maria_magdalena_jianu aspecte ale comunicării

8/11/2019 Maria_magdalena_jianu Aspecte Ale Comunicrii

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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 3/2009

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Letters and Social Sciences Series, Issue 3/2009

27

ASPECTE ALE COMUNICRII

POLITICE ACTUALE

Prof. univ. dr. Maria Magdalena JIANU,

Universitatea Constantin Brncui dinTrgu-Jiu

Elena JIANU

Abstract. Apariia spaiului public este

contemporancu efervescena politicului, care a avutnevoie de un topos pentru exersarea i exercitareaactivitilor specifice. n ultimii ani, spaiul public s-aextins, nu numai n sensul ctoate clasele i categoriilesociale ar putea lua parte la el, ci i ca loc concret deexpunere a aciunilor constitutive ale faptului politic.Acestea, cptnd mreia evenimentelor, i sporescvizibilitatea prin circulaia informaiei n mediulvirtual.

Cuvinte cheie: reele de socializare, challenger,lider, spaiul public

Odat cu ultimele alegeri din SUA, s-anregistrat o schimbare radical aoportunitilor diferitelor modaliti decomunicare politic. Este tiut cnu canale caCNN, ABC i-au adus lui Obama avantajuldecisiv, ci reelele de socializare pe internetca Facebook, Myspace, forumurile, blogurile,frecventate n general de studeni( actualul

preedinte american avea 320.000 de membriai reelei de susintori, fade 5300, ct aveaHillary Clinton). Strategia lui Obama de a se

populariza pe internet a fost privitcu ateniede specialitii n marketing, care au vzut aicio reet de a promova un produs nouchallenger, n faa unui produs lider.Prin aceste strategii, care s-au dovediteficiente, s-a extins accesul la spaiul publici participarea politic, fapt care s-aevideniat la eantionul de vot (Obama aobinut performanele n rndul tinerilor de18-29 de ani, generaia internauilor iaexperilor n noile tehnologii; n afara

ASPECTS OF THE PRESENT

POLITICAL COMMUNICATION

Prof. PhD Maria Magdalena JIANU,

Constantin Brncui University of Trgu-Jiu

Elena JIANU

Abstract. The apparition of the public space is

contemporary with the political effervescence

1

, whichneeded a place to practice and exercise its specificactivities. In the past years, the public space hasextended, not only all the political classes and thesocial categories are a part of it, but also as a specific

place of presenting the political facts constitutiveactions. Gaining the greatness of the events, theyincrease their visibility by circulating the informationin the virtual environment.

Key words:socializing network, challenger,leader, public space

Starting with the last elections from USA,has registered a radical change in theopportunities of the various ways of politicalcommunication. It is known that it is notCNN or ABC that gave Obama the ultimateadvantage, but socializing networks on theinternet, such as Facebook or Myspace,accessed mainly by students (the actual

president had 320000 members of hissupporting network, unlike Hillary Clinton,who had 5300). Obamas strategy to promote

himself on the internet has been carefullyanalyzed by the marketing specialists thathave observed an idea of promoting achallenger product instead of a leaderone. Through these stages, that provedefficient, has extended the access to the

public space and the political participation, afact that has been noticed in the voting action(Obama was successful in the area of 18-29years old electors, the internet generation andthe technologies experts; except their


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implicrii lor , prin opiniile exprimate ncommenturi, acetia primeau i trimiteauSMS-uri cu informri periodice despremersul campaniei. Specialitii n comunicare

din stafful de campanie al preedinteluiamerican actual au evaluat corect spaiilepolitice la care ar accesa tinerii, evitndapariiile excesive la televizor, pentru cestetiut cacetia utilizeazcu mai mare interesspaiul digital, care este i gratuit).

mprumutnd tehnicile comunicrii de tipcomercial, mediul politic romnesc s-aadaptat rapid la modelul american i, laalegerile prezideniale din 2009, candidaii aufost transformai n branduri iar comunicatorii

s-au manifestat cu o pondere apreciabil nspaiul public virtual. Aceasta s-afenomenalizat n bloguri, n bannere careapreau pe aproape toate siteurile, ncommenturile plasate la diverse zone deintervenie din presa online.

