biuletyn iwp nr.1

8/14/2019 Biuletyn IWP nr.1

1/23

E G N G @ F G N L S F M @ \

S L U L @ N F T F ^ V @ F L '

N K E U L T U G J ^ V J F

N K E U V ] _ U

544=+7+

E F \ B L ^ V @l)F @ S ^ V ^ \ ^ ] _ K U @ F C ^ ] G T U _ L I V S K ] L M K

] F L N _ G " N L S F M @ " I G U J G


2/23

F@S^V^\^ ]_KU@FC^]G TU_LIVSK]LMK

Ulngj~ku tuk}gnzcvLbefl~g Ktfg

l)EF\BL^V@ nks~t`v `g }}}.f}t.cki.tb

Ktugck}g`fl mughfcz`l_ng`k}fcz ( Tg}uk}sjf

Fb|s~ugcolIgufg``g Sz~vig

]vng}cgF@S^V^\^ ]_KU@FC^]G TU_LIVSK]LMK

|b. }f~kolusjg 1 55 137 8> =1ef|bl~v`Df}t.cki.tb

uvs.Igufg``gSz~vig

544=+7+E F \ B L ^ V @l)


3/23

@fl }flnzfggi. G tk}f``gi.

gjfl tv~g`fg zgng}g`k if ek}fli `g jgnvi stk~jg`f| } f`s~v~|cogca zgoi|ocvca

sf tukikco f ukz}koli }zku`fc~}g } ]flbjflo Euv~g`ff. Nzfsfgo o| }fli. Egunzk n|k.

Kn czgs|" mnv ^akigs B. Huflnig` } 544< ukj| }vng jsfj }fg~ ols~ tgsjf"

j~u s~|nl`cf" kn IF^ nk |`f}lusv~l~| } @l} Nlbaf" kig}fgo `g zgocfgca" `fj~ o|

`fl ig }~tbf}kcf" l }vog`fl`fg ~vt|? ~k ols~ zev~ ngbljk" jksz~v ~ug`stku~| s zev~

}vskjfl" jki|`fjgcog ols~ sgeg" tuzls~gv ev tk}g`vif gum|il`~gif } nvsj|sof k }sttugcv z knblmvif jugogif.

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`k}vca uv`j} u}`fl. Gbl czv j~k i}f k jsz~gcl`f| nzflsf~lj ~vsfcv stlcogbfs~} f e|nk}g`f| lhlj~v}`vca

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} bgekug~kufgca Szg`mago|" Tljf`|" Eg`mgb|ul f f``vca ifgs~" j~uvca `gz} `g}l~ `fl jkoguzviv" g z j~uvca jgnl ols~

~gj sgik nks~t`l nbg tugckng}c}" ogj nkeuzl jkoguzk`l iflosck}kcf } L|uktfl.J~k `fl }fluzv" l }flnzg" egng`fg f ln|jgcog s } ~vca jugogca tufkuv~l~li" g `fl ~vbjk tgtfluk}vif nljbgugcogif" `flca

zgouzv g bfs~v tugck}`fj} g|jk}vca tuk}gnzcvca zgocfg g bkjgb`vca |czlb`fgca. _gz}vczgo tukhlskuk}fl goegunzflo

|z`g`vca kuknj}" ogj Cgieufnml" Kqhkun" IF^" czv Vgbl }vjgngo `g ]scaknzfl" g `g s}kfca |czlb`fgca... ~l. Ck

~k nbg `gs kz`gczg; G`k ~k" l ols~liv } L|uktfl jugoli uln`flo }flbjkcf" z `flzvi TJE f cgjfli nkeuzl zulhkuik}g`vif

`flj~uvif keszgugif `gszlo cknzfl``kcf !svs~li eg`jk}v" ~lbljki|`fjgcog& kugz z n|vi tuzlivsli" j~uv ukef

}ugl`fl g ukzi}cgca" t. } ]flbjflo Euv~g`ff. gi k tukn|jcof tugj~vcz`fl fj~ o| `fl i}f" g f |s|mf tk}kbf s~go

sf igk f`~ug~`l. _ng`fli jkblm} z Bk`nv`|" `gobltflo evkev tuzvo ukb }fg~k}vca jk`s|b~g`~} kn ~}kuzl`fg

julg~v}`vca" f``k}gcvo`vca tukn|j~}.

G ck z `gif; Olbf cacliv sf ukz}fog" ~k z ukbf tknnks~g}cv f tukn|cl`~g igk tuzl~}kuzk`vca tukn|j~}" i|sfiv

tuzlefog sf g }vszv tkzfki zgg}g`sk}g`fg. u|fzi; Ikl f ~gj" gbl cfmbl igi }ugl`fl" l fl nk jkcg kjulbfbfiv

`gsz ukb } cl`~u|i L|uktv. Kjuls `gonv`gifcz`floszlmk ~}kuzl`fg hfui f f`}ls~k}g`fg } |uznzl`fg igiv zg ske.Nzfsfgo `fl ikliv cfmbl tk}~guzg" l zgczv`giv sf ukz}fog. Tuzvszln czgs `g egunzflo zgg}g`sk}g`l f`}ls~vcol?

} svs~liv zguznzg`fg `k}vif tukn|j~gif" igujgif" } nlsfm`. Igiv akss" ~k `gobltszv czgs `g tknloik}g`fl

nlcvzof" j~ul nk ~lo tkuv `fl evv tufkuv~l~k}l. Czgs `g nlsfm`" `g ukz}o" `g }flnz" `g znkev}g`fl tuzvcavb`kcf

}vigmgocvca nvs~uve|~ku}. Czgs `g kn}g`l nlcvzol. Olbf fca `fl tknloifliv" ~k tkbsjfl tuzlnsfefkus~}g en

ks~uzvv k}jf `g `goegunzflo zgg}g`sk}g`vca cvhuk}vca keugefgujgca } L|uktfl. ^vbjk j~k zg ~k enzfl cacfg

tgcf;

Elg~g Ekcafsjg

Nvulj~ku F]T

Czv }flsz" fb| b|nzf iflszjg } Eugzvbff" Caf`gca" Tgjfs~g`fl f F`nfgca;

Czv }flsz ogjfl igo TJE; Czv }flsz" fb| tukolj~g`~} ukcz`fl jkczv

~gi s~|nfg;

Czv }flsz" } ogjfl ~lca`kbkmfl f`}ls~|o fca tuzlnsfefkus~}g;

Czv }flsz" fbl `k}vca igulj tk}s~gol ukcz`fl } ~vca jugogca;

Ks~uzl`fl k}j}"czvbf ogj }vjkuzvs~g ~lca`kbkmf

}}}.f}t.cki.tbF @ S ^ V ^ \ ^ ] _ K U @ F C ^ ] G T U _ L I V S K ] L M K


4/23

5

Nkeuv ]zuJk`j|us Nkeuv ]zu ~k}guzvszv tuzlifg`ki mkstknguczvi Tkbsjf kn tkcz~j| bg~ 64." jflnv ~k F]Tktugck}g olmk tukmugi f tks~g}f skefl zg clb }stflug`fl ukz}ko| f tukikco nkeuzl zgtukolj~k}g`lmktkbsjflmk tukn|j~|. ]~lnv olszczl `fl `g uv`j| l|uktlosjfi f elz }vjsz~gck`vca ilcag`fzi}uv`jk}vca. ]kb`v uv`lj ifg s~}kuzv `k}l ikbf}kcf tukn|jcof" tfj`l f h|`jcok`gb`l tukolj~v"g jk`s|il`~ki ng }fjszl ikbf}kcf }veku|. F`s~v~|~ }zf `g sflefl ukb ljstlu~g. Kn 7663 ukj|uljkil`nk}g nkeul }zku`fc~}k. F ~ h|`jco ljstlucjflmk g|nv~| tl`f nk nzfsfgo.

Afs~kufg tkbsjflmk }kb`lmk uv`j|.

Nkeuv ]zu 5448 hf`gbfcf jk`j|us|?Sgikbk~ nvstkzvcvo`k)~|uvs~vcz`v KUJG LI)77CTukolj~?Ln}gun Igumgsjf jfluk}`fj zlstk| tukolj~k}lmkMuzlmkuz Sgnlj" ^gnl|sz _ek" Iguf|sz ]kbgj" |jgsz Jflbgu"^kigsz Ogsfsjf" Tg}l _vzgjTukn|cl`~?_GJGNV BK^@FC_L IGUMGSJF ( IVSK]SJF

Nkeuv ]zu fs~`flol kn 7663 ukj|. F`stfugco evv l|uktlosjfl jk`j|usv k jfbj|nzflsfcfkbl~`flo ~ugnvcof? }ksjf Ckitgssk

nKuk f `fliflcjfl uln nk~ f fH g}gun. Tkbsjf jk`j|us kn tkcz~j| ifg cagugj~lu ljstlucjf ikm } `fi eug

|nzfg }vcz`fl tukn|j~v }sjgzg`l f }s~t`fl zgj}gbfhfjk}g`l tuzlz ljstlu~} F`s~v~|~| kn jfbj|`gs~| bg~ ik`f~ku|ocvca

}zku`fc~}k }vuke} uv`jk}vca } jugo| f `g }flcfl. ] bg~gca 7663)544< nk jk`j|us| zmgszg`k }vukev }vtukn|jk}g`l

} Tkbscl. ] ~lmkukcz`lo lnvcof k clu~vhfjg~ Nkeulmk ]zku| }gbczvv ~gjl tukn|j~v zgmug`fcz`l.

544=+7+E F \ B L ^ V @l)


5/23

Tukn|j~v" j~uvi tuzvz`g`k ~v~| Nkeuv ]zu" k~uzviv}gvclu~vhfjg~ f } nu|mfi l~gtfl jk`j|us| ikmv |eflmg sfk ]zu Ukj| `gmukn if`fs~ug mkstkngujf" g kn 5445ukj| u}`fl k `gmukn nvulj~kug F]T. ] bg~gca7663544< Nkeuv ]zu k~uzvigk >34 tukn|j~}zmkszk`vca tuzlz 766 hfui. ]zu Ukj| tuzvz`g`k 7>tukn|j~ki" g `gmukn nvulj~kug F`s~v~|~| > }vukeki.

