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Abstract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Table of Contents

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9" G&.65"'<"&5<5&5$*5",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"!9"9,!" H$'I45(05J+$%5$7+K5"*'68.$+57",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"!9"9,1" L5.6I'&/",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"!:"9,9" ;54<J6.$.0+$0"%5.67",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"!@"9,:" 25&<'&6.$*5"B.$.0565$%",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"1>"9,>" M"7D$%C57+7"'<"%C5"%C5'&+57",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"9A"

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1.2 Problem description

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1($!:*$.*#!$.-!&%72#*B2$*&#?!!

1.3 Purpose

A.-!<%&14-3!'-/)%*<$*&#!-C<42*#-'!21&>-!4-2'/!$&!$.-!<(%<&/-!&5!$.*/!$.-/*/?!!

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32#27-3-#$! )2#! 1-! 2).*->-'! *#! )&3<2#*-/! :*$.! $.-! <%-%-F(*/*$-/! /$2$-'! 21&>-?!

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1.4 Specified questions

G-%-0! /<-)*5*-'! F(-/$*&#/! :*44! 1-! <%&>*'-'! $.2$! :*44! .-4<! $.-! :%*$-%/! &5! $.*/! @2/$-%H/!

$.-/*/!$&!2#/:-%!$.-!<(%<&/-?!

;:$<"0+!4"0'04+#',=#)$0$)#1*960/05,/5$+#06>$!

?:$<",4"$#3+#'/01$*04+(')$"07#$0/$,6%04+$(/$+"#$#**,4,#/4.$(*$+"#$)#1*960/05,/5$+#06>$!

@:$<",4"$,/+#'/01$*04+(')$"07#$0/$,6%04+$(/$+"#$#**,4,#/4.$(*$+"#$)#1*960/05,/5$+#06>$$I?! $A(2$4(&1-$)#1*960/05,/5$+#06)$2('8$2,+"$%#'*('60/4#$60/05#6#/+$04+,7,+,#)$ ,/$0/$#**#4+,7#$20.>$!

1.5 Delimitations

A.-%-! 2%-!32#;! $;<-/! &5! 9#&:4-'7-6*#$-#/*>-! )&3<2#*-/0! /<%-2'! 5%&3! 42:;-%! 5*%3! $&!

"A6)&#/(4$*#7! )&3<2#*-/?! A.*/! /$(';! :*44! &#4;! 5&)(/! &#! "A6)&#/(4$*#7! )&3<2#*-/! $.2$!

24%-2';!2%-!:&%9*#7!*#!$-23/!$.2$!2%-!/-45632#27-'!$&!/&3-!-C$-#$?!!

E(%$.-%3&%-0! $.*/! /$(';!:*44!#&$!2#24;/-!244! /-45632#27*#7! $-23/!2$! $.-!)2/-!)&3<2#;?!

E&%!-C23<4-!:*$.*#!$.-!824-/!<%&)-//!$.-!-3<4&;--/H!:&%9!2/!2!$-23!1($!#&$!2))&%'*#7!

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$&! $,-! ./*0-! 1&%2*#/! 3-$,&'45! 6,-%-7&%8! &#09! $-.34! $,.$! 1&%2! .))&%'*#/! $&! $,-! ./*0-!1&%2*#/!3-$,&'4!1*00!:-!4$('*-'5!!

"#! $,-! 0*$-%.$(%-! .:&($! ;-%7&%3.#)-! 3.#./-3-#$8! .! <.%*-$9! &7! (4.:0-! .)$*<*$*-4! .%-!'-4)%*:-'! .#'! $,-! %-4-.%),-%4! &7! $,*4!=.4$-%>4!6,-4*4!1*00! #&$! *'-#$*79! .#'! .#.094-! .00!.)$*<*$*-45!?&%!-@.3;0-8!).%%*-%!1.94!.#'!3-#$&%4,*;!;%&/%.34!.%-!.)$*<*$*-4! $,.$!,.<-!#&$!:--#!$.2-#!*#$&!)&#4*'-%.$*&#5!!

1.6 Definitions

?*#'1*4-! ?*#'1*4-!AB!

C=6! C-07D=.#./*#/!6-.3!

E=! E-%7&%3.#)-!=.#./-3-#$!

6=!;%&)-44! 6.0-#$!=.#./-3-#$!;%&)-44!