Spre deosebire de opinia lui J.Habermasreferitoare la necesitatea unui spaiu publicomogen i coerent, n care politicul s semanifeste, admitem cefasarea acestuia poategenera structuri polivalente atractive i

eficiente, precum cele invocate. n viziuneanoastr, blogurile reprezint astzi ceea ceHabermas teoretizase sub auspiciile situaieidiscursive ideale, n care participanii lacomunicare au acces egal, n care nu existdiferene de putere iar onestitatea este, ngeneral, excepional reprezentat. Viitorul

blogurilor se leag de ceea ce teoreticianuldistinge ca perspective: autoexprimarea(perspectiva subiectiv), punerea n comun acunotinelor (perspectiva obiectiv),criticismul social (perspectivaintersubiectiv). Aceste caracteristici l-audeterminat pe japonezul Joi Ito s susin cne aflm acum ntr-o nou form dedemocraie, dezvoltat i consolidat nmediul online (Weblogs and EmergentDemocracy, disponibil la http://joi.ito.com/weblog/emergent-democracy). n acest spaiu

public, se manifest formele ideale ale uneiteledemocraii, n care comunicatorii i pot

pstra anonimatul, fapt care genereaz o

involvement through the opinions expressedin the comments, they were receiving andsending text messages containing informationabout the campaigns progress. The

communication specialists from the actualpresident of USAs campaign staff havecorrectly evaluated the political space thatwould be accessed by the young people,avoiding the excessive TV interviews,

because the young are more interested in thedigital space, because it is also free).

Borrowing the commercial typecommunication techniques, the Romanian

political environment has rapidly adaptedto the American model, and at the 2009

presidential elections, the candidates havebeen transformed in brands and thecommunicators have debated with animpressive share in the virtual public space.This has transformed in blogs, banners thatappeared on almost every websites, in thecomments placed in the various areas ofintervention from the online press.

Unlike the opinion of J. Habermas on theneed for a uniform and coherent public spacein which politics could manifest, we admit

that its deleting can generate attractive andeffective multipurpose structures, such asthose invoked. In our view, blogs are todaywhat Habermas theorized under the auspicesof ideal discursive situation, in which

participants have equal access tocommunication, in which there is nodifference in power and the honesty is,generally, exceptionally represented. Thefuture of blogs is link to what the theoristdistinguishes as perspectives: self-expression(subjective view), pooling of knowledge(objective perspective), social criticism (intersubjective perspective). These characteristicshave led the Japanese Joi Ito to argue that weare now in a new form of democracy,developed and strengthened in the onlineenvironment (Weblogs and EmergentDemocracy, available at http://joi.ito.com/weblog/emerging-democracy). In this publicspace, there is an ideal form of a tele

democracy, in which communicators can


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foarte mare libertate de exprimare.Not. n afara blogurilor, comunicarea

politic se manifest n structurileforumurilor, ale comentariilor diverselor

articole sau emisiuni; dac blogurile secaracterizeaz prin rigurozitatea iseriozitatea limbajului, deorece sunt spaiivirtuale personalizate, unde proprietarul

poate elimina comentariile care suntnedeontologice sau care i pericliteazimaginea public, celelalte module alespaiului comunicrii politice ofer, de celemai multe ori, imaginea unei comunicrineetice, ceea ce excede teledemocraiei.