@g tuzls~uzl`f jfbj|`gs~| bg~ uv`lj tukn|cl`~g tuzljsz~gcfsf } uv`lj jk`s|il`~g. G`gbfzg fbkcf f s~u|j~|uv tukn|j~}efkucvca |nzfg } jkblo`vca lnvcogca jk`j|us|knz}flucflnbg zifg`v tkbsjflmk uv`j|. S k`l }v`fjfli}locfg keclmk jgtf~g|" uls~u|j~|uvzgcof f iknlu`fzgcofuknzfilmk tuzlivs|" }zugs~goclo jk`j|ul`cof. l zifg`vz`gonk}gv s}kol knefcfl } s~u|j~|uzl |czls~`fj}jk`j|us| Nkeuv ]zu.] nu|mflo tkk}fl bg~ 64. eug`l ~gjfl" ogj stuz~lblj~uk`fcz`v" zgeg}jf f gu~vj|v ef|uk}k)tgtflu`fczlzks~gv `fligb cgjk}fcfl znkif`k}g`l tuzlz tukn|j~vzgmug`fcz`l" z}gszczg z Ngbljflmk ]scakn|. _ tkbsjflmkuv`j| z`fj`v hfuiv? Nfkug" Lblifs" ^k`sfb" \`fiku. Fcaifloscl zgov `fsjflo ogjkcf ~g`fl }vukev z Gzof" j~ul}zku`fczk `gbgnk}gv ul`kik}g`l hfuiv }fg~k}l.Tk}g`l ~u|n`kcf nk~j`v u}`fl tkbsj eug`~ljs~vb`. ] bg~gca 64. } jk`j|usfl bfcz`fl ultulzl`~k}g`levv nv}g`v tkbsjfca hgeuvj? Jk}gu" @k}f~v" Gm`lbbf"Nv}fbg`|" ]lb~ki|" oln`gj ~gszl f g~ugjcvo`l }zku`fczk}vukev tukn|jk}g`l } F`nfgca f Caf`gca }vlbfif`k}gvcz z `fca. Nzfsfgo khlu~g tkbsjfca hgeuvj nv}g`} ols~zu`fck}g`g. ]zkuv tuzlz`gczk`l `g igsk}v uv`lj"ifik `flzlo ogjkcf" `goczcflo s sgel }zku`fczk

f gbgnk}czl. ]vu`fgo sf g~kifgs~ nkeuzl zgtukolj)~k}g`l" |}zmbn`fgocl `k}l ~ul`nv jkbljcol b|js|sk}l"`fluzgnjk ulgbfzk}g`l `g zgi}fl`fl. Tk}s~go `k}ligujf" kn tkcz~j| e|n|ocl s}o }fzlu|`lj } ktgucf|k }zku`fc~}k" i.f`. Sz~|jg Elsjfnzjg" Ikak Nlsfm`.

]vngol sf" l m}g~k}`l zifg`v `fl nk~vcz gu~vj|}mkstkngus~}g nkik}lmk" j~ul s~gbl kelc`l s } jk`j|u)sfl } `fligb `flzifl`fk`lo bfczefl. ]locfl tgu~`lu}zgmug`fcz`vca tuzv`fksk f`}ls~vcol" `k}l ~lca`kbkmflf `k}l tukolj~v" `goczcflo tkcaknzl`fg keclmk. _ tkbsjfcaigulj sfb` tkzvco `g uv`j| |~uzvigv _lbilu f Gifcg hfuiv" j~ul" }sttugc|oc z nlsfm`lugif" svs~lig~vcz`flf`}ls~k}gv }l }gs`l bf`fl }zku`fczl. Tukn|j~v _lbilugn}|juk~`fl znkevv `gmukn ]zu Ukj| !766 5 7k}fl~bl`fl 7> > 53 7 ~ljs~vbfg" knzfl" mgbg`~lufg sjuzg`g 33 77 => 7 7szjk f clugifjg 71 1

zgeg}jf !bg~g 7663 5444& > 7 =


6/23

kn bg~ ~k tkns~g}k}v s~g`ngun. @g~kifgs~ tv~jfclugifcz`l ~k eug`g k n|vi tk~l`cogbl f n|lo nv`gifclukz}ko|. Nlcvn|ol k ~vi nkeug ogjk tukn|jk}g`vca} Tkbscl tv~lj f tkkl`fl } cl`~u|i L|uktv uknjk}k)]scakn`flo" ebfsjk uv`j} }scaknzcvca. Tkbsjg s~gol sf

tk~l`~g~li } ~lo eug`v. ]zku`fc~}k tv~lj" m}`fl}ksjfl f afsztgsjfl" tuzvszk }ugz z `k}vif bf`fgiftukn|jcvo`vif" gbl ckugz }fclo hfui" i.f`. Clujkbku"Ktkcz`k" Clusg`f~" ^|enzf`" ~}kuzv }gs`l jkbljcol"tukolj~k}g`l zmkn`fl z `go`k}szvif ~ul`ngif tuzlztkbsjfca tukolj~g`~}.Egunzk tk}kbf zifl`fg sf sv~|gcog }l }zku`fc~}fl eug`vk}fl~bl`fk}lo" z}gszczg } gsku~vil`cfl ktug} tuzlz`g)

czk`vca nk }`~uz iflszjgb`vca. Tktug}fg sf ogjktukn|j~}" ifnzv f``vif" nzfjf fitku~k}f czcf f tkn)zlstk}. Jk`j|u|ol sf cfmbl cl` tkzfkili ~lca`fjff }zku`fc~}li k}fl~bl`fl fl nku}`|ol nks~t`vi gtkbsjfi uv`j| ktug}ki ul`kik}g`vca hfui }ksjfca"`fliflcjfca czv afsztgsjfca. ^vbjk `flbfcz`f tukn|cl`cf}sttugc|o z tukolj~g`~gif" j~uzv }vjkuzvs~v}g`f sugczlo } ukbf s~vbfs~}. @gbgn|ol sf tkivsv f }zkuv}ksjfl" z}gszczg ktug} z jbkszgif zl szjg. Ols~ ~k ik)bf}l nzfjf tkbsjfi a|~ki szjg" j~ul khlu|o tukn|j~v

`g }vskjfi" }fg~k}vi tkzfkifl. F`~luls|ocl bgitvtk}s~go } hfuigca zgkk`vca tuzlz sgivca nlsfm`lu}"~gjfca" ogj cakev T|hh)e|hh Nlsfm`" gbl `fl ols~ ~k khlu~gnbg knefkucv igsk}lmk.

Sfb`l eug`lJk`j|us knz}flucflnbg ikc` tkzvco tuzlivs| ilebgu)sjflmk } Tkbscl ilebl znkevv `go}fclo clu~vhfjg~}Nkeuv ]zu f `gmun ]zu Ukj|. ]un `fca z`gbgzv sfhfuiv? Cki.>4 !5447&" Egbig !544

ig~lufgv }vjkczl`fk}l !} ~vi tv~jf clugifcz`l& 7> !1& 7> !6&

]zu Ukj| 7668Jg`gtg z zls~g}| CLBBK

Tukolj~g`~? Oluzv Bg`mfluTukn|cl`~? Lbfk~

544=+7+E F \ B L ^ V @l)


7/23

hfuiv } ~lo eug`v }sttugc|o z tukolj~g`~gif"g tkzvcok`k}g`fl igujf knev}g sf tktuzlz }zku`fc~}k.

Tknke`fl ols~ } eug`v szjg f clugifjf" mnzfl tukn|cl`cf}sttugc|o z tukolj~g`~gif. ^k nu|mg eug`g" j~ugznkev}gg `go}fclo `gmun ]zu Ukj|. ]vu`fk`khfuiv? Stnzflb`fg Clugifjg Gu~vs~vcz`g !766TUKHFi St. z k.k. uknzf`g hk~lbf BF@\S Tfk~u J|cacfsjf

]_U UKJ\ 544tukn|j~}.@gobfcz`flo ultulzl ~k}g`g evg Shlug Nki| zmkszk`kkjkk 84 tukn|j~} }vtksgl`fg }`~uz? kn jkbljcof~ljs~vbf} tk ilebl f stuz~ GMN. ] Shluzl Tugcv f ShluzlT|ebfcz`lo z`gbgzv sf tukn|j~v `goegunzflo zkk`lh|`jcok`gb`fl f zgg}g`sk}g`l ~lca`fcz`fl? g|~ke|s

Hf`g jk`j|us| Nkeuv ]zu 5448 tukn|j~v f hfuiv

Jg~lmkufg Bfczeg zmkszk`vca Bfczeg nvs~uve|~ku} Bfczeg tukn|cl`~}tukn|j~} tkbscv zgmug`fcz`f tkbscv zgmug`fcz`f

KMLI >1 5 5 56 3Shlug Nki| 3< 5 5 76 3Shlug Tugcv = = Shlug T|ebfcz`g 8 7 <

Bfczeg hfui } tkszczlmb`vca jg~lmkufgca jk`j|usk}vca Nkeuv ]zu 5448

Jg~lmkufg Bfczeg zmkszk`vca tukn|j~}KMLI 17Shlug Nki|


10/23

1

szv`k}v jki|`fjgcof bkjgb`lo f sgikbk~ nvstkzvcvo`k)~|uvs~vcz`v.Tk tuzltuk}gnzl`f| szczlmk}lo kcl`v" } j~ulot|`j~k}g`k clcav }fz|gb`l" |v~jk}l" ljk`kifcz`lkugz }gu~kcf nkng~jk}l tukn|j~}" f``l } jgnlojg~lmkuff" nk hf`g| ljstlucf F]T zgj}gbfhfjk}gbf >1tukn|j~}.

Hf`g jk`j|us| Nkeuv ]zu 5448] hf`gbl jk`j|us| Nkeuv ]zu 5448 z`gbgzv sf tukn|j~v

k egunzk }vu}`g`vi tkzfkifl }zku`fczvi. ]flblz `fca zmkszk`vca zks~gk tuzlz hfuiv" j~ul tk ugz jkblo`v|czls~`fcz } jk`j|usfl" i.f`. Tukhfi" Fjlu" Ifjkigq"_lbilu" Clusg`f~" Ktkcz`k" F`s~gb)Tukolj~" Cfgujk" Juks`k.Tk~}flunzg ~k sj|~lcz`k ~lmk uknzgo| tukikcof. ] ~viukj| } jk`j|usfl zgnlef|~k}gv z`g`l tkbsjfl f zgmug`fcz`ligujf" i.f`. @k~f" Sz~|jg Elsjfnzjg" A|elu~|s" Nljkugnku"Fjlg" Ag`smukal" Jb|nf Guig~|ul`" Sgis|`m.