AF=! A/*0-!F&%2*#/!=-$,&'!

GH! G4-%!I@;-%*-#)-!

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1.7 Disposition

6,-!)&#$-#$!&7!-.),!),.;$-%!*#!$,*4!$,-4*4!*4!4(33.%*J-'!*#!$,*4!4-)$*&#5!

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2 Methodology !"#$% &"'()*+%(+*$*,)$% )"*% +*$*'+&"%-*)"./.0.12%.3% )"#$%4'$)*+5$%!"*$#$6%7*+*8% )"*%&".$*,%+*$*'+&"%'((+.'&"%#$%*9(0'#,*/%'$%:*00%'$%)"*%$*0*&)#.,%.3%#,3.+-')#.,%(+.;#/*+$%',/%".:%)"*% /')'% "';*% <**,% &.00*&)*/6% !"*% &"'()*+% *,/$% :#)"% '% /#$&=$$#.,% '<.=)% )"*% ;'0#/#)28%+*0#'<#0#)2%',/%.<>*&)#;#)2%.3%)"*%$)=/2%#,%)"*%-*)"./%&+#)#&#$-%$*&)#.,6%

2.1 Research method

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2.2 Research process

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Figure 1: The research process (Saunders et al., 2003)

2.2.1 Research philosophy

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2.2.2 Research approach

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Figure 2: Research approach (Lekvall & Wahlbin, 2001; Saunders et al., 2003)

2.2.3 Research Strategy

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Figure 3: Summary of the methodology

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2.3 Research methodology

2.3.1 Problem framing

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2.3.2 Data collection

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2.3.3 Data analysis

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2.4 Method criticism

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2.4.1 Validity

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2.4.2 Reliability

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3.1 Knowledge-intensive companies

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

3.1.1 Definition

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

3.1.2 Knowledge integration - The role of teams

O/1/55'! @BCCDE! 6&0*#/F&0! 12$1! 12&! %$)$7&%&)1! '(! 3)'45&67&8/)1&)0/9&! *'%.$)/&0! /0!6/((/*:51!F&*$:0&!12&!*'%.$)/&0!6'!)'1!')5;!)&&6!1'!$11#$*1!12&!#/721!/)6/9/6:$50!4/12!12&!#/721!3)'45&67&<!12&;!$50'!)&&6!1'!/)1&7#$1&!12&!3)'45&67&!/)!'#6&#!1'!*$##;!':1!&9&)10!*2$#$*1&#/I&6!F;!:)*&#1$/)1;!$)6!$0;%%&1#;=!>'!#&6:*&!12&0&!.#'F5&%0<!%$)$7&#0!)&&6!

! "#$%&!'(!#&(&#&)*&! !!

! +,!

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

3.2 Teamwork

!"#"$%&'"%(")*+*,%-.%&")(/-#0%+*%0*-/1"2,"3+*&"*4+5"%6-(7)*+"4%/+11%8"%7#-5+2"2%&-%&'"%#")2"#%/'-%/+11%#"6"+5"%+*.-#()&+-*%)8-9&%&'"%-#,)*+:)&+-*)1%4&#96&9#"%)2'-6#)6;%)*2%&'"%),+1"% /-#0+*,% ("&'-2% 94"2% 8;% ()*;% 0*-/1"2,"3+*&"*4+5"% 6-(7)*+"4<% ='"% )9&-*-(-94%46)1"%8"&/""*%/')&%6)*%8"%6-*4+2"#"2%)%/-#0%,#-97%5"#494%)%&")(%/+11%)14-%8"%">71)+*"2<%%

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

! "#$%&!'(!#&(&#&)*&! !!

! +,!

3.2.1 The autonomous scale of a group

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

78,9*2'3,2:, #4312+##(,;"2,"60#,&6+<)2<&6+, *#(32%(5=515)+, :2*,46%695%9, )"#4(#10#(, 6%&,)"#,;2*., )"#+,&2>,?#4=#*(, 2:, (#1:<&5*#@)#&, )#64(, )+35@611+, "6%&1#, A2=,6((59%4#%)(B, 316%,6%&, (@"#&'1#, ;2*.B, 46.#, 3*2&'@)52%<*#16)#&, &#@5(52%(B, 6%&, )6.#, 6@)52%, 2%, 3*2=1#4(>,?#4=#*(,2:,(#1:<&5*#@)#&,)#64,;2*.,;5)",6,45%54'4,2:,&5*#@),('3#*05(52%>C,

"7#0.&#%'#&>!X$/&%$)!D+HHYJ!243*733&3!0.#&&!34%4;$#!*.$#$*0&#4304*3!0.$0!$!0&$%!)&&23!0'!:7#37&!4)!'#2&#!0'!5&!$5;&!0'!%$)$/&!0.&4#!'1)!1'#6A!!

