other children in the area who travelalong a set route to school just like a bus, but instead walk. It is free, and encourageschildren to participate in physical activity

Increasing social and economic participationAims to promote positive mental health & raise awareness of mental health concernssuch as depression and anxiety. The programs often focus on those who are at greaterrisk of developing a mental health condition (those socially, economically, orgeographically disadvantaged). LEAP program: The Localities Enhancing Arts Participation (LEAP) program encourages greater social

engagement through arts and cultural activities. It works with the local government tosupport new and existing arts and cultural activities, aiming to strengthen and improvethe organisations, networks, partnerships, resources, and events that are able toexpand participation in and sustain arts and cultural activities

Reducing harm from UV exposureAims to change attitudes toward sun protection as VicHealth deems skin cancer as verypreventable. SunSmart program: The SunSmart message SLIP SLOP SLAP SEEK SLIDE. Campaigns, website, schools

Key Knowledge:3. Potential health outcomes of a VicHealth funded project

Quit and Smoking VicHealths support of Quit has contributed to a reduction in the number of people in

Australia who smoke. Tobacco = biggest risk factor for premature death and ill health.Rates are half what they were in 1987 when VicHealth began so over time the fewerpeople smoking will lead to fewer tobacco-related deaths

Centre for Tobacco Control VicHealths support in them researching the effects of tobacco means they can

continue to find new data and knowledge about the continuing threat of smoking andpassive smoking which helps in influencing regulations. Also can continue to undertake

policy development that will advance tobacco control efforts. = over time thiscombination in research and policy development may include further legislationchanges which results in fewer people exposed to smoke

Lobbying for smoke-free environments will have obvious outcomes (i.e.: reduction innumber of tobacco-related deaths)

Active and Safe Travel To School VicHealths support will encourage more children to walk or cycle to school (i.e.:

initiatives such as the walking school bus are an outcome of this) = as more childrenwalk to school, theres potential this project could reduce childhood obesity


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The Out-Of-School-Hours Sport Successful VicHealth program developed in conjunction with the Australian sports

commission. Already contributed to after-school programs that increase the P.A bychildren. Potential outcomes = increase in P.A which reduces prevalence of childhoodobesity and improve overall health and wellbeing of primary-aged children

Active Clubs Grants VicHealths support allows clubs to purchase injury prevention equipment, essential

equipment, provide shade and volunteer training = potential to reduce risks associatedwith sport + increase the number of kids who are able to participate in sport

SunSmart Initiative VicHealths support contributes to the ongoing success. Potential outcomes = more

children able to participate in P.A, assisting to reduce childhood obesity whileprotecting themselves from the sun and its harmful UV rays. Long-term potentialoutcomes = reduction in skin cancer

Term 2 Week 04Key Knowledge:4. Australias health system including:

a. Local, state and federal governments responsibility for health including fundingb. The values that underpin the Australian health systemc. Medicare, Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and private health insurance

ANIMOTO on Australia's health care systemhttp://animoto.com/play/X5sq6qVOxN3kl1N8voXAjA

Australias Health Care System In Australia, there are public and private health care systems The public system is for all Australians and is largely Government funded through our

taxes The private system is available, at an extra cost. This system also receives some

Government funding The federal government collects taxes and the Medicare levy which supplies part of the

health care budget. The state government then contributes additional funds.Individuals and health insurance companies pay the rest

A. FEDERAL, STATE/TERRITORY & LOCAL GOVERNMENTS RESPONSIBILITY FOR

HEALTH INCLUDING FUNDINGFederal Government National policies- particularly for NHPA Provide funding for health care services and research Fund a range of health promotion such as immunise Australia, Breast Screen and Pap

Smear Quarantine Medicare and PBS Age care Regulate private health insurance
http://animoto.com/play/X5sq6qVOxN3kl1N8voXAjAhttp://animoto.com/play/X5sq6qVOxN3kl1N8voXAjA


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Devise food safety laws and regulations

State/Territory Government Provide health services such as hospitals and a range of prevention programs such

as Vic Health Govern schools Implement national Mental Health Stratergy Ambulance Licensing GPS, private hospital Legislation including road rules and smoking bans

Local Government Health inspections Removal of waste Water quality testing Maintaining parks, sporting facilities Monitoring environmental health such as noise and pollution levels Deliver immunisation Co-ordinate meals on wheels Implement municipal health care plans

B. THE VALUES THAT UNDERPIN THE AUSTRALIAN HEALTH SYSTEMUse the acronyms CARE & CASES to remember valuesC - ContinuousIncrease level of communication and planning between health professionals so treatmentplans are manageable for the patientA - Accessible