G`gbfzg hfui f tukn|j~} zmkszk`vca f nkt|szczk`vcank nu|mflmk l~gt| jk`j|us| Nkeuv ]zu 5448 tk~}flunzgzog}fsjg f zifg`v" ogjfl keslu}|oliv g jugok}vi uv`j|.Ckugz }fclo tkbsjfca tuzlnsfefkuc} f`}ls~|ol}l }zku`fc~}k f tknloi|ol }sttugc z tukolj~g`~gif.Tkbscv ljstku~luzv zg~u|n`fgo nlsfm`lu} zgmug`fcz`vcab|e tukolj~g`~} tkbsjfca z nk}fgnczl`fli } tukolj~k)}g`f| nbg hfui ifnzv`guknk}vca. Ifnzv`guknk}fnvs~uve|~kuzv kelc`f `g `gszvi uv`j| }sttugc|oz jkblf z tkbsjfif tukolj~g`~gif.^k z`gj czgs| tukn|j~ gnulsk}g`v nk kjulbk`lmkjk`s|il`~g tukolj~|o b|nzfl ebfscv i| j|b~|uk}k f il`~gb)`fl. Km`f}li ukztkz`gocvi tk~uzlev knefkucv ols~}g`fl tukolj~g`~.Cagugj~luvs~vcz`l nbg tkbsjfca hfui ols~ svm`k}g`fl`gz}fsjfli tukolj~g`~g jkbljcof f tukn|j~} b|js|sk}vca.

Tukn|j~v gnulsk}g`l nk knefkucv igsk}lmk tkzks~goelzfifl``l. ^viczgsli hfuiv zgmug`fcz`l !`t. FJLG& ckugzczcflo tkngo `gz}fsjg tukolj~g`~} }vuke} k cagugj)~luzl tkt|bgu`vi f |`f}lusgb`vi }zku`fc~}fl" j~ulstuzlng}g`l s `g mbkegb`vi uv`j|.]zku`fc~}k sf nlikjug~vz|ol z`g`f nlsfm`luzvtukolj~|o tuzlnifk~v cknzfl``lmk |v~j|" tk}szlca`flnks~t`l f ~g`fl. @gz}fsjk tukolj~g`~g tkn`ksffca }gu~k" `kefbf~|ol f stug}fg" l zks~go zg|}gk`ltuzlz `gev}c}" g k ~k tuzlcfl caknzf.

Ukz}fog sf jugok}v slj~ku zgi}fl t|ebfcz`vca? tk}s~goukz}fzg`fg nbg jki|`fjgcof f ~ug`stku~| !g|~ke|s szv`k}vhfuiv Tlsg Evnmkszcz&" sztf~gbf !muzlo`fj hfuiv F`s~gb)Tukolj~&"tuzls~uzl`f |v~lcz`kcf t|ebfcz`lo !svs~li sflnzfsjikn|k}vca hfuiv Fjlu" gmuzl}`fcg tk}fl~uzg tukn|jk)}g`g tuzlz Hbk}gfu Muk|t&" j~ul tktug}fgo ogjk vcfgstklczls~}g. Shlug t|ebfcz`g s~gol sf `go}fjszvijbfl`~li nbg hfui f tukolj~g`~}.Tkbsj stlcogb`kcf tkzks~go ilebl" bfcz`fl ultulzl)`~k}g`l }l }szvs~jfca jg~lmkufgca jk`j|usk}vca?lumk`kifcz`l juzlsg ef|uk}l" svs~liv tugck}`fczl"ilebl mgef`l~k}l" ulcltcvo`l" iflszjg`fk}l"}vtkczv`jk}l" j|cal``l. _ls~g}v f tkolnv`czl" k u`vituzlz`gczl`f|. Tkbsjfl hfuiv zmksfv ilebl zl uln`flo

hf`gbfs~g jk`j|us| Nkeuv ]zu 5448?G|~ke|s Szv`k}v 571 IcTukolj~? Gujgnf|sz Skejk}fgjSvb}l~jg zl}`~uz`g tkcfm|? IguljGngiczl}sjf" Ogj|e Mkefl}sjf" Iguf|szMkuczvsjf" Eguegug J|sz" Egu~ksz Tfk~uk}sjfTukolj~ }`~uzg? Egu~ksz Tfk~uk}sjfTukn|cl`~?TKOG_NV S_V@K]L TLSG EVNMKS_C_

hf`gbfs~g jk`j|us| Nkeuv ]zu 5448?Jkbljcog ~ljs~vbf} nkik}vca EFUNSTukolj~g`~? L}g Szvszjg)Kczjk}sjgTukn|cl`~? MBKEGBNKI

544=+7+E F \ B L ^ V @l)


11/23

F~~g Jgutk}fcz)S~gulj

tuzl}kn`fczcg jkifsof ljstlu~}jk`j|us| Nkeuv ]zu 5448

_gjgn \tk}szlca`fg`fg ]zku`fc~}gf~~g[jgutk}fczDf}t.cki.tb

f }vszlo tjf cl`k}lo" zgmug`fcz`f nvs~uve|~kuzv ilebltkt|bgu`l" gbl }vjk`g`l } `k}vca ~lca`kbkmfgcaf ig~lufggca.Ckugz tk}szlca`floszvi zog}fsjfli" `fl ~vbjk } Tkbscl"ols~ zgjgng`fl tuzlz iknvca tukolj~g`~} hfui g|~kusjfca"} j~uvca sgif zgoi|o sf kumg`fzgco tukn|jcoff stuzlng zgtukolj~k}g`vca tuzlnifk~} !T|hh)E|hhNlsfm`" Ogclj ]kocflca S|szlj&" `t. zg tkuln`fc~}liF`~lu`l~|. @k}kczls`l ~lca`kbkmfl |ikbf}fgo }v~}guzg)`fl keflj~} k cagugj~luzl |`fjg~k}vi } sjgbftuzlivsk}lo. ^k tukn|j~v `fszk}l" `fluzgnjk b|js|sk}l"jfluk}g`l nk }sjfca mu|t |v~jk}`fj} f ulgbfzk}g`l} igvca slufgca en `g zgi}fl`fl? ilebl" bgitv"~ljs~vbfg nkik}l" szjk f clugifjg |v~jk}g. Tuzv tks~t|)

oclo f`nv}fn|gbfzgcof uv`j| cflsz sf k`l ckugz }fjszvizgf`~lulsk}g`fli knefkuc}.

^lmkukcz`g lnvcog jk`j|us| Nkeuv ]zu tkjgz|ol }vug`tktug} }zku`fc~}g tukn|j~} khluk}g`vca `gjugok}vi uv`j|. Ckugz }fclo tukn|cl`~} f`}ls~|ol} ~lca`kbkmf f tukhlsok`gb`v tukolj~ }zku`fczv"tuzv}fz|oc }gm nk kntk}fln`flmk zgtukolj~k}g`fgnl~gb|" tulcvzvo`lmk }vjkczl`fg" nkeku| ig~lufg}.@fls~l~v" `fl zg}szl g~|~v nkeulmk tukolj~| s } tl`f}vjkuzvs~g`l igujl~f`mk}k" ck zkegczvbfiv" tuzvoi|oczmkszl`fg nk jk`j|us|. @gnlsg`l znocfg f f`hkuigcoluzgnjk |og}`fgo }szvs~jfl }gbkuv tukn|j~|" j~ul z tl})`kcf nkcl`fbfev jk`s|il`cf.@g gug`k}g`vca znocfgca ljstk`k}g`l s m}`flclcav }fz|gb`l" clcav |v~jk}l tulzl`~k}g`l s } ktfsfl.^viczgsli ~k }g`fl k`l" }gcf}fl tuzlns~g}fk`l}fz|gb`fl" ikm znlcvnk}g k knifl``kcf tukn|j~|f olmk ks~g~lcz`vi s|jclsfl uv`jk}vi.Ck cfljg}l" ~l` en tktl`fgo `goczcflo n|l hfuivz tukhlsok`gb`vif s~u|j~|ugif igujl~f`mk}vif. ]vmbng`g ~k" l ~k u|~v`g.

] jk`j|usfl Nkeuv ]zu `gmugnzg`v ols~ nkeuzlzgtukolj~k}g`v tukn|j~" gbl bg|ulg~gif s? tukolj~g`~"

j~uv mk zgtukolj~k}g: tukn|cl`~" j~uv }tuk}gnzf mk`g uv`lj kugz nvs~uve|~ku" j~uv uljkil`n|ol nkeuvtukn|j~ knefkucki. Tug}nzf}vi el`lhfcol`~li jk`j|us|tkzks~gol oln`gj jk`s|il`~" j~uli| }sjgzg`fl nkeulmktukn|j~| |g~}fg }veu z szlukjflo khlu~v uv`jk}lo. Igiv`gnzflo" l jk`j|us Nkeuv ]zu 5448 } ~gjfca }vekugca}g`fl oli| tkikl.

Ikbf}l" l zifg`v `g tkbsjfi uv`j| } `gncaknzcvcabg~gca }vi|sz `g f`s~v~|cfl }tuk}gnzl`fl jkblo`vcazifg` } zgsgngca jk`j|us|. ] tuzvszvi ukj| F]T}sjgzv}g enzfl `gobltflo zgtukolj~k}g`l |s|mf" j~uls~gv sf tukn|j~li igsk}k `gev}g`vi tuzlzjk`s|il`~g. Elz }zmbn| `g ukzszluzg`fl eug`

czv jg~lmkuff jk`j|usk}vca" `fl zifl`f sf ukbg Nkeulmk]zku|. Tkzks~g`fl k` g|nv~li }zku`fczvi tkbsjflmkuv`j|" g F`s~v~|~ ]zku`fc~}g Tuzlivsk}lmk ljstlucj

}vsz|jf}guj gobltszlmk }zku`fc~}g.