+J!Q$*.! 0&$%!%&%5&#!)&&23! 0'! 0$6&!:&#3')$;! #&3:')3454;408! ('#! 0.&!'70*'%&3!'(! 0.&4#!0&$%Z3!1'#6!

[J!-.&!%&%5&#3!%')40'#!0.&4#!'1)!1'#6!:&#('#%$)*&!$3!1&;;!$3!$*04<&;8!3&&64)/!2$0$!')!.'1!1&;;!0.&8!$#&!:&#('#%4)/!

IJ!T&#('#%$)*&!30#$0&/4&3!$#&!4%:#'<&2!1.&)!0.&!0&$%!%&%5&#3!)&&2!0.&%!

! "#$%&!'(!#&(&#&)*&! !!

! +,!

3.2.2 Ongoing or temporary teams

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

M)! "46=#&!NA! ./&! *2$334(4*$.4')! '(! $! 3&2(?%$)$64)6! .&$%! 43! 3/'0)!7$3&5!')! ./&! ./&'#4&3!8#&3&).&5!$7'>&9!I'!3=%%$#4O&A!3&2(?%$)$64)6!.&$%!3/'=25!7&!')6'4)6!$)5!7&!3&2(?2&5!04./!$!.$3;!$)5P'#!.4%&!('*=39!!

Figure 4: A classification of self-managing teams (SMTs), modified by authors (2012) and

based on theories (Ray & Bronstein, 1995; Stoak Saunders & Ahuja, 2006).

3.3 Self-managing teams

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3.3.1 When is it suitable to use self-managing teams?

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3.3.2 External factors affecting the work in a self-managing team

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!Figure 5: Activities needed for efficient performance management

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Figure 7: Performance Appraisals process (Grote, 2002: p.3), modified by authors (2012)

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Figure 9: The operational processes at Findwise

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!

Figure 10: Some of the information and communication channels at Findwise

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4.3 The development teams

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4.3.1 The Production Manager

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

<''4&,%+-! 54! 4+3! 49! 523! 13(#! M3(,3&.A! 523! '44$3&(5%4+! I35633+! 523! N&4,8'5%4+!>(+(-3&!(+,!523!53(#.!64&;!63))F!12%.!%.!.4#352%+-!52(5!523!4523&!13(#!M3(,3&.!().4!(-&33!4+!(+,!523@!())!+45%'3,!52(5!523!N&4,8'5%4+!>(+(-3&!2(.!5(;3+!(!.53$!I(';!.%+'3!

! "#$%&%'()!*%+,%+-.! !!

! /0!

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

4.3.2 The Production Process Owner

H1! *%+,=%.3D! 123! &5)3! (.! 123! E&5,B'1%5+! E&5'3..! <=+3&! 2(.! (! .1&(13-%'! &3.$5+.%8%)%14!573&!())! 123!$&5,B'1%5+! 13(#.D! %+')B,%+-! 123!,373)5$#3+1! 13(#.!(+,! 123!3A$3&1! 13(#.!J12(1!=%))!83!,3.'&%83,!83))5=K;!?23!E&5,B'1%5+!E&5'3..!<=+3&!#(>3.!.B&3!12(1!())! 123!13(#.!2(73!$&5I3'1.!15!=5&>!=%12!(+,!123!-5()! %.!15!2(73!(!8%))(8)3!&(13!59!LM!N!(1!123!599%'3;! ?5,(4D! 123! .(#3! $3&.5+! =25! 2(.! 123! E&5,B'1%5+! F(+(-3&! &5)3! 25),.! 123!E&5,B'1%5+!E&5'3..!<=+3&!&5)3;!!

4.3.3 Providers of knowledge to the team

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!

! "#$%&%'()!*%+,%+-.! !!

