IntelligenceIntelligence

What is “intelligence”?What is “intelligence”? Why/how do we measure it?Why/how do we measure it? What do we do with the scores?What do we do with the scores?

Major IssuesMajor Issues

Theoretical vs. Psychometric baseTheoretical vs. Psychometric base One, two, or many factorsOne, two, or many factors Nature vs. nurtureNature vs. nurture Individual or group administrationIndividual or group administration Verbal or non-verbalVerbal or non-verbal Culture bias? Free? Fair?Culture bias? Free? Fair?

Historical PerspectiveHistorical Perspective

1869 - Sir Francis Galton1869 - Sir Francis Galton

““father of intelligence testing”father of intelligence testing” Hereditary GeniusHereditary Genius (eugenics) (eugenics) Measured sensory apparatusMeasured sensory apparatus

1905 - Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon1905 - Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon

Original test - Original test - classification of mentally retardedclassification of mentally retarded ability for sound judgementsability for sound judgements age related tasksage related tasks 1916 - Terman - US revision = 1916 - Terman - US revision =

Stanford/BinetStanford/Binet

1927 - Spearman1927 - Spearman

Two-factor theoryTwo-factor theory

g = general intellectual factorg = general intellectual factor

s = specific factors = specific factor

(e = measurement error)(e = measurement error)

1935 - Thurstone1935 - Thurstone

7 Group factors = primary mental abilities7 Group factors = primary mental abilities

verbal comprehensionverbal comprehension

word fluencyword fluency

numbernumber

spacespace

associative memoryassociative memory

perceptual speedperceptual speed

reasoningreasoning

1939 - David Wechsler1939 - David Wechsler

adult intelligence (first, children later)adult intelligence (first, children later)

act purposefullyact purposefully

think rationallythink rationally

deal effectively with environmentdeal effectively with environment verbal and performance abilitiesverbal and performance abilities

(also full scale)(also full scale)

1959 - Guilford1959 - Guilford

Three faces of intelligenceThree faces of intelligence

5 Operations - what a person does5 Operations - what a person does

5 Content - material it is done on5 Content - material it is done on

6 Products - form in which 6 Products - form in which information information is stored is stored

(apply operation to content = product)(apply operation to content = product)

150 possible combinations150 possible combinations

Guilford’s ModelGuilford’s Model

1963 - Cattell1963 - Cattell

fluid abilities = reasoning (procedural)fluid abilities = reasoning (procedural)

crystalized abilities = acquired knowledge crystalized abilities = acquired knowledge and facts and facts

(declarative)(declarative)

1975 - Gardner1975 - GardnerMultiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences

logical-mathematicallogical-mathematicallinguisticlinguisticspatialspatialmusicalmusicalbodily-kinestheticbodily-kinestheticinterpersonalinterpersonalintrapersonalintrapersonal(naturalist, spiritual, existential)(naturalist, spiritual, existential)

1980 - Sternberg1980 - Sternberg

““successful intelligence = the ability to adapt to, successful intelligence = the ability to adapt to, shape, and select environments to accomplish shape, and select environments to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture” one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture” (1999)(1999)

Triarchic theoryTriarchic theory

metacomponents (metacognition)metacomponents (metacognition)

performance components (procedural)performance components (procedural)

knowledge acquisition componentsknowledge acquisition components

(declarative)(declarative)

1960 - 90 Information Processing Approach

1960 - 90 Information Processing Approach

Aleksandr Luria Aleksandr Luria

HowHow information is processed, not information is processed, not WhatWhat is is processedprocessed

Parallel (simultaneous)Parallel (simultaneous)

Serial (successive, sequential)Serial (successive, sequential)

Information processing measuresInformation processing measures

Kaufman - (K-ABC)Kaufman - (K-ABC)Das and Naglieri = CAS (Das and Naglieri = CAS (Cognitive Assessment Cognitive Assessment

System)System)

PASS – systemPASS – systemP = planningP = planningA = attentionA = attentionS = SimultaneousS = SimultaneousS = SuccessiveS = Successive