6}}}.f}t.cki.tbF @ S ^ V ^ \ ^ ] _ K U @ F C ^ ] G T U _ L I V S K ] L M K

hf`gbfs~g jk`j|us| Nkeuv ]zu 5448?Nvsj tuvsz`fck}v UGF@NG@CL S GFUTukolj~? Takl`fq nlsfm`Tukn|cl`~? AG@S MUKAL


12/23

@k}l ng`l g`~uktkil~uvcz`lnzflcf f iknzflvTkt|bgcog nzflcf f iknzflv tknblmg nv`gifcz`vi

zifg`ki nzflcf z nljgnv `g nljgn s~go sf

}vszl" }czl`flo nkouzl}go" g } lhljcfl zifl`fgo

sf tuktkucol fca cfg. Ng`l g`~uktkil~uvcz`l `fl)

zen`l nk tukolj~k}g`fg ~vi sgivi sf

nlzgj~|gbfz|o. @g tkns~g}fl egng tuzltuk}gnzg)

`vca `g ultulzl`~g~v}`lo tuefl nzflcf f iknzflv

} }flj| >)71 bg~" F`s~v~|~ ktugc|ol tk`gn


13/23

Nlsfm` ogjk s~ug~lmfg `guknk}g] Hf`bg`nff nlsfm` ols~ ~ugj~k}g`v ogjk unk julg~v}`kcf stklczls~}g f czv``fjukz}ko| jk`j|ul`cvo`kcf ljk`kifcz`lo. Ols~ ~gjl tk}knli nk `guknk}lo n|iv.Tk ulclsof } tkcz~jgca bg~ 64. hfsjf uzn f tuzlivs ktugck}gv n|mkhgbk}v tukmugiukz}ko| jugo|" } j~uvi f`}ls~vcol `g egng`fg" ukz}o f f``k}gcol tk~ugj~k}g`l zks~gvtufkuv~l~k}k. Nlsfm` s~g sf czcf `guknk}lmk tukmugi| f``k}gcvo`lmk" j~uvikeo~k tuzlivs f szjkb`fc~}k" } ~vi szjkb`fc~}k }vszl. Olmk sj|~jf s nk nzfsfgo }fnkcz)`l }l }zukcfl jk`j|ul`cvo`kcf f }flbjkcf stuzlngv" czlmk nk}knli s igujf f tk)zvcog uv`jk}g hfui? @kjfg" Jk`l !n}fmf& f Il~sk !igszv`v nk tukn|jcof tgtflu|&. Nzfsfgo~k }fg~k}f bfnluzv } s}kfca eug`gca" g }v}knz sf z jugo|" j~uv ig < ifbfk`}

iflszjgc}.

F`}ls~vcog } tuzvszk]v`fjf tkbsjflo mkstkngujf cflsz. ]vngol sf" l ~k nbg tuzlnsfefkus~} `gobltszv czgs`g f`}ls~vcol" }tuk}gnzg`fl f ukz}fog`fl }gs`vca bf`ff }zku`fczvca. ]tug}nzfl j|sf~lzg" l olbf ck sf ukz}fog" ~k `fl ig tk ck ~lmk zifl`fg" gbl mbkegb`g mkstkngujgtkjgz|ol" l } efz`lsfl zgnk}gbg`fl sf s|jclsli } ~lug`floszkcf kz`gczg tkugj} tuzvszkcf.Tfl`fnzl `g f``k}gcvo`k f }zku`fc~}k s } h|`n|szgca |`fo`vca. ^uzleg ~vbjk }fl)nzfl" ogj ol }vjkuzvs~g f ogj tkjfluk}g tukclsli zifg`v zguznzg`fg }zku`fc~}li} hfuifl. _g~li tk tflu}szl" }flnzg.

kjulbk`g zks~g`fl ~gjg tkzvcog mk}v" } j~ulo

`gtfcfl if`f szvf f ugifk` ols~ `goi`floszl.

Egng`fg tuzltuk}gnzg`l s `g `k}kczls`lo gtgug)

~|uzl nk zgtfs| LIM" }vjkuzvs~g`l zks~g` mk`fk)

il~uv kt~klblj~uk`fcz`l nk tkifgu| j~} kugz

tbg~hkuig nv`gikil~uvcz`g 3N" blnzcg nukm

uknjg cfjkcf cfgg.

]v`fjf egng igo n|l z`gczl`fl tkz`g}czl

f tugmig~vcz`l. Ikm nks~guczv jb|czk}vca

ng`vca nk tukolj~k}g`fg lumk`kifcz`vca jkit|~l)

uk}vca s~g`k}fsj tugcv" jk`skbf s~luk}`fczvca !`t.

} tuzlivbl gluk`g|~vcz`vi f ik~kuvzgcvo`vi&kugz }szlbjfca s~g`k}fsj }vigmgocvca n|mk)

~u}glo tugcv z ik`f~kuli.

]fclo f`hkuigcof |nzflbg _gjgn egng Lumk`kifcz`vca.

]vmkn`l |ca}v~vF]T ulgbfz|ol tukolj~" j~ulmk clbli ols~ zegng`fl

ikbf}kcf h|`jcok`gb`vca ujf kse s~guszvca.

@g fca tkns~g}fl ktugck}g`l zks~g` ng`l

nk tukolj~k}g`fg f iknlu`fzgcof |ca}v~} nbg

kse z nvsh|`jco ujf" j~ul s sj|~jfli }flj|

f gs~ts~}li |ugz}" }vbl}}" scakuzl l|ukbk)

mfcz`vca. ]v`fjf egng ikm ~gjl tks|v zg

}v~vcz`l nk tukolj~k}g`fg |`f}lusgb`vca tuzlnifk)

~} |v~jk}vca }vtksgk`vca } lumk`kifcz`l"}vmkn`l f tuzvs~ksk}g`l nk b|nzjflo ujf |ca}v~v.

Nk egng }vjkuzvs~|ol sf |`fjgb` f olnv` } Tkb)

scl gtgug~|u `go}vszlo ~lca`kbkmff |b~ugcfl`jfl

sl`skuv gcfsj| hfuiv ^ljscg` !\SG&. Ktugck}g`

} F`s~v~|cfl il~knvj egng}cz f gtgug~|u ik`g

zgs~ksk}g tknczgs ulgbfzgcof }nukl } tuzlnsf)

efkus~}gca.

]fclo f`hkuigcof |nzflbg _gjgn Egng Lumk`kifcz`vca.

Tukolj~k}g`fl nbg nzflcfF]T tuk}gnzf egng`fg" j~ul en tkns~g}

nk zgtukolj~k}g`fg s~g`k}fsjg nk |stug}`fg`fg

f ukz}ko| ujf nzflcf } }flj| tuzlnszjkb`vi.

S~g`k}fsjk tuzlz`gczk`l nbg nzflcf znuk}vca"

czv enzfl h|`jco ulagefbf~gcvo` z ln|jgco"

zgeg} f `k}kczls`vi nlsfm`li. ]vjk`g`l

zks~g`fl } ~lca`kbkmfgca ig~lufgk}vca go`k}szlo

ml`lugcof" j~ul cagugj~luvz|o sf nksjk`gvif

}gcf}kcfgif ilcag`fcz`vif f ~luifcz`vif.

F`~lmugcvo`l s~g`k}fsjk kn}k|ol sf nk `go`k})

szvca }fg~k}vca ~ul`n} tukolj~k}g`fg |`f}lu)

sgb`lmk" j~ul tuzlnlhf`fk}|ol tkocfl `fltl`k)

stug}`kcf" g olmk lhlj~li s tuzlnifk~v f tuzl)

s~uzl`fl tukolj~k}g`l } stkse" j~uv |}zmbn`fg

zu`fck}g`fl tkzfki| stug}`kcf u`vca mu|t.



ung?M\S? Ukcz`fj S~g~vs~vcz`v UT" 544


14/23

Xgnlilc|i nbg tukolj~g`~g knzflv]czl`fl tkbsjflmk uv`j| knzflv" szczlmb`fl

knzflv stlcogb`lo" } keflm uv`j| l|uktlosjflmk

ikbf}l ols~ tk stl`fl`f| }vikm} zg}gu~vca

} ifnzv`guknk}vca `kuigca f nvulj~v}gca.

F`s~v~|~ tuzltuk}gnzf g`gbfz gj~|gb`lmk s~g`|

ulm|bgcof tug}`vca f }vigmg `kuig~v}`vca kugz

}vigmg`vca tukcln|u kuigbfzgcvo`vca z |}zmb)

n`fl`fli h|`jcof tuzlz`gczl`fg knzflv. @g olo

tkns~g}fl ktugck}g`v zks~g`fl tkugn`fj Xgnlil)

c|i `kuigbfzgcvo`l tukolj~g`~g knzflv" j~uv

enzfl jkitbljsk}vi zefkuli kek}fz|ocvca`kui nbg knzflv kcauk``lo f uv`jk}lo.

]vjkuzvs~g`l zks~g` } fi nk}fgnczl`fg }gs`l

F]T } zgjulsfl tukolj~k}g`fg f egng`fg knzflv

stlcogb`lo" j~uvca lhlj~li evk |zvsjg`fl clu~vhfjg)

~} tuzlz tukn|cl`~} knzflv.


]vs~g}g Nkeuv ]zu 5448Kn 5= j}fl~`fg nk 5> czlu}cg ~u}g enzfl

}vs~g}g tkjk`j|usk}g `g `gobltflo zgtukolj~k}g)

`l tukn|j~v `g tkbsjfi uv`j|" j~ug tulzl`~|ol >1

tkbsjfca f zgmug`fcz`vca tukn|j~} zgj}gbfhfjk}g)

`vca nk hf`g| ~lmkukcz`lo" QFX lnvcof kmb`ktkb)

sjflmk jk`j|us| Nkeuv ]zu 5448 } jg~lmkufgca?

shlug nki|" shlug tugcv" shlug t|ebfcz`g.

]gusz~g~v nbg nzfl``fjguzvNzflcjk } iflszjg`f| ~k gug`gcog tkjko|

nbg flik}bgjg" tuzlnszjkbgjg f |cz`fg" tuzvmk~k}g)

`g tuzlz F]T } Cl`~u|i ]vtksgl`fg ]`~uz Nk)

ik~ljg } ]guszg}fl. Lblil`~li }vs~g}v ols~

tulzl`~gcog i|b~filnfgb`g elztflcz`v nki" j~ug

}sjgz|ol tk~l`cogb`l ifloscg zgmukl nbg iglmk

nzflcjg. ] olo ugigca knen sf }gusz~g~v

nbg nzfl``fjguzv z zgjuls| tukolj~k}g`fg nbg nzflcf"

g } fca ugigca tulzl`~gcol" i.f`. tugc tukolj~}

nbg nzflcf" egng f }sjgzg z zgjuls| lumk`kifcz)`lmk s~g`k}fsjg nk tugcv f `g|jf nbg nzflcjg.

Nlsfm`lu Ukj| 5448]l }uzl`f| } sgbgca }vs~g}k}vca F]T zkumg`f)

z|ol }vs~g} tugc" tukolj~} f tukn|j~} tukolj~g`)

~g `gmuknzk`lmk } jk`j|usfl Nkeuv ]zu 5448

mknli Nlsfm`lu Ukj|.