! /0!

4.3.4 Agile working methods

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4.3.5 The different work methods in Gothenburg

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4.4 Roles and responsibilities taken by the team members

!"#$ %#&#'()*#+,$ ,#-*.$ -,$ ,"#$ (//01#$ 0+$ 2,(13"('*$ -4#$*(4#$ (4$ '#..$ .#'/5(46-+070+68$ -+%$90,"0+$,"#$,#-*$*:',0)'#$4('#.$1(5#;0.,.<$!"0.$*#-+.$,"-,$#-1"$*#*=#4$1-+$"-&#$%0//#4#+,$4('#.$ %#)#+%0+6$ (+$ ,"#$ .1()#$ (/$ ,"#$ )4(>#1,8$ ,"#$ 1(*)'#;0,?8$ 9"-,$ .#-41"$ )'-,/(4*$ ,"#?$

! "#$%&%'()!*%+,%+-.! !!

! /0!

!"#$$%&'()%'*+%,-./%0,(,+%!'1,%'2%-",%1'!-%.'11'*%('$,!%#!%&,$$%#!%-",%(,!3'*!454$4-4,!%-"#-%-",% ('$,% ,*-#4$!% &4$$% 5,% ,63$#4*,7/% 89(-",(1'(,+% -",% ,13$':,,!% !'1,-41,!% &'()% 2'(% #*%4*-,(*#$%3('.,!!%#*7%-",%1,#*4*;%'2%-"4!%&4$$%#$!'%5,%,63$#4*,7/%!4.4.1 The meaning of being a consultant

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unctional roles in a search project

A67!49+'5%3+()!&3)7.!?%56%+!567!,7<7)3$#7+5!57(#.!56(5!(&7!+77,7,!%+!(!.7(&'6!$&3=7'5!(&7!'3+'7&+7,!(.!&3)7.!56(5!(&7!+77,7,!53!7B7'957!(!'9.53#7&!$&3=7'5:!!

4.4.2.1 The Team Leader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

4.4.2.2 The Project Manager *9&567&#3&7@!7('6!$&3=7'5!().3!6(.!(!M&3=7'5!1(+(-7&:!A6%.!$7&.3+!%.!+35!(!4%B7,!M&3=7'5!1(+(-7&! 43&! 7('6! 57(#N! %5! %.! %+.57(,! 4%B7,! 43&! 7('6!$&3=7'5:! *3&!7B(#$)7!3+7! 57(#!'(+!6(<7!56&77!3+-3%+-!$&3=7'5.!(+,!567.7!$&3=7'5.!'(+!6(<7!,%447&7+5!M&3=7'5!1(+(-7&.:!A67!M&3=7'5!1(+(-7&!'(+!87!8356!%+57&+()@!?67+!3+7!34!567!57(#!#7#87&.!6(<7!567!&3)7@!895!

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4.4.3 Internal processes

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4.5 Performance Management

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Figure 11: The five sub-processes within the TM-process

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Figure 12: The five "Journey goals"

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! /0!

4.5.1 Personal development and appraisals

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! "#$%&%'()!*%+,%+-.! !!

! /0!

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4.5.2 Rewards and incentives

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! "#$%&%'()!*%+,%+-.! !!

! /0!

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Table 1: The Role matrix*.

! I252)!E! I252)!J! I252)!K! I252)!0!

L6#$272+'2!(+,!M+61)2,-2!B&(+.<2&!

! ! ! !

@++65(7%52!(+,!L&2(7%5%74! ! ! ! !

L;.76#2&!*6';.!(+,!N;.%+2..!O2+.2!

! ! ! !

B2(#!$)(42&!(+,!I2(,2&.3%$! ! ! ! !

O6);7%6+!*6';.!(+,!*%-37%+-!O$%&%7!

! ! ! !

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5.1 A classification of the development teams at Findwise

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!Figure 13: The characteristics of the development teams at Findwise, (Ray & Bronstien, 1995;

Stoak Saunders & Ahuja, 2006) modified by authors (2012).

