course title: hematology (1) course code: mlhe-201 supervisor: prof. dr magda sultan
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Course title: Hematology (1) Course code: MLHE-201 Supervisor: Prof. Dr Magda Sultan. Outcome : The student will know : -The types of hemolytic anemias -The diagnosis of hemolytic anemias - The types of hereditary hemolytic anemias. -The diagnosis of hereditary hemolytic anemias - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Course title: Hematology (1)Course code: MLHE-201 Supervisor: Prof. Dr Magda Sultan
Outcome :The student will know :-The types of hemolytic anemias-The diagnosis of hemolytic anemias -The types of hereditary hemolytic anemias.-The diagnosis of hereditary hemolytic anemias -Types of acquired hemolytic anemias-The diagnosis of acquired hemolytic anemias -The laboratory tests needed for diagnosis
Hemolytic anemia
• Hemolytic anemia = decreased levels of red blood cells (anemia) because of their destruction (hemolysis)
• A red blood cell survives 120 days • The spleen is the main organ which removes old
RBCs from the blood.
Causes of hemolytic anemias can be either:
1 - hereditary.2 - acquired.
Hereditary Hemolytic anemia Defects of hemoglobin
Thalassaemia, Sickle cell anemia Defects of the red cell membrane
Hereditary spherocytosis, Hereditary elliptocytosis
Defective red cell metabolism (enzymes)
G6PD deficiency. P K deficiency
Acquired- Immune mediated : Autoimmune, isoimmune, drugs- Microangiopathic: DIC, HUS- Hypersplenism- Miscellaneous: drugs, toxin, infection, burn, chemical
Signs of hemolytic anemia: Physical
• Symptoms of anemia• Jaundice• Pallor• Splenomegaly / hepatosplenomegaly
Laboratory features Anemia of increased
destruction Normochromic, normocytic anemia Short RBC survival Reticulocytes increased Increased indirect bilirubin Increased LDH
*Peripheral blood smear microscopy: fragments of the red blood cells and spherocytes Normoblasts can be present.Bone marrow smear microscopy: Erytrhroid hyperplasia
Hereditary Hemolytic anemia
Defects of hemoglobin Thalassaemia, Sickle cell anemia
Defects of the red cell membrane
Hereditary spherocytosis, Hereditary elliptocytosis
Defective red cell metabolism G6PD deficiency. P K deficiency
Sickle cell anaemia The abnormalities of the gene may
result from substitution of single amino acid (Substitution of glutamic acid by valine )
The Hb is stable when oxygenated state and become unstable and polymerized on deoxygenated state
Polymerization will lead to precipitation of Hb. The cell become deformed (sickle shape) and very sticky leading to vascular occlusion and small infarction to the affected areas.
Short life span of cells leading to chronic anaemia,
Sickle cell anaemia
Diagnosis 1-Sickling test2- Hemoglobin
electrophoresis:Increased hemoglobin S(90% Hgb S, 10% Hgb F, small fraction of Hgb
A2)
Sickle cell anaemia
HEMOGLOBIN NORMAL ADULT RBC CONSISTS OF
3 FORMS OF Hb: - HbA - 2 α and 2 β globin chains - HbA2 – 2 α and 2 δ globin chains - HbF - 2 α and 2 γ globin chains
Means decrease synthesis of one ofthe globin chain which form normal hemoglobin.
(HbA - 2 α and 2 β globin chains HbA2 – 2 α and 2 δ globin chains HbF - 2 α and 2 γ globin chains )
. The defect may be in alpha chain ( thalassaemia),Beta chain ( thalassaemia) or Delta chain ( thalassaemia)
Thalassaemia
Beta ThalassaemiaDefective chain synthesis
Excess chain Precipitation
cell membrane damageCirculating Red cell
Anaemia
Bone marrow expansion
skeletal changes & hyper metabolism
Erythropoietin increased
Ineffective erythropoiesis
Bone marrow
blood transfusion
Iron overload
Complication and death
Hemolytic
Iron absorption
Beta-Thalassemia major laboratory features
Severe anemia Blood film: microcytic hypochromic ,
target cells, basophylic stippling, reticulocytes increased and normoblasts .