Jk`hlul`cog Lumk`kifcz`g74 tgnzflu`fjg F]T zgtugszg `g ifnzv`guknk}

jk`hlul`co g|jk} t~. Tukolj~k}g`fl lumk`kifcz)

`l nbg szj. _f`~lmuk}g`l s~g`k}fsjk tugcv z jki)

t|~luli. ^lig~li tuzl}kn`fi FFF o| lnvcof s

Nzfggb`k } }gu|`jgca jk`j|ul`cof uv`jk}lo nkef~`fl tkjgzgg" l }zku`fc~}ktuzlivsk}l ~k `fl ~vbjk zog}fsjk } j|b~|uzl" gbl tuzlnl }szvs~jfi f`s~u|il`~jk`j|ul`cvo`kcf tukn|j~}. Sgif tukolj~g`cf tuzljk`gbf sf zg" l }zku`fc~}ktuzlivsk}l elz uv`j| `fl ig ugcof ev~|.

Evkev oln`gj `gf}`kcf snzf" l }lszbfiv } }fg~ fnlgb`v" } j~uvi }szvscvukz|iflo sl`s zifg`" g }szvs~jfl tuzlnsfefkus~}g tukn|jcvo`l z`gjkifcfl skefl ugnzz jk`j|ul`co f `fl ~vbjk }fnz sl`s }vjkuzvs~g`fg }zku`fc~}g tuzlivsk}lmk" gbl |ifl)o u}`fl jkuzvs~g z tukolj~} }zku`fczvca. @gf}`kcf evkev ~l }fluzv" l }szvscvtukolj~g`cf tk~ughf zulzvm`k}g z szg~ igmg)|szczbf}fgczg b|nzjkcf f }stnzfggz tukn|cl`~gif. K}szli" s hfuiv" j~ul zukz|ifgv ogj nzfgg } `k}lo uzlczv}fs~kcf"f s tukolj~g`cf" j~uzv }fl~`fl sf } ~lo uzlczv}fs~kcf kn`gblbf. @fls~l~v" ~vbjk `flj~ulhfuiv f `flj~uzv tukolj~g`cf.

]flbl }sjgz|ol `g ~k" l } }fjszkcf igiv nk czv`fl`fg z `fl|zgsgn`fk` }fgu tuzln)sfefkuc}" f ng sf tuzlv elz gn`vca f``k}gcof" g `g}l~ olbf tknloifl sf nzfgg`fg

f``k}gcvo`l" zgf`}ls~|ol } zgj|t tukolj~|" tuzvmk~|ol tukn|jco" ~k ~l ogjk ~k enzfl.^gjg `gf}`g }fgug } c|ng" ogj } tlusjflo egocl ^uzlo jsf~g z Slul`nft|" } j~ulo~v~|k}f ekag~luk}fl tksfgngbf znkb`k z`gonk}g`fg uzlczv cl``vca b|e tuzvoli`vca"j~uvca }cgbl `fl sz|jgbf" nkczljgg sf } ozvj| g`mflbsjfi gu~kebf}lo `gz}v slul`nftf~v.G tuzlcfl o| kn ng}`g }fgnkik" l tukolj~ ~k `fl }szvs~jk" l tukolj~ ols~ ~vbjkczs~j cglmk tukcls| ukz}ko| tukn|j~|" kugz l gev tukolj~ tuzv`fs kczljf}g`vs|jcls" jk`flcz`l ols~ }gcf}l zguznzg`fl tukclsli ukz}ko|. ^gjfl s ulgbfg jk`j|ul`)cvo`lmk uv`j|.

] jugogca" j~ul s~kt`fk}k" `flogjk } `g~|ugb`v stkse ukz}fogv sf } mkstkngucluv`jk}lo" j~ul ~l` ~vt mkstkngujf ~}kuzvv" ~}kuzvg sf u}`fl }flnzg `g ~lig~zguznzg`fg ukz}koli `k}lmk tukn|j~|. Tukcls ~l` `fl|s~g``fl ~u}g" g olmk tkns~g}s egng`fg `flkncz`fl o| z}fzg`l z }zku`fc~}li tuzlivsk}vi. Nzf" } }gu|`jgca}fg~k}lmk" `fl|s~g``fl zifl`fgoclmk sf uv`j| f `flsvcag`lmk ukz}ko| ~lca`kbkmffjki|`fjgcvo`vca" tuzl~u}g`fl hfuiv elz f``k}gcof" elz egng f elz ugcok`gb`lmk zguznzg)`fg ukz}koli `k}lmk tukn|j~| ols~ `flikbf}l. Tk}f``k ~k nk~uzl nk tk}szlca`lo}fgnkikcf. G }fc nk o|slul`nftf~v" ~lugz }flnzg f inul zguznzg`fl.

@fl jgng hfuig" z}gszczg igg" ikl skefl tkz}kbf `g tuk}gnzl`fl egng.@fl jgng nvstk`|ol kntk}fln`f }flnz f jkitl~l`cogif nk zguznzg`fg ukz}koli`k}vca tukn|j~}. ] F`s~v~|cfl ]zku`fc~}g Tuzlivsk}lmk zks~g }fc |~}kuzk`v_gjgn Ukz}ko| @k}lmk Tukn|j~|" j~ulmk clbli ols~ tkikc hfuiki } ugnzl`f| skefl`g jk`j|ul`cvo`vi uv`j|" g ~gjl tuzvmk~k}v}g`fl szjkbl ~gj nbg jgnuv tuzlnsfefkus~}"

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elz nks~uzlmg`fg z}fzj} z mkstknguj" if`v elztk}uk~`fl.

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544=+7+E F \ B L ^ V @l)


15/23

ogj f nbg tukolj~g`~}. _gjgn enzfl" ifnzv f``vif" ktugck}v}g tuzvjgnv s|jcls}uv`jk}vca kn`flsfk`vca tuzlz tukn|j~v }tuk}gnzk`l `g uv`lj } ktgucf| k egng`fgf ugcok`gb`l zguznzg`fl ukz}koli. Tuzljk`|ocvca tuzvjgn} !cgsl s~|nfls& s|jcls}uv`jk}vca" kn`flsfk`vca nzfjf nlsfm`k}f f egng`fki z `fi z}fzg`vi" ik`g z`gbl}flbl } zgmug`fcz`vca t|ebfjgcogca. Tuzvjgnv ~gjfl s f } Tkbscl" gbl `fl|h`k tukn|cl`)~} stug}fg" l ~u|n`k |zvsjg k `fca f`hkuigcol. _gjgn Ukz}ko| @k}lmk Tukn|j~|fs~`flol zev~ ju~jk" ev ik`g evk tks|v sf } ~vi iflosc| ~gjfi tuzvjgnli. Tuzvonzfl`g ~k czgs. @g tkcz~lj `flca }vs~guczv }veug`v tuzvjgn giluvjgsjf" tuzlns~g}fg`v} }flb| t|ebfjgcogca.

Hfuig KQK" tukn|j|ocg kn nzflsfcfkblcf |~l`svbfg mkstkngus~}g nkik}lmk" nks~uzlmgstkske`k }tuk}gnzl`fg g uv`lj k}lmk sjukegjg nk zfli`fgj}. g~}k tk}flnzfl

nks~uzlmg stkske`k } uzlczv}fs~kcf nkjk`g`fl ~lmk tflu}szlmk jukj| } }gu|`jgcakmuki`lo `fltl}`kcf ols~ szgbl`fl ~u|n`l. @fl elz tk}kn| ~g tflu}szg hgzg tukcls|ukz}ko| ols~ } ozvj| g`mflbsjfi gzv}g`g H|zzv Huk`~ L`n!i~`v" fl}vug`v tkcz~lj&.


Kj`k szg`sv uv`jk}lo nbg keflugjg } |jgnzfl czv``fj} SL^

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ocl }vikmf lumk`kiff f fca tuzvjgnk}l zgs~ksk}g)

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ogbfs~} z zgjuls| lumk`kiff" tukolj~g`~}" tukn|)

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mgn`fl`f| jkbku| } gucaf~lj~|uzl f }vtksgl`f|}`~uz" j~u kumg`fz|ol F`s~v~|~ 78 tgnzflu`fjg.

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\tk}szlc`fg`fl

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16/23

7>

ung?Cgmg` O." Xkmlb C.)I. Culg~f`m Eulgj~auk|ma Tukn|c~s" Hf`g`cfgb ^fils Tul`~fcl Agbb

Ktugck}g`fl ktgu~k `g il~knvcl SL^" tksz|jf}g`fg ~z}. kj`g stkske`kcf `k}lmktukn|j~| ifnzv mu|tgif czv``fj} stklcz`vca !S&" ljk`kifcz`vca !L& f ~lca`fcz`vca!^&. Czv``fjf ~l `fl|s~g``fl sf zifl`fgo" }fc nks~uzll`fl ca}fbk}lo szg`sv ik`gtku}`g nk zkegczl`fg jg}gjg `fleflsjflmk `fleg tkifnzv szvejk tv`cvifcai|ugif.

Ktugck}g`v sjukegj cagugj~luvzk}g sf `k} ujkolcf" k }fjszvi tuzljuko| f jsz~g)cfl |g~}fgocvi |v~jk}g`fl tuzlz kskev s~guszl f fltl`kstug}`l. _ks~g }tuk}gnzk`v`g uv`lj tkn iguj MkknMuft !nkeuv |ca}v~&" kn`kszc kmuki`v s|jcls. Hfuig KQK}vjkuzvs~gg ~l` hgj~" s~ks|oc tknke`l |ca}v~v nk cglo bf`ff f``vca tuzvuzn}

j|cal``vca" szczvtflc nk sgg~v" k~}flugczg nk jk`slu}" `kvc j|cal``vca" jugogujf nktfzzv" |ca}v~| nzeg`jg.

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gj }fc nk o| nzfgg`fg g bltk. _gs~t|oivslul`nftf~vuzl~lb` }flnz. @k}l }v)z}g`fg s~go tuzln F`s~v~|~li ]zku`fc~}g Tuzlivsk}lmk. Juvs~gbfz|ol sf olmk `k}gukbg.