5.2 External factors that affect the performance in the SMTs

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5.2.1 The external leaders

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Figure 14: The external leaders interactions with the SMTs

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5.2.2 Information systems

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5.2.3 Empirical findings – other external impact

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Figure 15: External impact on Self-managing teams

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5.3 Internal factors that affect the performance in the SMTs

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5.3.1 Team beliefs and meeting organizational objectives

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5.3.2 Team Composition

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5.3.3 Roles and Responsibilities

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Figure 16: Internal impact on Self-managing teams

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Figure 17: Factors that have an impact on how the SMTs can work efficiently

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Figure 18: Goals and tasks affecting the SMTs

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!Figure 19: Performance feedback on a team level at the case company today

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5.4.3 Team appraisals and rewards

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5.4.4 Summary – Performance management activities on a team level

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Figure 20: The Performance Management Process for Self-Managing teams

5.4.5 Goal setting on an individual level

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5.4.6 Performance feedback on an individual level

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Figure 21: Performance feedback on individual level at Findwise (Davis, 2007: p.145)

5.4.7 Performance appraisal on an individual level

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Figure 22: The performance appraisal process at Findwise, modified from Grote (2002: p.3)

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5.4.8 Summary - Performance management activities on an individual level

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!Figure 23: The Performance Management activities on an individual level

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6.1.1 Goal Setting on team level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!Figure 24: The external and internal impact on the PM-activities on a team level

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,--.%/! /0.! (/1'%/'1.! #-! /0.! 23451#%.((! ,$6!7,8.! )/! 6)--)%'&/! /#! 0,9.! /0.! (,7.! 51#%.((!'(.6!-#1!,&&!/.,7(:!;)$,&&<=!/0.!'(.!#-!!"#!$%&'()$*+!,#-(.&%&/!$-=!>0)%0!(#7./)7.(!>,(!'(.6!,/!/0.!%,(.!%#75,$<=!>)&&!,--.%/!/0.!23451#%.((!,(!0.!#1!(0.!,--.%/!0#>!5.17,$.$/!/0.!/.,7!)(:!?0)(!>#'&6!)$!/'1$!,--.%/!0#>!(.&-47,$,@.6!/0.!/.,7!1.,&&<!)(!,$6!0#>!/0.<!(0#'&6!>#18!>)/0!/0.!.A.%'/)#$!#-!5.1-#17,$%.!7,$,@.7.$/!,%/)9)/).(:!!

6.2 Contributions to the academic world

?0.! />#! /0.#1./)%,&! -1,7.>#18(B! (.&-47,$,@)$@! /.,7(! ,$6! 5.1-#17,$%.!7,$,@.7.$/!0,9.! $#/! C..$! )$/.@1,/.6! >)/0! .,%0! #/0.1! )$! .,1&).1! (/'6).(! /#! ,! -'&&! .A/.$/:! D$! /0.!1.(.,1%0! 7,/.1),&! /0,/! >,(! '(.6! 6'1)$@! /0)(! (/'6<=! /0.! />#! /0.#1./)%,&! ,1.,(! $,7.6!,C#9.! >.1.! (#7./)7.(! &)$8.6=! C<! &)$8)$@! #$.! #1! ,! -.>! 5.1-#17,$%.! 7,$,@.7.$/!,%/)9)/).(! /#! /0.! (.&-47,$,@)$@! /.,7:! ?0)(! /0.()(! @)9.(! ,! C1#,6.1! 5.1(5.%/)9.! #-! 0#>!/0.(.! /0.#1).(! %,$! C.! '(.6! /#@./0.1=!>0)%0! %,$! C.! '(.-'&! $#>!>0.$!7#1.! %#75,$).(!>,$/!/#!1.6'%.!0).1,1%0).(!,$6!#5.1,/.!>)/0#'/!7,$,@.1(:!!!

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6.3 Future research

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! 12!

7 Recommendations for Findwise !"#$%&' ()*' +,-*' -("./0' $(' 1*+,2*' +3*,#' (),(' -42*' 45' ()*' 6*#54#2,%+*' 2,%,&*2*%(',+($7$($*-' %**.*.' (4' 1*' $26#47*.' ,(' 8$%.9$-*' $%' 4#.*#' (4' 2,:*' ()*' 9)43*' 6#4+*--' 94#:'24#*'*55$+$*%(3/;'<)*'#*+422*%.,($4%-'1*349'9$33'.*-+#$1*'9),('()*'+,-*'+426,%/'%**.-'(4'.4' (4' $%'4#.*#' (4' 3*(' ()*' (*,2-'1*+42*'24#*' -*35=2,%,&*.0',%.' $%' 3$%*'9$()',+)$*7$%&'*55$+$*%('6*#54#2,%+*'2,%,&*2*%(',+($7$($*-'4%'14()','(*,2',%.'$%.$7$.",3'3*7*3;'