Dei virtual, aceast democratizare a

comunicrii se situeaz la limita realului,deoarece accesatorii acestor spaii emit opinii,argumenteaz, au puterea cuvntului iinteracioneaz cu ceilali, n schimb n-au oidentitate fizic perceptibil. Din experienaultimei campanii prezideniale romneti,reinem c momentele finale ale acesteia iziua votului, nregistrate cu cele mai maritraficuri pe internet, au mutat loculdezbaterilor i al persuasiunilor specifice.Telecomuncatorii s-au lansat chiar n

aprecieri procentuale, exprimate nainte deexit-polluri, Traian Bsescu figurnd aproapen toate variantele cu cteva procente subcontracandidatul su Mircea Geoan. Dacadugm aici rezultatul final cunoscut victoria lui Traian Bsescu-, deducem cinternauii care au oferit pronosticurinefavorabile acestuia au fcut parte din tabralui Geoan, ca atare, atacurilecomunicaionale au fost mult mai bine dirijatecantitativ de echipa PSD( dar fr efecteleateptate). Aici, n spaiul virtual, publicul aavut structura unei veritabile comuniti dereea, axat pe interesul cetenesc de a-iexercita un drept constituional i de susinecandidatul dorit iar inovaia tehnologic estesursa de informare.

Pe aceste noi dimensiuni ale comunicriipolitice actuale, ceteanul real a fost nlocuitcu cel virtual, iar opinia a substituitargumentaia i a devenit forma preferat;

aceasta a fundamentat filosofiile votului

retain their anonymity, fact that generates avery large freedom of expression.

Note. Besides blogs, politicalcommunication is manifested in the structures

of forums, in comments of various articles orprograms; if blogs are characterized by therigor and seriousness of language, becausethere are virtual personated spaces, wherethe owner can remove comments that arenot professionally ethics or which aredamaging the public image, the other area of

political communication place provides, mostof the time, the image of unethicalcommunication, which goes beyond teledemocracy.

Although virtual, this democratization ofcommunication is placed at the limits ofreality, because the persons who access thesespaces express opinions, argue, have the

power of speech and interact with others,instead they dont have a perceptible physicalidentity. From Romanian presidentialcampaign last experience, remember that itsfinal moments and vote day, recorded thelargest trades on the Internet, have moved thedebate and specific persuasion place. Tele

communicators released even percentagefeedbacks, expressed before the exit-polls,Traian Bsescu appearing in almost allversions a bit under his counter MirceaGeoana. If we add here the final outcomeknown - the victory of Traian Bsescu -, wededuce that internet users who offered their

bad forecasts have been part of Geoanascampaign, and therefore, communicationsattacks have been much better directed,quantitative speaking, by PSDs team (butwith out the expected effects). Here, incyberspace, the public had the structure of agenuine network community, focusing onthe interests of citizens to exercise aconstitutional right and supports the desiredcandidate and technological innovation is thesource of information.

Considering these new dimensions ofcurrent political communication, the realcitizen has been replaced by virtual one, and

the argument replaced the opinion, becoming


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electronic, care, cel puin deocamdatnefiindlegiferat, a devenit doar un element dinrecuzita sondatorilor. La acest tip decomunicare politic internautic au aderat i

statele islamice, i lumea chinez, adicindivizi din regimuri totalitare, aflai nprizonierat n teritoriile lor, captivi n dilemesau contradicii, dar care au gsit n aceastasingurul izvor al democraiei. Aceastaccesare de ctre lumea arab i oriental aspaiilor virtuale deschide posibilitateastatelor democratice de cunoatere maiaprofundat i imediat a realitilor lor,altdat aprate cu nverunare dictatorial.Este tiut ci Hitler i Stalin erau exceleni

comunicatori, dar numai cu staffurile lor, nsepocile pe care acetia le-au marcat au fostermetice, ceea ce a i favorizat holocaustul igenocidul; curiozitatea uman, manifestatnatural prin cuvnt, n-a putut sparge barierelemueniei dictatoriale i datorit lipseitehnologiilor; astzi, dacBin Laden ar aveasite, cu sigurancar fi cel mai traficat.