SLUL@NFTF^V @FL'tukh. Oluzv Mf`gbsjf

_gjgn Ukz}ko| @k}lmk Tukn|j~|oluzv[mf`gbsjfDf}t.cki.tb

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tflu}szlmk jkitbl~`lmk Sk}`fjg tukolj~g`~}

Tkbsjfca f afs~kuff tkbsjflmk nlsfm`| kn bg~


17/23

]zku`fc~}k tuzlivsk}l !nlsfm`& ~k `fl ~vbjk zl}`~uz`g hkuig" mughfcz`l tuzvkznkefl`fltukn|j~| b|e |s|mf. ] nzfsfloszvca czgsgca }zku`fc~}k ols~ } s~ug~lmff efz`lsk}lo oln`zl s~ug~lmff szczlmk}vca. ]gcf}fl zgs~ksk}g`l nlcvn|ol k h|`jcok`gb`kcf tukn|j~|"olmk nktgsk}g`f| nk tk~uzle jk`s|il`~g f zifl`fgocvca sf }gu|`j} `g uv`j|.Ig ~l fs~k~`v }tv} `g s~uk` hf`g`sk} nzfggb`kcf tuzlnsfefkus~}g" tk`fl}gnlcvzol z}fzg`l z }zku`fc~}li ikm }tv}g zgu}`k `g cl` tukn|j~|" ogj f `gkmb`l jksz~v tukn|jcof.Ktucz }zku`fc~}g lblil`~gif s~ug~lmff efz`lsk}lo s ~gjl? tuzl}gmg ~lca`kbkmfcz`g ~| hfuig jgnzfl `gcfsj `g tuk}gnzl`fl egng f ukz}o

] jgnvi ef|bl~v`fl enzfliv zgiflszczg cvjb Nkeul tugj~vjf.Tuzlns~g}fgiv } `fi hfuiv" j~ul zgs~ksk}gv }zku`fc~}k kntk}fgngocl`g jk`jul~`l tk~uzlev uv`jk}l f kn`fksv s|jcls. Ktfsv}g enzflivtuzvjgnv nfgm`kzk}g fg tk~uzle uv`j|" tukcls| tukolj~k}g`fg f }nugg`fgtukn|j~|._gczv`giv kn tuzvjgn} zgmug`fcz`vca" igoc `gnzflo `g tulzl`~gco

} tuzvszkcf ~gjl tkbsjfca. @gszvca czv~lb`fj} tuksfiv k tuzvsvg`flcfljg}vca tuzvjgn} }nukl `k}vca tukn|j~} ktgu~vca k }zku`fc~}k.Czljgiv'

NKEUL TUGJ^VJF

7


18/23

78

`k}vca ~lca`kbkmff: tuzl}gmg jksz~k}g hfuig jk`j|u|ol g uv j| fsjfif

cl`gif" ksfm`f~vif t. nzfjf lhlj~v}`kcf tukn|jcofczv `fsjfi jksz~ki tugcv:

zkufl`~k}g`fl g jk`s|il`~g hfuig g eflck egngtk~uzlev f tulhlul`col jk`s|il`~} !gj~|gb`l f tk~l`cogb)`l&. Lhlj~li ikl ev szlukjf }gcabguz tukn|j~}kntk}fgngocvca `g zgtk~uzlek}g`fl jbfl`~}z u`kukn`vca !al~lukml`fcz`vca& slmil`~} uv`j|:

fif~gcog hfuig blnzf ~ul nv `g uv`j| f tkczv g`fg hfui}fkncvca } ng`vi slmil`cfl uv`j|" ev szvejk }tuk)}gnzg jktfl }vuke} jk`j|ul`cvo`vca" j~ul kn`fksvs|jcls.

Oln`gj nk s~}kuzl`fg `k}lmk tukn|j~|" j~uv kn`flsfls|jcls" `fl }vs~guczv sgig tuzl}gmg ~lca`kbkmfcz`g.@flzen`l s ~gjl }vskjflo jbgsv |iflo~`kcf" zgu}`k} tukolj~k}g`f| }zku`fczvi" ogj f } efz`lsfl" kugz julg)~v}`k f h|`jcok`gb`k" encl kntk}flnzf g tk~uzlevuv`j| f jk`s|il`~g.

^lca`kbkmfg nbg jk`s|il`~gTuzvjgnli hfuiv" j~ug s~gug sf czv s~ug~lmf ktgu~`g tuzl}gnzl ~lca`kbkmfcz`lo f zkufl`~k}g`f| `g jk`s|)il`~g" ols~ giluvjgsjf jk`clu` Qlukq" khlu|ocv svs~livnu|j|ock)jktf|ocl" fca slu}fs f ukz}fzg`fg kntk}fln`flnbg efz`ls|. _g s}ko ifso hfuig |}gg evcfl bfnluli} zgjulsfl zguznzg`fg nkj|il`~li `g uv`j| }fg~k}vi"tktuzlz nks~guczg`fl ukz}fzg" j~ul }tv}go g tktug}tukn|j~v}`kcf f lhlj~v}`kcf olo jbfl`~}. Oln`vi z jb|czk)}vca lblil`~} jk`j|ul`cvo`kcf Qlukqg ols~ }vjkuzvs~v)}g`fl ~lca`kbkmfcz`vca f``k}gcof `g szvejk zifl`fgocvi

sf uv`j|.Ulz|b~g~li ~gjflmk tknlocfg evk s~}kuzl`fl tbg~hkuivtukn|j~k}lo Qlukq Nkc|il`~ Cl`~ul uknzf`v jktfguljcvhuk}vca" ktgu~lo g ~vi sgivi ukz}fzg`f| ~lca`kbkmfcz)`vi !tbg~hkuifl&. Evg ~k kntk}fln `g zifl`fgocl sfk~kczl`fl uv`jk}l uks`cl z`gczl`fl F`~lu`l~| f ukz}fzgcvhuk}vca s~ksk}g`vca } ef|ugca. Qlukq }fluzv" l F`~lu`l~zifl`f tknlocfl } tugj~vjgca efz`lsk}vca z nk~vcaczgsk)}lmk nu|j|o f nvs~uve||o `g nvs~uve||o f nu|j|o. Ukztk)cz~k }fc tukolj~" j~uv ifg ev kntk}flnzf `g `k}l!tuzvszl& ~ul`nv `g uv`j|._lst tukolj~k}v !f`v`fluk}fl" tukolj~g`cf" jfluk}`fcv

tukn|j~|& }vszln z zgkl`fg !ifssfk` s~g~lil`~&"l tk}s~g ig tukn|j~ cvhuk}v" j~uv enzfl tugck}g} sflcf" z h|`jcogif? jktfk}g`fg" nu|jk}g`fg" hgjsk}g`fgf sjg`k}g`fg. Tuzvo~k ~gjl jfbjg fs~k~`vca zgkl z}fzg)`vca z slu}fsli f uknk}fsjfli `g~|ugb`vi.] efz`lsfl" mnzfl slu}fs `gtug}czv f m}gug`cvo`v ikmev t|`j~li juv~vcz`vi `g nuknzl hfuiv nk s|jcls|" jk)`flcz`l ols~ s~g}fg`fl skefl clb} s~ug~lmfcz`vca" z}fzg`vcaz ogjkcf ~vca |s|m. ] tuzvtgnj| tukolj~| QNC clblievk s~}kuzl`fl |uznzl`fg z if`figb` bfcze czcf f zl)stk} nk slu}fsk}g`fg" g~}vca nk }vifg`v" nzfjf czli|`gtug}g | jbfl`~g ~u}ggev ju~jk._lst tks~g}f skefl zg clb ~gjl ~k" ev gnl` z jkitk`l`)~} `k}lmk |uznzl`fg `fl zg`flczvszczg uknk}fsjg`g~|ugb`lmk. ]szvs~jfl z|v~l czcf ifgv `gng}g sfnk tk`k}`lo tukn|jcof b|e ulcvjbf`m|. Ev cauk`f uknk}fsjk"`k}v tukn|j~ ifg ev l`lumkkszczn`v" enc u}`kczl)`fl `goegunzflo }vngo`vi |uznzl`fli } s}kolo jbgsfl.] ulz|b~gcfl tk}s~g tukn|j~ cl`fk`v tuzlz hfuiv }vjkuzvs~|)ocl tuzls~uzl f`~lu`l~k} } s}kolo tugcv |uznzl`fl"j~ul ols~ zf`~lmuk}g`vi svs~lili |ikbf}fgocvi nkeulo

ogjkcf jktfk}g`fl cvhuk}l" nu|jk}g`fl" hgjsk}g`fl f sjg)`k}g`fl tuzlz sfl f`~lu`l~k}.

]fu~|gb`l ef|uk } eg`j|_gkk`v } 7=1> u. Eg`jEks~k` ols~ 78)~vi tkn }zmbnli}flbjkcf eg`jfli } S~g`gca _oln`kczk`vca z sflnzfem}` } Eks~k`fl. Oln` z olmk ks~g~`fca f`fcog~v} evf``k}gcvo`v tukolj~ Gb~lu`g~v}`l Ef|uk |ikbf}fgocv|~}kuzl`fl }fu~|gb`vca ef|u nbg nbg tug}fl 544 tugck}`f)j} eg`j|" j~uzv z}vjbl tknu|o f ef|ug tk~uzle|o ol)nv`fl g jfbjg mknzf`. ]fu~|gb`g tuzls~uzl ifgg fi |ikbf)

}f tknczl`fl sf z bgt~ktli f stug}`l zguznzg`flnkj|il`~gif. _l }zmbn| `g stlcvhfj tugcv" svs~li i|sfgcagugj~luvzk}g sf lbgs~vcz`kcf" g~}kcf |v~jk}g`fg"szvejkcf" ikbf}kcf tugcv } sflcf f zgcak}g`fg tk|h`kcf.Eg`jEks~k` znlcvnk}g sf `g zgj|t Qlukq Nkc|il`~Cl`~ul f ca}gbf skefl ~ nlcvzo. Tugck}`fcv" j~uzv |v}gotuzls~uzl`f }fu~|gb`lo" tk~uzle|o }vskjflo ogjkcf nkj|il`)~} `g~vcaifgs~" g tk`fl}g s } ef|uzl ~vbjk tuzlz ju~jfczgs" ~k `fl ikm skefl tkz}kbf `g olmk igu`k}g`fl.Ogj } }fjszkcf f`s~v~|cof hf`g`sk}vca" cz nkj|il`~}ols~ tk|h`g.Tuzv s~ksk}g`f| Nkc|il`~ Cl`~ul tugck}`fcv eg`j|

544=+7+E F \ B L ^ V @l)


19/23

tk }vnu|jk}g`f| tk|h`lmk nkj|il`~| `fl i|sz eflc

nk nu|jgujf" gev tuzlca}vcf nkj|il`~. Ikm }vt|cf}vnu|j zl s}kolmk s~g`k}fsjg tugcv" gbl zks~g`fl k`}vnu|jk}g`v nktfluk" jflnv tknlon nk Nkc|il`~ Cl`~ulf }tuk}gnz s}o f`nv}fn|gb`v jkn. G tuzlnl }szvs~jfi"|uznzl`fl ~k tkz}gbg tugck}`fjki z }gs`lmk jkit|~lug}veug czv cac nkj|il`~ tk}flbf" tkczv" zszv" f~t.Fs~k~` nbg eg`j| eks~ksjflmk clca ~lmk svs~li| ols~g~}k olmk |v}g`fg tugck}`fcv fl i|sz ev szjkbl`f"ev jkuzvs~g z |uznzl`fg" tk`fl}g tg`lb jk`~ukb`v ols~tuzlouzvs~v f tuzvogz`v nbg |v~jk}`fjg.