7.1 Recommendations to become more self-managed

34#!(#5#6%7&#'*! *#)&,!)*!/+'(0+,#!).#!89!&)'9!&#)',!)6&%,*!,#6-:&)');#(!)6.#)(9<!=6*4%>;4?! *4#.#! ).#! ,%&#! *4+';,! *4#9! $)'! +&7.%5#! *%! 8#$%&#! &%.#! ,#6-:&)');#(! +'!%.(#.!*%!+&7.%5#!*4#+.!#--+$+#'$9!),!)!*#)&<!!!>;'?39,/-'"-*',%'$%(*#%,3'@#4A*+('B,%,&*#'9$()$%'()*'-*35=2,%,&$%&'(*,2-!34#! @.%A#$*! B)');#.! )*! /+'(0+,#! *%()9! $)'! #+*4#.! 8#! +'*#.')6! C)! *#)&! &#&8#.D! %.!#E*#.')6! C%*4#.! #&76%9##! %>*,+(#! *4#! *#)&D<! F#! 8#6+#5#! *4)*! +*! +,! +&7%.*)'*! -%.! *4#!->*>.#! *#)&0%.G! *%! )60)9,! 4)5#! )'! +'*#.')6! @.%A#$*!B)');#.<!H*4#.! $%&7#*#'$#,! $)'!&%.#!#),+69!8#!,4).#(!8#*0##'!*#)&,?!04+6#! *4#!@.%A#$*!B)');#.! +,!)!$#'*.)6!.%6#! *4)*!'##(,!*%!>'(#.,*)'(!4%0!*4#!*#)&!>,>)669!)..)';#!*4#+.!0%.G+';!7.%$#,,! +'!)!7.%A#$*<!=60)9,! 4)5+';! )'! +'*#.')6! @.%A#$*! B)');#.! 0+66! )6,%! -)$+6+*)*#! *4#! ->*>.#! 0%.G! 0+*4!7#.-%.&)'$#! &)');#&#'*! +'! *#)&,! 8#$)>,#! +*! +,! (#,+.)86#! *%! 4)5#! ),! &)'9! .%6#,! ),!7%,,+86#!-+E#(!+'!#)$4!*#)&<!!C;'<)*'#*-64%-$1$3$($*-'(,:*%'1/'()*'@#4."+($4%'B,%,&*#'+,%'1*'.4%*'9$()$%'()*'(*,2-0'1"('#4(,(*.',24%&'()*'<*,2'D*,.*#-'34#!@.%(>$*+%'!B)');#.!)'(! *4#!@.%(>$*+%'!@.%$#,,!H0'#.!).#! *%()9! *0%!.%6#,! -+66#(!89! %'#! 749,+$)6! 7#.,%'<! 34#! @.%(>$*+%'! B)');#.I,! .%6#?! 04+$4! +,! .#,7%',+86#! -%.!$%%.(+')*+';! *4#! 0%.G?! +,! )! .%6#! *4)*! $%>6(! 8#! &%5#(! )'(! 4)'(6#(! 89! *4#! *#)&,?! ),!,4%0'! +'!/+;>.#!JK<!=$$%.(+';! *%! *4#%.+#,! )8%>*! ,#6-:&)');+';! *#)&,?! .#,7%',+8+6+*+#,!6+G#!$%%.(+')*+';!*4#!7.%A#$*,!,4%>6(!8#!(%'#!0+*4+'!*4#!*#)&,!)'(!'%*!89!)'!#E*#.')6!6#)(#.<! H'#! $%&76#E! +,,>#! +,! *4)*! *4#! @.%(>$*+%'! B)');#.! +,! .#,7%',+86#! -%.!$%%.(+')*+';!*4#!+'$%&+';!7.%A#$*,!*%!)66!*#)&,<!34+,!0%.G!),,+;'&#'*!$)'!*4#.#-%.!'%*!8#!(+5+(#(!8#*0##'!*4#!(#5#6%7&#'*!*#)&,!)'(!*.)',-#..#(!*%!#)$4!*#)&,<!H'#!,%6>*+%'!$%>6(! 8#! *%! 6#*! *4#! 3#)&! L#)(#.,! ,4).#! *4+,! .#,7%',+8+6+*9! )'(! 6#*! *4#! @.%(>$*+%'!B)');#.I,! .%6#! 8#! .%*)*#(! )&%';! *4#! 3#)&! L#)(#.,<! M-! (%+';! ,%?! $%'$.#*#! ;>+(#6+'#,!'##(,!*%!8#!$)..+#(!%>*!*%!-)$+6+*)*#!-%.!*4#!3#)&!L#)(#.,<!!