Marrow: marked erythroid hyperplasia, Shortened red cell survival
Haemoglobin electrophoresis : Fetal hemoglobin > 90%, HbA
absent, HbA2 low/normal/high
HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS Defective or absent spectrin
molecule Leads to loss of RBC membrane,
leading to spherocytosis Decreased deformability of cell Increased osmotic fragility Extravascular hemolysis in spleen
Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) Laboratory features - hemolytic anemia - blood smear spherocytes - increased osmotic fragility time
G6PD DEFICIENCYFunction of G6PD
G6PD
GSSG 2 GSH
NADPH NADP
2 H2O H2O2
6-PG G6P
Hgb
Sulf-Hgb
Heinz bodies
Hemolysis
InfectionsDrugs
Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Functions
Regenerates NADPH, allowing regeneration of glutathione
Protects against oxidative stress Lack of G6PD leads to hemolysis during
oxidative stress Infection Medications Fava beans
Oxidative stress leads to Heinz body formation, extravascular hemolysis
G6PD DEFICIENCY DIAGNOSIS : QUANTITATIVE ASSAY
DETECTING LOW ENZYME
TREATMENT – SUPPORTIVE AND PREVENTATIVE
Acquired hemolytic anaemia
Due to Antibodies directed against RBC membrane = autoimmune hemolytic anemia destruction of RBC in an enlarged spleen
Introduction Increased RBC Destruction – Short RBC life span <120 days. Normocytic normochromic,
reticulocytosis. Anemia, Jaundice, marrow
hyperplasia Splenomegaly, increased bilirubin
Types of acquired HA AutoImmune Haemolytic Anemias(+ve Direct CoombꞋs) Alloimmune haemolytic anemias Drug-induced immune haemolytic
anemias
Assesment of HA Clinical features: - pallor - jaundice - splenomegaly
Laboratory features:1. Laboratory features - normocytic, normochromic anemia - reticulocytosis - antiglobulin Coombs’ test is positive
2. Blood smear - anisopoikilocytosis, spherocytes - normoblasts - schistocytes
3. Bone marrow smear - erythroid hyperplasia
DIRECT ANTIGLOBULIN TEST (DAT)Coomb′s test
Procedure of DAT1. Take 2-3 drops of blood to be tested in a clean labeled tube.2. Wash the red cells 3-4 times in a large volume of saline to
remove free globulin molecules. Remove all supernatant after each wash. Completely decant the final supernatant wash.
3. Add 2 drops of polyspecific AHG serum in 1 drop of sensitized washed red cells or in 1 drop of 3-5 % suspension of sensitized cells immediately.
4. Mix, Centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 1 minutes immediately.5. Gently shake the tube to dislodge the cell button and see
for agglutination, use optical aid if needed. Record the result.
6. Add 1 drop of IgG coated red cells to a negative test. Mix, centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 1 min. Immediately look for agglutination. If a negative result (no agglutination) is obtained the test result is invalid and whole test should be repeated. If agglutination is obtained, the result is valid.
Indirect antiglobulin (coomb′s ) test
Procedure:1. Place 2-3 drops of the test serum in a tube.
Serum should be fresh for detecting complement components and complement binding antibodies, otherwise, fresh AB serum should be added to it.
2. Add 1 drop of 3-5% suspension of washed O Rh (D) positive red cells to the serum in the tube.
3. Mix and incubate at 37°C for 30-40 minutes.4. Centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 1 minutes.5. Examine for hemolysis and/or agglutination. Use
optical aid if necessary. Agglutination at this stage indicates the presence of saline (complete) antibodies.
6. If no agglutination is seen, wash cells 3-4 times in large volume of saline. Decant supernatant in each wash as completely as possible.
Procedure:7. Add 2 drops of AHG serum to the cells.8. Mix and centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 1
minutes immediately.9. Gently shake the tube to dislodge the
button and examine for agglutination, using optical aid. Record the result.
10. Add 1 drop of IgG coated red cells to any test that is negative. Mix and centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 1 minutes. Look for agglutination. If there is no agglutination, the test result is invalid and the whole test is repeated. If agglutination is obtained the result is valid.
11. Auto control should be kept with IAT.
Training questions :What are the tests of hemolysis ? How to diagnose Autoimmune hemolytic
anaemia ?
Reference book : Essential Hematology . Dacie .