Spaiul public virtual exist datoritinfiltrrii sale de ctre formele ireprezentrile comunicrii politice, prin care

se manifestvizibilitatea evenimentului. Dinpunctul de vedere al deontologiei discursivevirtuale, aceasta impune respectarea unor legispecifice; n acest sens, comunicarea sesubordoneaz unei serii de maximeconversaionale (a se vedea Grice): maximade sinceritate, de cantitate, implicaturileconversaionale. ntre acestea, maximaconversaional vizeaz respectareainterlocutorilor virtuali, a conveniei existenten orice situaie de comunicare, prinrenunarea la cuvintele vulgare, tari saugrele. Deoarece mass-media scrise i audio-video interzic utilizarea acestor termeni (ca i

blogurile), comunicatorii din zona politic,care vor s epuizeze maxima de sinceritate,recurg totui la acest tip de cuvinte ncelelalte module (n spaiul internetului).Pudoarea lexical, elevaia conversaionalsunt trasee abandonate, deoarececomunicatorul tie c pe internet i este

permis orice. n acest sens, comunicarea

the preferred form; this is the base ofelectronic voting philosophies, which is notyet legislated, became only one element ofsoundings props. At this kind of cyberspace

political communication the Islamic statesalso have joined, and the Chinese people, i.e.individuals from totalitarian regimes, whichare in captivity in their own territories,trapped in dilemmas or contradictions, butthey have found in this the only source ofdemocracy. This way of accessing thecyberspace by the Arab and oriental worldenables better understanding by thedemocratic states of their immediate realities,once defended with dictatorially furry. It is

known that Hitler and Stalin were excellentcommunicators, but only with their staffs, butthe ages that they have scored have beenhermetically sealed, and that favored theHolocaust and genocide; human curiositymanifested naturally by word, could not

break the barriers of dictatorial silencebecause of lacking technology; today, if BinLaden would have the a web-site, certainlywould be the most trafficked.

The virtual public space exists due to its

infiltration by the forms and representationsof political communication, which shows thevisibility of the event. In terms of virtualdiscursive ethics, it requires compliance withspecific laws; and to this end, communicationis subject to a series of conversationalmaximum (see Grice): maximum sincerity,quantity, conversational implications.Between them, maximum conversation aimsthe respect of virtual interlocutors, of theexisting agreement in any communicationsituation, by removing the words vulgar,harsh or severe. Since the written andaudio-video media prohibit the use of theseterms (also blogs), communicators in the

political realm, which are to exhaust themaximum sincerity, use however such wordsin other modules (in the Internet space).Lexical modesty, conversational elevationtrails are abandoned because thecommunicator knows that on internet

anything is allowed. In this respect, political


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politic a ajuns , n stadiul actual, zona decontact a tuturor realizrilor limbii romne(termeni specializai, argotici, populari,elemente de jargon etc.; ne vom preocupa

ntr-un studiu viitor de aspectele care ar puteaface pobiectul coreciei medicale alimbajului virtual).

n spaiul virtual, s-au democratizatformle de exprimare politic, dar accesul nueste favorizat tuturor cetenilor.; astfel,dezvoltarea noilor tehnologii augmenteazdiferenele dintre o minoritate aconductorilor i a jurnalitilorsupraechipai i o majoritate a excluilor,care se mulumesc cu mijloacele oferite de

mass-media.. n ciuda acestor inegaliti,privit n ansamblu, spaiul public alcomunicrii politice actuale este unitar,,constituit din subspaii juxtapuse, cu anumitecaracteristici conversaionale. ntre acestea,comunicarea virtual este, cel puindeocamdat, marele ctig al secolului XXI.

Diferena dintre comunicarea verbalreal i cea virtual apare i la nivelulcalitii cuvintelor utilizate; deoarecespaiul internetului ofer posibilitatea

anonimatului i extinde modalitile demanifestare, s-a ajuns la o spargere a

barierelor eticii comunicaionale, aa nct, ngeneral pe forumuri, se simte nevoia uneichirurgii a limbajului. Democratizareacomunicrii politice actuale a stat subauspiciile inovaiilor tehnologice, ceea ceaprodus urmtoarele efecte:

1. a extins modulele de comunicare2. a favorizat exprimarea nedeontologic3. a creat doi poli de putere

comunicaional:a) cei foarte bine echipai tehnic, care

au avantajul comunicrii continue idiversificate;

b) cei slab echipai, care pot doar inseraopinii;

c) cei ex-centrici fenomenuluicomunicrii virtuale, fie datoritnedeprinderii cu tehnologiile, fiedezinteresului, fie lipsei acestor echipamente.

communication has reached, in this moment,the contact area of all the achievements of theRomanian language (specialist terms, slang,and folk elements of jargon, etc..; Ion the

future we will study the issues that couldform the project of the medical correctionof virtual language).