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! 12!

!

Figure 26: Integrate the Production Manager-role with the SMTs

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7.2 Improve the PM-process on a team level

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7.3 Improve the PM-process on an Individual level

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!Figure 27: Goal setting on an individual level

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Figure 28: Feedback given to a team member

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!Figure 29: Communication channels within the appraisal process

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!

Bibliography !

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"7<49%!D'%!J;<9?;$#%!K'%!L!>;;MN#%!O'!)*+II-'!>#<A4<5;9@#!5;9;P#5#98!#AA#@872#9#66B!$#66496!A<45!N4<$?0$#;?79P!A7<56'!51-(6%7-$%&7,"%&'(!"#$%&'(")(8#9&%(:-0"#$3-(;&%&4-9-%7!%//!I*GQ0IRII'!

"M9P;E%!&'!)*+II-'!S4N!84!D;T#!8U#!D468!4A!V4M<!345/;9EW6!&8<;8#PE'!8&$<&$.(=#0,%-00(:->,-<!%!//!IR*0IQ*'!

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3U#<E$%!1'%!"#E#<$#79%!S!;9?!D'!)*++R-'!X;27P;879P!8U#!8#;50=;6#?!4<P;97Y;8749!Z4M<9#E'!C'0->,-$(D3,-%3-(E7.%!//!I0*G!

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34U#9%!&'%!1#?A4<?%!['!K'%!L!&/<#78Y#<%!['!D'!)IGGH-'!C!><#?7@872#!D4?#$!4A!&#$A0D;9;P79P!^4<T!(#;5!KAA#@872#9#66'!8#9&%(:-'&7,"%0!%!//!HQR0H,H'!

.#M86@U5;99%!3'!)IGGF-'!(U#!_C?U4@<;@E_!;6!:7#N#?!=E!D4?#<97Y;8749!(U#4<E'!6%7-$%&7,"%&'(!"#$%&'(")(/"',7,3&'(C3"%"92!%!//!R,0QG'!

.787$$4%!C'!)*++Q-'!.#;$79P!N78U!M9@#<8;798E!79!T94N$#?P#0798#9672#!A7<56B!8U#!<4$#!4A!5;9;P#5#98!@498<4$!6E68#56!;6!T94N$#?P#!798#P<;8749!5#@U;97656'!*33"#%7,%4F(G$4&%,H&7,"%0(&%.(D"3,-72!%!//!Q+I0Q*I'!

.<M6T;8!%!:'!`'%!L!^4$AA%!&'!"'!)IGGG-'!KAA#@86!;9?!(7579P!4A!.#2#$4/5#98;$!>##<6!C//<;76;$6!79!&#$A0D;9;P79P!^4<T![<4M/6'!!"#$%&'(")(*++',-.(/0231"'"42(%!//!Fa0,Q!

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!"#$%&'()*+),+()-)./$01$12341()5+)6+)78998:+)6;/)01<'/<')1=)/==/0'3>/)'/&?@1"%)?/<'&2)?14/2$)3<)$/2=A?&<&B3<B)'/&?$C)D@</"$;3E()2/&"<3<B)&<4);//4=#2)3<'/""/2&'3<B+)!"#$%&'()$*+,%-)()EE)8FGAGHH+)

I221J()!+)7899K:+)L#E/"2/&4/")M/;&>31"$)5<4)L/2=AN&<&B/4)O1"%)6/&?$C)./"0/E'31<$)D=)L#E/">3$1"J)M/;&>31"$()L&'3$=&0'31<)O3';)P"1@';)5<4)6/&?)Q#<0'31<$+).,"/%$)&,0&1"-+%(--&2&34,%,#+4-&'(-($/45)()EE)RSAH98+)