The ability of people to obtain health care at the right time and place irrespective of income, cultural background or physical locationR - ResponsivenessPeople are treated with respect including confidentiality and people have input into


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decision making. The health care system should be based on the users needs andefficientE - Efficient

The health system should achieve desired outcomes with cost effective use of resourcesC - CapableHealth professionals should be well educated in their chosen area; they should haveappropriate training and qualifications, and should update their knowledge regularly

A - AppropriateEnsures that the care provided is culturally relevant and tailored to the individuals needsand wantsS - SafeA safe health care system is one in which there is focus on the avoidance or reduction toacceptable levels of actual or potential harm from health care management or theenvironment in which health care is deliveredE - EffectiveRelates to achieving desired outcomes in an appropriate timeframeS - SustainableA sustainable health care system is one that can provide infrastructure such as work

C. MEDICARE, PHARMACEUTICAL BENEFITS SCHEME (PBS) AND PRIVATE HEALTHINSURANCE

MedicareMedicare is Australia's publicly funded universal health care system, operatedby the government authority Medicare Australia, that aims to provideaccessible and affordable healthcare for all Australians at little or no cost to allAustralians in need of treatment, regardless of age or income .

Anyone over 15 who lives in Australia and is an Australian or NZ citizen (or who has apermanent visa) is eligible to use Medicare services in Australia.

Medicare funds affordable primary health care treatment for all Australian citizens and forpermanent residents, except for those on Norfolk Island. Residents with a Medicare cardcan receive subsidised treatment from medical practitioners, nurse practitioners andallied health professionals who have been issued a Medicare provider number, and canalso obtain free treatment in public hospitals. The program was introduced by theWhitlam Labor government in 1975 as Medibank, and was supplemented by agovernment-owned private health insurance fund (Medibank Private) in 1976. Medibankwas renamed Medicare in 1984.

Medicare Australia and Seeing a Doctor: nib Health Insurance Explainedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqo9MAmyWQM

How is Medicare funded? Medicare is funded largely through taxes, including the Medicare Levy. The MedicareLevy is 1.5% of taxable income of most Australian taxpayers low income earners areexempt from this levy. There is also a Medicare Levy Surcharge (1% of taxable income)which is incurred in addition to the Medicare levy for high income earners who do nottake out private health insurance (encourages them to take it out).

What IS covered by Medicare: Free or subsidised treatment by health professionals such as doctors, specialists,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqo9MAmyWQMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqo9MAmyWQM


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optometrists, dentists and other allied health practitioners (in special circumstancesonly)

Eye tests, blood tests and x-rays (diagnostic tests) Subsidised pharmaceuticals under the PBS Free treatment and accommodation as a public (Medicare) patient in a public hospital 75 per cent of the Medicare Schedule fee for services and procedures if you are a

private patient in a public or private hospital (does not include hospital accommodationand items such as theatre fees and medicines)

Some health care services in certain countries

What is NOT covered by Medicare: Ambulance Chiropractic Hearing aids Cosmetic surgery Dental examinations and treatment Home nursing Private hospital costs

If you or your family pay for private health insurance, you may be eligible forthe Australian Government Private Health Insurance Rebate on your premiums.

Medicare safety net:An additional rebate scheme introduced by the federal government for the benefit of patients, covering a range of doctor visits and tests received out of hospital. It providesfor reimbursement of 80% of the gap between the rebate and the charge for non-inpatient services once the relevant threshold has been met.

Medicare levy surcharge The Medicare Levy surcharge is in addition to the 1.5% Medicare Tax Levy that ischarged to higher income earners who do not have private hospital health insurance..

The surcharge was amended in July 2012 and in the 2012-2013 financial year includesthree tiers of surcharge: singles earning between $84,001 -$97,000 ($168,001-$194,000for families) pay a 1% surcharge if they do not have private health insurance and thosesingles earning $130,001 or more ($260,001 or more for families) will pay a 1.5%surcharge.

Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)Many types of medicine cost much more than the price you pay. The PharmaceuticalBenefits Scheme(PBS) and the PBS Safety Net can help reduce the cost of medicine.
http://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/medicare/australian-government-rebate-on-private-health-insurancehttp://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/medicare/australian-government-rebate-on-private-health-insurance


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The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) provides a range of necessaryprescription medicines at affordable prices to Australian citizens.

If you have a Medicare card or youre a visitor from a country that has a ReciprocalHealth Care Agreement with Australia, you can get prescription medicines under the PBSat a subsidised rate.