]fu~|gb`f gucaf~ljcfF``vi tuzvjgnli }fgnczcvi" l tukolj~ Qlukqgkntk}flnzfg `g tk~uzlev jbfl`~g" ols~ tuzvtgnlj GesaluCk`s~u|c~fk`.Gesalu Ck`s~u|c~fk` ~k giluvjgsjg hfuig zgkk`g} 76>4 u. } Slg~~bl" oln`g z }fjszvca } t`kc`k)zgcakn`fca S~g`gca _oln`kczk`vca" zgoi|ocg sf tukolj)~gif e|nk}bg`vif kn nuke`vca uljk`s~u|jcof tk }vskjk)e|nl~k}l f`}ls~vcol. ] ks~g~`fca bg~gca hfuig }tuk}gnzggmulsv}`v tbg` }zuks~|" nk ulgbfzgcof j~ulmk igsf tuzvczv`f i.f`. z}fjszl`fl |nzfg| ~lca`kbkmff} tukclsgca e|nk}bg`vca f tugj~vcl efz`lsk}lo.

_gs~ksk}g`v tukolj~ zguznzg`fg tuzlz F`~lu`l~ czv }szvs~)jfl kskev } tukolj~ ~l` zgg`mgk}g`l. ]gcfcflblf gucaf~ljcf igo ikbf}k stug}nzg`fg tks~t}`g e|nk}fl" |v}goc jgilu f`~lu`l~k}vca s~luk}g`vcazg tkikc tfbk~g.Nbg ~lmk tukolj~| hfuig sz|jgg }flbkh|`jcvo`lmk svs~li|zf`~lmuk}g`lmk nk kes|mf nkj|il`~gcof" j~uv}sttugck}gev stug}`fl z f`~lu`l~k}vi svs~lilizguznzg`fg. ^ugnvcvo`fl nkj|il`~v tukolj~k}l hfuiv}nuk}gv ~gi f z tk}uk~li tkifnzv tbgcli e|nk}v"g gucaf~lj~gif" f`v`flugif" }gcfcflbgif hfuiv f f``vifjb|czk}vif kskegif" czs~k tuzlev}gocvif } knngbk`vcakn sflefl ifloscgca. Nkj|il`~v f tbg`v evv tuzlsvg`lhgjsli" tkcz~ b|e tuzlz j|uflug. Nuke`g zifg`g } tbg`gcajk`s~u|jcvo`vca b|e zg~}flunzl`fl `k}lmk jksz~kuvs|zgeflugk g}l~ tk`gn 5 ~vmkn`fl. Tuzv |vcf| Nkc|il`~Cl`~ul czgs ~l` zuln|jk}g`v zks~g nk 5 3 n`f.\v~jk}`fcv tknjulbgo ~l jkuzv z zgkszcznzk`lotuzls~uzl`f ef|uk}lo" mnv oln`k |uznzl`fl zgs~t|ol jfbjg!jktfguj" nu|jguj" hgjs f sjg`lu&.

\juv~v nlsfm`" tuzvczgok`v sikjUv`jfli tk}szlca`fl jkoguzk`vi zl s~ksk}g`fli s~ug~lmfffif~gcof s Caf`v. Oln`gj } ks~g~`fca bg~gca `g}l~ ~ginks~uzlk`k" l }zku`fc~}k ols~ lblil`~li jb|czk}vinbg ksfm`fcfg tuzl}gmf s~ug~lmfcz`lo. ]tug}nzfl }flblhfui `fl `g|czvk sf olszczl" l }gu~k }vng tfl`fnzl`g tukolj~ }zku`fczv" ev }vu`f sf `g uv`j|" gbl ~lckugz }fclo zgczv`g f`}ls~k}g } nlsfm`. Tuzvjgnliikl ev tukn|cl`~ jkit|~lu} Bl`kxk" j~uv kn 5445u. tkn}kf s}o zlst tukolj~g`cjf nk 14 kse. _ jkblfAgflu Muk|t zg~u|n`fg 754 tukolj~g`~} }zku`fc~}g

tuzlivsk}lmk f 5< kse kntk}flnzfgb`vca zg egng`fgjk`s|il`cjfl.

Huk`~li nk jbfl`~gAgflu Muk|t ols~ hfui cafsj" j~ug stuzlngol s}koltukn|j~v !m}`fl stuz~ GMN f X& nk tk`gn 744 jugo}"~gjl `g uv`lj tkbsjf. . Jfluk}`fcv tukn|j~| } Agflu Muk|ts kntk}flnzfgb`f zg blnzl`fl ~ul`n} } u`vca jugogca"g tukn|j~v s tukolj~k}g`l zmkn`fl z kczljf}g`fgiff zgtk~uzlek}g`fli ng`lmk uv`j|.@g tuzvjgn" `g tk~uzlev ulok`} }flosjfca } Caf`gcazgtukolj~k}g`k egunzk ig" ~g`f tugbj" g `g uv`lj

7=}}}.f}t.cki.tbF @ S ^ V ^ \ ^ ] _ K U @ F C ^ ] G T U _ L I V S K ] L M K

Tugbjg gnk}g`g kn muv hfuiv Agflu Muk|tiknlb A]I7


20/23

71

f`nvosjf" mnzfl s tukebliv zl s~gvi nktv}li tun| tugbj" j~ug ugnzf skefl zl zifl``vif `gtfcfgiff jk`~v`||ol tugc tk tuzlu}fl } nks~g}fl tun|.Nbg Giluvjg`}" j~uzv `guzljgbf `g `fl}vmkn z}fzg`z kes|m tukmugi} f h|`jcof |iflszczk`vca z tuzkn|tugbjf" hfuig zgtukolj~k}gg iknlbl kntk}fgngocl `g fcatk~uzlev !olnl` z tuzvjgn} `g zgczk`vi znocf|&.

S|jcls } }v~u}gkcf] tuzvtgnj| tukolj~| tugbjf `g uv`lj Gugeff Sg|nvosjfloAgflu Muk|t }vjgzgg sf lbgz` jk`slj}l`co } tksz|jf)}g`f| }gcf}lmk nlsfm`|. Egng`fl uv`j| tkjgzgk" liflszjgcv Gugeff Sg|nvosjflo tulhlu|o tugbjf k n|lotkoli`kcf" tk`fl}g igo z}vczgo mukignzf } tugbcluzlczv tuzlz`gczk`l nk tug`fg. Hfuig zgkhluk}gg }fctugbj k tkoli`kcf 8 jm" gbl `fl stuzlng}gg sf k`g zev~nkeuzl. Tk n}ca bg~gca tukn|cl`~ z}fjszv tkoli`knk 6 jm" blcz stuzlng `gngb `fl evg sg~vshgjcok`|ocg.Nktfluk }tuk}gnzl`fl tugbjf k tkoli`kcf 75 jm evk

s~uzgli } nzflsf~j tukn|j~ kjgzg sf af~li f hfuigksfm`g }vskjfl }sjg`fjf stuzlngv.

Nbg jgnlmk ck nkeulmk !z nlsfm`|&@g}l~ igl hfuiv cafsjfl zgczv`go ukz|ifl jkuzvcf}v`fjgocl z nkeulmk }zku`fc~}g. Hfuig Skblfb Caf`g B~n.ljstku~|ocg zgeg}jf nbg z}fluz~ nkik}vca fs~`flol kn766> u. Jflnv } 5444 u. evk o| tk`gn 544 zgjgn}tukn|j|ocvca ~lmk ~vt| gsku~vil`~" Skblfb }v`gog

tukolj~g`~g ktgjk}g" g }ju~cl ~gjl tukolj~g`~gtukn|j~}. Nlcvzog ~g tuzv`fksg g~vcaifgs~k} tktug}}v`fj} hf`g`sk}vca hfuiv. Kelc`fl tukn|cl`~ zg~u|n`fg> tukolj~g`~}" j~uzv ck iflsfc ktugck}|o ck `goi`flo< `k}vca tukn|j~}. Jgnv ikl ev stuzlng`v z 74,igu" z`gczck }vsz } tku}`g`f| nk 5 >, iguvzg zgeg}jf }vtukn|jk}g`l `g zblcl`fl }ln|m tukolj~|zgmug`fcz`vca jk`~ugal`~}.

Nlsfm` ols~ tugj~vj" j~ug tkn`ksf }gu~k tukn|j~|"}vu`fg }un jk`j|ul`cof" tuzv`ksf jkuzvcf tuzlnsfefkucvf jk`s|il`~k}f. ^k nzfjf `fli| hfuig s~gol sf f``k}gcvo`g.

G ~u}gv s|jcls } efz`lsfl" `flzgbl`fl kn slj~kug" } ckugz}fjszvi s~kt`f| zgblv kn znkb`kcf nk f``k}gcof }vjkuzvs~g`fg `k}vca tkivs}" `k}vca ikbf}kcff `k}vca ukz}fzg" zgs~ksk}g`vca zg`fi ol }vivbff }nukv jk`j|ul`cog.

Olszczl ugz zgtugszgiv nk zmgszg`fg s}kfca tuzvjgn}|ng`vca }nukl }zku`fczvca. Ca~`fl zgiflcfiv ol `ggigca nu|mflo lnvcof Ef|bl~v`| F]T.Jk`~gj~? g`f~g[t|~jfl}fczDf}t.cki.tb

G`f~g T|~jfl}fcz

_gjgn Ukz}ko| @k}lmk Tukn|j~|

g`f~g[t|~jfl}fczDf}t.cki.tb

Tugbjg gnk}g`g kn muv hfuiv Agflu Muk|tiknlb MN_55)5: zgtukolj~k}g`g g uv`lj giluvjgsjf._nocfl nzfjf |tuzloikcf Agflu Tkbg`n.

