IntelligenceIntelligence

What is “intelligence”?What is “intelligence”? Why do we measure it?Why do we measure it?

Myth/Countermyth 1Myth/Countermyth 1

Intelligence is one thing, g (or IQ)Intelligence is one thing, g (or IQ)

OrOr

Intelligence is so many things you can hardly Intelligence is so many things you can hardly count them.count them.

Myth/Countermyth 2Myth/Countermyth 2

Intelligence cannot be taught to any Intelligence cannot be taught to any meaningful degree.meaningful degree.

OrOr

We can perform incredible feats in teaching We can perform incredible feats in teaching individuals to be more intelligent. individuals to be more intelligent.

Myth/Countermyth 3Myth/Countermyth 3

We are using tests too little, losing valuable We are using tests too little, losing valuable information.information.

OrOr

We’re overusing tests and should abolish We’re overusing tests and should abolish them.them.

Myth/Countermyth 4Myth/Countermyth 4

IQ tests measure virtually all that’s important IQ tests measure virtually all that’s important for school and job success.for school and job success.

OrOr

IQ tests measure virtually nothing that’s IQ tests measure virtually nothing that’s important for school and job success.important for school and job success.

Major IssuesMajor Issues

Theoretical vs. Psychometric baseTheoretical vs. Psychometric base One, two, or many factorsOne, two, or many factors Nature vs. nurtureNature vs. nurture Individual or group administrationIndividual or group administration verbal or non-verbalverbal or non-verbal culture bias? Free? Fair?culture bias? Free? Fair?

Historical PerspectiveHistorical Perspective

1869 - Sir Francis Galton1869 - Sir Francis Galton

““father of intelligence testing”father of intelligence testing”

Hereditary GeniusHereditary Genius (eugenics) (eugenics)

sensory apparatussensory apparatus

1905 - Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon1905 - Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon

classification of mentally retardedclassification of mentally retarded

ability for sound judgmentsability for sound judgments

age related tasksage related tasks

““IQ”IQ” 1916 - Terman revision = 1916 - Terman revision =

Stanford/BinetStanford/Binet

1927 - Spearman1927 - Spearman

Two-factor theoryTwo-factor theory

g = general intellectual factorg = general intellectual factor

s = specific factors = specific factor

(e = measurement error)(e = measurement error)

1935 - Thurstone1935 - Thurstone

7 Group factors = primary mental abilities7 Group factors = primary mental abilities

verbal comprehensionverbal comprehension

word fluencyword fluency

numbernumber

spacespace

associative memoryassociative memory

perceptual speedperceptual speed

reasoningreasoning

1939 - David Wechsler1939 - David Wechsler

adult intelligenceadult intelligence

act purposefullyact purposefully

think rationallythink rationally

deal effectively with environmentdeal effectively with environment

verbal and performance abilitiesverbal and performance abilities

(also full scale)(also full scale)

1959 - Guilford1959 - Guilford

Three faces of intelligenceThree faces of intelligence

Operations - what a person doesOperations - what a person does

Content - material it is done onContent - material it is done on

Products - form in which information Products - form in which information isis storedstored

(apply operation to content = product)(apply operation to content = product)

Guilford’s ModelGuilford’s Model

1963 - Cattell1963 - Cattell

fluid abilities = reasoning (procedural)fluid abilities = reasoning (procedural)

crystalized abilities = acquired knowledge crystalized abilities = acquired knowledge and facts and facts

(declarative) (declarative)

1975 - Gardner1975 - GardnerMultiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences

logical-mathematicallogical-mathematicallinguisticlinguisticspatialspatialmusicalmusicalbodily-kinestheticbodily-kinestheticinterpersonalinterpersonalintrapersonalintrapersonal(naturalist)(naturalist)

1980 - Sternberg1980 - Sternberg

““successful intelligence = the ability to adapt to, successful intelligence = the ability to adapt to, shape, and select environments to accomplish shape, and select environments to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture” one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture” (1999)(1999)

Triarchic theoryTriarchic theory

metacomponents (metacognition)metacomponents (metacognition)

performance componentsperformance components

knowledge acquisition componentsknowledge acquisition components