Buying PBS medicines

The PBS and PBS Safety Net help you by making some prescription medicines cheaper.Once you reach the Safety Net threshold, you can apply for a PBS Safety Net card. YourPBS medicines will be less expensive, or free, for the rest of the calendar year. The PBSSchedule lists the medicines covered by the PBS.

Private health InsuranceA health policy that individuals and families can purchase to cover healthservices (e.g. optical and dental) not covered by Medicare. The individual paysadditional annual premium that covers part of the cost of extra services suchas dental, chiropractor, home nursing and psychology.

Many people choose to pay for private health insurance. Private health insurancefunds may cover costs for your treatment as a private patient in private or publichospitals and can include some services that Medicare does not cover, such as dentalcare, most optical care and ambulance transport. If you wish to purchase private healthinsurance, it is important to compare different funds. The cost and type of cover can varywidely.


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Advantages: Choice of your own doctor for specialised treatment Hospital cover in a private or public hospital with your own choice of doctor Shorter waiting periods for elective surgery Avoids individual having to pay additional Medicare levies

Disadvantages: Expensive May have to qualify for waiting periods before being able to claim on services Costly in that sometimes the gap between the Medicare subsidy must still be paid for

Private health insurance rebateFrom the 1st of July 2012, the private health insurance rebate once again became meanstested. Singles aged under 65 who earn $84,000 or less and families who earn $168,000or less will still get a 30% rebate, however those who earn more will receive less rebate.

The amount of rebate may also vary depending on age.

Term 2 - Week 05Key Knowledge:5. The role of Australias governments in promoting healthy eating through:

a. The information provided by nutrition surveys and how it is usedb. The purpose of Nutrient Reference Values to guide dietary intakec. The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and Dietary Guidelinesd. Legislation developed by Food Standards Australia and New Zealand governing the

safety and quality of food

Why does the Government want to improve the health status of Australians? Levels of Ill health place an extremely large financial burden on the country A healthy nation is a productive nation, which contributes to the countrys GDP and

international economic standing Its a responsibility of the government to ensure that it provides its inhabitants with

information & programs to improve their health

How does the Australian government promote healthy eating? The five (5) ways the Australian government promotes healthy eating:

Nutrition Surveys Nutrient Reference Values The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating Australian Dietary Guidelines Food Standards Australia and New Zealand


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A. NUTRITION SURVEYSNutrition surveys are important in assessing the nutritional health status of apopulation. The aim of nutrition surveys is to allow the government to obtain anaccurate picture of food behaviours & to develop health promotion programs aimed at improving nutritional behaviours throughout the population.

B. NUTRIENT REFERENCE VALUES TO GUIDE DIETARY INTAKE

NRVs The NRVs are the amounts of nutrients required on an average daily basis for adequatefunction and prevention of deficiency disease or chronic disease prevention.

What are NRVs used for? The NRVs are calculated for a range of nutrients (incl. protein, fibre, iron, calcium) inorder to address the high incidence of diet related diseases and to assist individuals andfamilies to make changes to their food intake, all levels of government implement arange of policies and strategies to assist individuals to select a healthy food intake.

At a national level the federal government has developed and implemented the DietaryGuidelines for Australians across the lifespan and funded the implementation of theAustralian Guide to Healthy Eating.

The NRVs have been revised in recent years to meet the need for consumers to be moreinformed about the food theyre purchasing and consuming. Based on four values that

Uses of Nutrition Surveys LimitationsDevelopment of policies on: Food labelling Implementation of dietary guidelines Implementation of Australias Food and

Nutrition Policy for revision of NationalHealth Goals and Targets

Can Be Used For: Monitor & assess food consumption

& related food behaviours Measure progress of achievements

towards improving healthy eating Make conclusions about the

effectiveness of current healthy eatingpromotion strategies

Highlight certain population groups that have special diet requirements orare suffering inadequacies in particularnutrition areas to assist in developingresponse strategies and policyimplementation

Limited use as a health statusindicator unless combined with otherdata relating to health issues

Many are only reflective of 24 hourperiods dont reflect overall foodconsumption

Inaccurate foods and amountsreported by people

Limited representation of certain

groups in population Should be more frequent to reflect

current trends in food and changes inconsumption habits to have healthgoals and targets developed andrevised


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provide a comprehensive guide of the nutritional value of foods so that consumers canmake informed choices and health professionals can make recommendations.