In cyberspace, the forms of politicalexpression democratized, but the access is notencouraged for all citizens; thus, thedevelopment of new technologies augmentthe differences between a minority ofdirectors and of ''supra equipped journalistsand a majority of excluded, which is satisfiedwith facilities provided by the media..

Despite these inequalities, as a whole, thepublic space of political communicationtoday is unitary, the subspace consisting of

juxtaposed, with some conversationalfeatures. Between them, virtualcommunication is, at least for now, the bigwinner of the XXI century.

The difference between real and virtualverbal communication appears to the level ofthe quality of the words used; as virtualspace offers the possibility of anonymity and

expands the manifestation ways, it reached tothe breaking of communication ethics

barriers, so, generally on forums, is a need fora language surgery. The democratization of

political communication was under theauspices of the technological innovations,which produced following effects:

1. expanded communication modules2. favorites not ethical expression3. created two communicational power

centers:a) the best technical equipped, which

have the advantage of continuous anddiversified communication;

b) the ill-equipped, which can only insertopinions;

c) the margins of the of virtualcommunication phenomenon, either becauseare not used with technologies, or aredisinterest, or are lacking such equipments.

Notes

1. Called Agora by the Greeks, Forum by


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Note

1. Numit de greci agora, de romaniforum, spaiul public era locul de socializare

prin ntlnirile cetenilor, care opinau aici n

legtur cu evenimentele politice i sociale.n spaiul public actual, exist o sintax aaciunilor aici se delibereazi se decide cu

privire la platformele partidelor iarcomunicarea politic se realizeaz printr-unmanagement atent supravegheat i aplicat.

2. J. Habermas, Sfera public itransformarea ei structurat, 2005,Comunicare.ro, Bucureti.

J. C. Ascombre vorbete despre spaiilediscursive, n J-C Ascombre i G. Zaccaria,

Fonctionalisme et pragmatique, Milano,1990.

3. Camelia Beciu, Comunicare i discursmediatic, 2009, pag. 79.

Bibliografie

1. Ascombre, J-C i Zaccaria, G.,Fonctionalisme et pragmatique, Milano,1990.

2. Camelia Beciu, Comunicare idiscurs mediatic,2009

3. http://joi.ito.com/4. Grice, H.P., Logic and conversation,

19755. Habermas, J., Sfera public i

transformarea ei structural,Comunicare.ro,Bucureti, 2005.

the Romans, the public space is where yousocialize by meeting with the citizens, whoshared their opinions regarding the politicaland social events. In the present public space,

there is a syntax of the actions this is whereits deliberated and decided in what concernsthe parties platforms and the politicalcommunication is being realized by acarefully supervised and appliedmanagement.

2. J. Habermas, Sfera public itransformarea ei structurat, 2005,Comunicare.ro, Bucureti

J. C. Ascombe talk about discursivespaces, in J-C Ascombre i G. Zaccaria,

Fonctionalisme et pragmatique, Milano, 19903. Camelia Beciu, Comunicare i discurs

mediatic, 2009, pag. 79

Bibliography

1. Ascombre, J-C i Zaccaria, G.,Fonctionalisme et pragmatique, Milano,1990.

2. Camelia Beciu, Comunicare idiscurs mediatic,2009

3. http://joi.ito.com/4. Grice, H.P., Logic and conversation,

19755. Habermas, J., Sfera public i

transformarea ei structural,Comunicare.ro,Bucureti, 2005.

maria_magdalena_jianu aspecte ale comunicării

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