544=+7+E F \ B L ^ V @l)


21/23

Bkvg|~l El`ogif`Tfluul Cgunf` lxkb|~fk` h|u`f~|ul g`nnlsfm`

Tgufs" Hbgiigufk`" 5448" 573 s.: fb. jkbku.:Ekmg~k fb|s~uk}g`l }vng}`fc~}k tuzlns~g}fgocll}kb|co hfuiv Tfluul Cgunf`: kn julk}g`fg iknvnk tukolj~k}g`fg tuzlz Tfluul Cgunf` Nlsfm` S~|nfkhkui tuzlivsk}vca" }`~uz" tuzlnifk~} nljkugcvo)`vca. Tulzl`~|ol tugcl zgtukolj~k}g`l tuzlz nlsfm`l)u} tukolj~|ocvca nbg hfui ~gjfca ogj Hug`clsckEkcckbg" Hug`ckfs Cg`~l)Tgcks" Vk`lb Blekxfcf"tknjulbgoc ukb nlsfm`| } s|jclsfl hfuiv.

Sal~~v NlxngsNlsfm` Tukn|c~ S|cclssNlgeku`" Ifcafmg` ? Skcfl~v khIg`|hgc~|uf`m L`mf`llus" 5445" 561 s.:efebfkmu." ~ge." uvs.:]vng}`fc~}k tk}fck`l tukeblig~vcl ~lkuff

f il~knkbkmff tukolj~k}g`fg hkui tuzlivsk}vca.Kig}fg tkszczlmb`l hgzv tukcls| tk}s~g}g`fg`k}lmk tukn|j~| kn tkivs| nk }tuk}gnzl`fg`g uv`lj. Tuzlns~g}fg |czls~`fc~}k }zku`fc~}gtuzlivsk}lmk }l }szvs~jfca l~gtgca ukz}ko|`k}lmk tukn|j~| ogjk `guznzfg m}gug`~|oclmks|jcls uv`jk}v tuzlnsfefkus~}.

]kknagi Ok`g~ag` I.G Nfc~fk`guv kh Iknlu` Nlsfm` @l} VkujKqhkun \`fxlusf~v Tulss" 544>: >1= s.:efebfkmu." jgbl`nguf|i" f`n.:Sk}`fj l`cvjbktlnvcz`v tk}fck`v tukeblig~vcl}stczls`lmk }zku`fc~}g. Agsg kskek}l f tuzln)ifk~k}l |kk`l } tkuznj| gbhgel~vcz`vi zg}flug)o? gz}fsjg }vef~`vca tukolj~g`~} z cglmk }fg~g}ugz z `k~gif efkmughfcz`vif f ki}fl`fli fcanzfggb`kcf } nzflnzf`fl }zku`fc~}g" f`hkuigcol`g ~lig~ f`s~v~|cof f hfui zg~u|n`fgocvca gobltszvcatukolj~g`~}" ifnzv`guknk}vca f jugok}vca s~k}g)uzvszl nlsfm`lusjfca. Sk}`fj zg}flug efebfkmughff jgbl`nguf|i }vnguzl" j~ul }v}guv z`gczcv}tv} g ukz}o }stczls`lmk }zku`fc~}g}fg~k}lmk. ]un agsl }vs~t|ocvca } sk}`fj|z`gon|o sf gz}fsjg tkbsjfca tukolj~g`~}"tuzlns~g}fk`g zks~gg ~gjl nzfggb`k F`s~v~|~|]zku`fc~}g Tuzlivsk}lmk } ]guszg}fl.

}}}.f}t.cki.tbF @ S ^ V ^ \ ^ ] _ K U @ F C ^ ] G T U _ L I V S K ] L M K

EFEBFK^LJG ]_KU@FC^]G F I\B^FILNFG

Iu|j Al`uvj" U|~jk}sjf Ful`l|sz T.S~ug~lmfg tukn|j~|]guszg}g" T]L " 5447" 534 s." ~ge."}vju." efebfkmu.:]kelc zifl`fgoclo sf mkstkngujf tkbsjflo}gcf}g s~ug~lmfg tukn|j~| ols~ tkns~g}ksfm`fcfg s|jcls} tuzlnsfefkus~}g guv`j|. ] jsfcl czv~lb`fj z`gonzfl cgkcfk}lki}fl`fl tukeblig~vjf s~ug~lmff tukn|j~|.G|~kuzv tuzljk`|o" l hfuig tk}f``g khluk)}g jbfl`~ki tuzlnl }szvs~jfi jkuzvcf"g fl tukn|j~v. Tkjgz|o u`fc } s~ug~lmffnzfgg`fg g uv`j| tukn|j~} jk`s|itcvo)`vca f g uv`j| tukn|j~} tuzlivsk}vca.

Kig}fgo }tv} igujf f ktgjk}g`fg gtks~uzlmg`fl tukn|j~| tuzlz jk`s|il`~g"g ~gjl tkszczlmb`l hgzv cvjb| vcfg tukn|j~|.

`k}kcf } zefkugca

Gngiczvj ]gcg}Ljkbkmfg }vuke}]guszg}g? T]L" 544>" 5>4 s.: efebfkmu.:Jsfjg tk}fck`g tukeblig~vcl }tv}|szjknbf}vca czv``fj} `g uknk}fsjk.M}`vi zgmukl`fli nbg uknk}fsjg

s tkzks~gkcf }szlbjfca |v~jk}g`vcatuzlz czk}fljg tukn|j~} s~g`k}fcvcat`flo kntgnv tk|v~jk}l. G|~kutuzlns~g}fg tukeblig~vj ljkbkmfcz`vcagstlj~} ogjkcf }vuke}" fca knnzfgv}g`fg`g uknk}fsjk. ]sjgzg`k `g jk`flcz`ksviefkzv }vuke| zl uknk}fsjfli } tl`vicvjb| olmk vcfg ~z`. kn tukcls| tukolj~k}g fgnk bfj}fngcof tk|v~jk}lo.

Jug}czvj Og`|szIlebl ogjk tuzlnifk~v |v~jk}lf zgev~jf | tkns~g} tukeblig~vjfjk`slu}g~kusjflo ilebf zgev~jk}vca

ku| ]vng}. \`f}. Ifjkgog Jktlu`fjg"5448 .)37> s.fb. ~gjl jkbku.: efebfkmu.:G|~ku ukz}gg jk`slu}g~kusjfl f kmb`kj|b)~|uk}l gstlj~v tukeblig~vjf ng}`vca ilebf"g ~gjl afs~kuf ilebf z |}zmbn`fl`fliml`lzv tukcls| }v~}uczlmk. Tks~uzlmg ileblogjk tuzlnifk~v tkuln`fczcl ifnzv czk)}fljfli g uknk}fsjfli. Tkz`g}g fl b|nzjfcatks~g} f ik~v}gcof ~k}guzvszcvca tk}s~g)}g`f| hkuiki |v~jk}g fg ilebf tkz}gbg`g zukz|ifl`fl fca h|`jcof stklcz`vca" }v)u`fgocvca ~ mu|t tuzlnifk~} stkunf``vca }v~}ku} nzfggb`kcf czk}fljg. G|~kuzgtulzl`~k}g ~gjl m}`l ikil ~v} l}kb|cof tks~g} }kelc ng}`vca ilebf"g ~gjl tukebli g|~l`~vcz`kcf ilebfzgev~jk}vca.

76


22/23

@l} Nlsfm`Iflsfcz`fj t|ebfjk}g`v tuzlz N]EGsskcfg~ls B~n" ]gu}fcj" tk}fck`v`go`k}szvi ksfm`fcfki }fg~k}lmk}zku`fc~}g. _g}flug gu~vj|v g ~lig~nzfggb`kcf `gobltszvca tukolj~g`~} f hfuinlsfm`lusjfca tukolj~|ocvca nbg kn`kszcvcas|jclsv hfui. _giflszczg ~gjl f`hkuigcol

nk~vczcl gj~|gb`vca }vnguzl } nzflnzf`fl}zku`fc~}g" gucaf~lj~|uv f sz~|jf ogj }vs~g}v"jk`j|usv f jk`hlul`col.

Fck`. Ik`~abv Igmgzf`l kh ~al Vlgu.Iflsfcz fj }vng}g`v tuzlz Ilnfg 74 Bfif~ln"Lttf`m Lsslq" tulzl`~|ocv f``k}gcvo`l tkn}zmbnli }zku`fc~}g f ~lca`kbkmff tukn|j~v}fg~k}vca hfui. Ekmg~v ig~lufg fb|s~ugcvo`vknz}flucflnbg go`k}szl ksfm`fcfgtukolj~g`~} } tkszczlmb`vca nzflnzf`gca}zku`fc~}g.

Elu`s~lf` NgxfnEfbbekgun'uljbgig k~}gu~lo tuzls~uzl`f]guszg}g? ]vng}. @g|j. T]@ 5444s.? fb. jkbku.:GIS" oln`g z tflu}szvca hfui" `g tkbsjfi v`j|uljbgiv zl}`~uz`lo zgf`fcok}gg t|ebfjgco tkbsjflolnvcof ~lmk |z`g`lmk } eug`v uljbgik}lo}vng}`fc~}g. G|~ku nzflbf sf z czv~lb`fjgif s}ko}flnz nk~vczc tukolj~k}g`fg uljbgivzl}`~uz`lo |iflszczg`vca `g nukmgca f |bfcgcaifgs~. Oln`kczl`fl tknjulbg" l } ltkcls~lca`fcvzk}g lo f`hkuigcof ktgu~lo g `k}kczls`lo~lca`kbkmff" tbgjg~ ols~ s~gbl tkt|bgu`v f knmuv}gczkk} ukb } uljbgifl.

Nlsfm` Nfhh|sfk` @l}s. !NN@&iflsfcz`fj t|ebfjk}g`v tuzlz Nlsfm`Nfhh|sfk` Lnf~fk`f" Ifbg`k ols~ifnzv`guknk}vi igmgzv`litulzl`~|ocvi s~ug~lmfl mbkegb`lmk}zku`fc~}g. Tuzlns~g}fg tuzvjgnvf``k}gcvo`vca ukz}fzg nlsfm`lusjfcatuzvczv`fgocvca sf nk s|jcls| uv`jk}lmkhfui" j~ul ol tukn|j|o. Tulzl`~|ol ~gjlsvb}l~jf }stczls`vca tukolj~g`~} f fca~}uczv nkukelj.

54

544=+7+E F \ B L ^ V @l)


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