Four Values of NRVs: Recommended Dietary Intake (RDIs) Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) Adequate Intake (AI) Upper level (UL) The purpose of the NRVs in guiding dietary intake: To educate on the nutrients required on a daily basis for physiological function To help prevention of deficiency or chronic disease Used by health professionals to assess the diets of individuals and groups and to plan

consumer guides such as the Australian Dietary Guidelines across the lifespan and theAustralian Guide to Healthy Eating.

Government policy development Health professionals like doctors and dieticians to assess the likelihood of inadequate

intake in individuals/groups of people Allows consumers to make comparisons between products and therefore make

informed choices For food manufacturers to promote nutritional qualities or to reformulate products to

improve their nutritional value

C. THE AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO HEALTHY EATING AND DIETARY GUIDELINES

THE AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO HEALTHY EATINGThe Australian Guide to Healthy Eating is primarily concerned with physicalhealth. Its purpose is to provide information about the kinds of foods to choose in yourdiet each day. It is a food selection guide which visually represents the proportion of thefive food groups recommended for consumption each day.

It has been developed for the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageingand is based on recent research in nutrition. The Guide provides information about theamounts and kinds of food that you need to eat each day to get enough of the nutrientsessential for good health and well-being. Healthy eating habits throughout life will alsoreduce the risk of health problems in later life such as heart disease, cancer, diabetesand obesity.

The eating patterns of individuals & families are constantly shaped & changed by avariety of factors, including: The kinds of food that is available at the local supermarket or shop Cultural and family background The amount of time available to shop for, prepare and cook food The personal likes and dislikes of household members Values, attitudes and beliefs about food and eating Knowledge about food and nutrition Advertising campaigns and food promotions The amount of money that can be spent on the food budget Access to transport


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A healthy diet improves quality of life and wellbeing, and protects against chronicdiseases. For infants and children, good nutrition is essential for normal growth.Unfortunately, diet-related chronic diseases are currently a major cause of death anddisability among Australians. To ensure that Australians can make healthy food choices,we need dietary advice that is based on the best scientific evidence on food and health.

The Australian Dietary Guidelines and the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating have beendeveloped using the latest evidence and expert opinion. These guidelines will therefore

help in the prevention of diet-related chronic diseases, and will improve the health andwellbeing of the Australian community.

There are many things that affect food choices, for example, personal preferences,cultural backgrounds or philosophical choices such as vegetarian dietary patterns.Keeping the Australian Dietary Guidelines in mind will help your choice of healthy foods.

There are many ways for you to have a diet that promotes health and the AustralianDietary Guidelines provide many options in their recommendations. The advice focuseson dietary patterns that promote health and wellbeing rather than recommending thatyou eat.

Many of the health problems due to poor diet in Australia stem from excessive intake of foods that are high in energy, saturated fat, added sugars and/or added salt but relativelylow in nutrients. These include fried and fatty take-away foods, baked products likepastries, cakes and biscuits, savoury snacks like chips, and sugar-sweetened drinks. If these foods are consumed regularly they can increase the risk of excessive weight gainand other diet-related conditions and diseases.

Many diet-related health problems in Australia are also associated with inadequate intakeof nutrient-dense foods, including vegetables, legumes/beans, fruit and wholegraincereals. A wide variety of these nutritious foods should be consumed every day topromote health and wellbeing and help protect against chronic disease.

Evidence suggests Australians need to eat more: Vegetables and legumes/beans Fruits Wholegrain cereals Reduced fat milk, yoghurt, cheese Fish, seafood, poultry, eggs, legumes/beans (including soy), and nuts and seeds. Red meat (young females only)

Evidence suggests Australians need to eat less: Starchy vegetables (i.e. There is a need to include a wider variety of different types

and colours of vegetables) Refined cereals High and medium fat dairy foods Red meats (adult males only) Food and drinks high in saturated fat, added sugar, added salt, or alcohol (e.g. Fried

foods, most take-away foods from quick service restaurants, cakes and biscuits,chocolate and confectionery, sweetened drinks).

Evidence base has strengthened for: The association between the consumption of sugar sweetened drinks and the risk of

excessive weight gain in both children and adults


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The health benefits of breastfeeding The association between the consumption of milk and decreased risk of heart disease

and some cancers The association between the consumption of fruit and decreased risk of heart disease The association between the consumption of non-starchy vegetables and decreased

risk of some cancers The association between the consumption of wholegrain cereals and decreased risk of

heart disease and excessive weight gain.

The main food groups in the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating that providethe important nutrients are: Bread, cereals, rice, pasta, noodles Vegetables, legumes Fruit Milk, yoghurt, cheese Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, nuts, legumes.