P"3==3<()T()M&24@3<()!+()-)L#?30;&"&$')7HRRU:+)L/2=A?&<&B/?/<')V<=1"?&'31<)LJ$'/?)=1")';/)L/">30/)V<4#$'"JC)5)W1<0/E'#&2)N14/2+).,"/%$)&,0&6$%$7(#(%*&8%0,/#$*+,%&9:-*(#-;&<<&===>=??@&

X&0%?&<()T+)Y+)7HRFS:+)6;/)4/$3B<)1=)@1"%)'/&?$+).@&A,/-45&B3C@D;&!$%CE,,F&,0&,/7$%+G$*+,%$)&E(5$H+,/)()EE)GHZAGU8+)

X&0%?&<()T+()-)O&B/?&<()T+)7899Z:+)5)';/1"J)1=)'/&?)01&0;3<B+)I4$C(#%:&,0&6$%$7(#(%*&'(H+(J)()EE)8KRA8FS+)

X&?/2()P+)789HH:+)Q3"$'()[/'\$)Q3"/)&22)';/)N&<&B/"$+)!$/H$/C&1"-+%(--&'(H+(J)()EE)UFAK9+)

[10%/()I+()-)[&';&?()P+.)78998:+)M#3243<B)&)E"&0'30&22J)#$/=#2)';/1"J)1=)B1&2)$/''3<B)&<4)'&$%)?1'3>&'31<+)I#(/+4$%&K-:45,),7+-*()EE)S9ZASHS+)

N3<']^/"B()X+()-)N0X#B;()5+)7HRFZ:+)L'"&'/BJ)Q1"?&'31<)3<)&<)54;10"&0J+)IC#+%-*/$*+H(&94+(%4(&L"$/*(/):()EE)HK9AHRS)

N1"B/$1<()Q+)7899Z:+)6;/)I_'/"<&2)[/&4/"$;3E)1=)L/2=AN&<&B3<B)6/&?$C)V<'/">/<3<B)3<)';/)W1<'/_')1=)`1>/2)&<4)!3$"#E'3>/)I>/<'$+).,"/%$)&,0&I<<)+(C&K-:45,),7:)()EE)URSAZ9F+)

D==/"?&<<()[+()-)LE3"1$()T+)7899H:+)6;/)$03/<0/)&<4)E"&0'30/)1=)'/&?)4/>/21E?/<'C)3?E"1>3<B)';/)23<%+)I4$C(#:&,0&6$%$7(#(%*&.,"/%$))()EE)HAZH+)

.=/==/"()Y+)7HRRF:+)L/>/<)."&0'30/$)1=)L#00/$$=#2)D"B&<3]&'31<$+)M$)+0,/%+$&6$%$7(#(%*&'(H+(J)()EE)RKAH8U)

T&?&"&a&<()[+()-)6;1?&$()!+)789H9:+)5)E1$3'3>/)&EE"1&0;)1=)$'#4J3<B)43>/"$3'J)3<)1"B&<3]&'31<$+)!$/H$/C&1"-+%(--&945,,)&N/7$%+G$*+,%$)&1(5$H+,/&O%+*&P,/F+%7&K$<(/()EE)HAGS)

TJ2&<4/"()5+()-)./EE&"4()Y+)7899Z:+)O;&')T/&22J)3$)&)b<1@2/4B/AV<'/<$3>/)Q3"?c)+)N/7$%+G$*+,%()EE)8AGH+)

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!30(D+!(;)?%&2*+M-*+.+4N;V(*+P-+5FKK89-+4&%+4##+W"23&"C;3%?+Q%('2+3N%+!('%X+W"@@%&%)3"(3")<+O%3H%%)+Q%'10&(&G+()?+Y)<0")<+W"23&"C;3%?+Q%('2-+65"00':#)/*';%&%"#89*+11+88FA87Z-+

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OVc&D#;)?*+P-*+.+/(;#220)*+b-+5FKKJ9-+6%51,"#1%M)E%,J+,;)?>+!3;?%)3#"33%&(3;&+4O-+

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W&()2@"%#?*+R-+5FKKK9-+</5",';%&)/#8%'4","+%5%,$J+d%")%'())+:?;=(3"0)(#+O00D2-+

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! "!

Appendix A – Key words

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