Extra foods: The extra foods are other foods that may be eaten sometimes or in smallamounts.

A Healthy Diet: Eat enough food from each of the five food groups every day. Choose different varieties of foods from within each of the five food groups from day to

day, week to week and at different times of the year. Eat plenty of plant foods (bread, cereal, rice, pasta, noodles, vegetables, legumes and

fruit); moderate amounts of animal foods (milk, yoghurt, cheese, meat, fish, poultry,eggs) in the proportions shown by the

Guide; and small amounts of the extra foods, and margarines and oils. Drink plenty of water

Enjoy A Variety Of Foods Everyday:Eating a wide variety of foods has a very positive effect on health. If you eat from each of the five food groups in the amounts recommended it is likely that your diet will contain allthe nutrients that you need.

Within each of the five food groups, different foods provide more of some nutrients thanothers. If you eat a variety of foods from within each group, it is likely that you will get allthe nutrients provided by the foods in that group. For example, in the vegetable group,carrots and pumpkin contain much more vitamin A than do potatoes. Foods also containsubstances other than nutrients which may have health benefits. For example,cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower and cabbage are believed to containprotective factors against some cancers.


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The Australian Dietary Guidelines are for use by health professionals, policy makers,educators, food manufacturers, food retailers and researchers, so they can find ways tohelp Australians eat healthy diets.

The Australian Dietary Guidelines apply to all healthy Australians, as well as those withcommon health conditions such as being overweight. They do not apply to people whoneed special dietary advice for a medical condition, or to the frail elderly.

Limitations: Quantities of foods (serving suggestions) Cultural needs Doesnt account for special diets (vegetarian, pregnant) Overall very general

How the Australian Dietary Guidelines help to improve the health status of Australians

The Dietary Guidelines for Australians are a conceptual framework of general guidelinesto help people make healthy food choices to maintain good health. For example, the

guideline Eat a wide variety of nutritious foods such as vegetables, fruits andwholegrain cereals can improve life expectancy and can reduce morbidity and mortalityassociated with lifestyle diseases.

D.LEGISLATION DEVELOPED BY FOOD STANDARDS AUSTRALIA AND NEW

ZEALAND GOVERNING THE SAFETY AND QUALITY OF FOODFood Standards Australia and New Zealand is responsible for ensuring a safe food supplyin Australia.FSANZ does this through:

Food standards sets limits and guidelines for food manufacturers for what a productcan and can not contain (also refers to farming practises - ensuring safe levels of pesticides and herbicides are used).

Food recall ensures that all foods available for purchase by consumers are safe to eat.Any food product that is deemed to pose a safety risk to consumers will be removed from

sale and will not be available for purchase until it is guaranteed safe.Food labelling FSANZ legislate the specifications relating to ingredient and nutritionlabelling. Must list ingredients in order of decreasing weight (enables consumers to makeinformed decisions) by making it mandatory for all pre-packaged foods in Australia tocontain a nutritional information panel and list of ingredients, consumers are able tocompare products based on their nutritional value and make educated choices abouttheir food purchases. Legislation also dictates that food labelling must not contain anyhealth claims that can be misleading to the consumer.


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Term 2 - Week 06Key Knowledge:6. The role of Australias non-government agencies in providing dietary advice

to promote healthy eating including:a. Nutrition Australiab. Heart Foundationc. One other Australian non-government agency

Non-government organisations (NGOs) are not-for-profit groups that are organised onlocal, national or international levels.

A. NUTRITION AUSTRALIANutrition Australia is a non-profit, community based organisation that provides nutritionadvice and promotes a healthy diet for all Australians. Its initiatives include:1. Nutrition Information Service2. Canteen Advisory Service3. Nutrition in School Advisory Service4. Nutrition Resource Service5. National Nutrition Week6. Healthy Living Pyramid

The Healthy Living Pyramid :A food selection model whichprovides a guide as to how abalanced diet can be achievedthrough foots that should be eatenmost, eaten moderately and eaten insmall amounts.

The HLP encourages food variety,adequate water consumption, limitedsalt, minimum fat, adequate fibreand encourages physical activity(with the legs at the base of thepyramid move more) this meansit recognises the importance of behavioural determinants.

Uses:Valuable when planning food mealsand assessing food intake, visual andeasy to interpret and remember,shows proportions each food shouldbe consumed, easily understood,highlights relationship of diet andexercise for optimal living

Limitations:Doesnt show serving sizes despiteshowing proportion sizes, usersmight have difficulty determiningwhere some foods and food products


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hhd sac 2a summary notes for study

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