the renaissance world history chapter 15. a new beginning renaissance – means “rebirth” self...

The Renaissance

World HistoryChapter 15

A New Beginning

Renaissance – means “rebirth”Self conscious revival of classic civilization

and sense of creating somethingScholars wanted to revive classical

civilizationsViewed humans as 3 dimensionalEmphasis was on secular (spiritual) aspects

of life Individualism and versatility: important

aspects of the Renaissance spirit

Humanism

Humanism – means classical scholarship (studied original Latin or Greek manuscripts)

Educational reform put greater emphasis on classical scholarship

Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine ComedyLeonardo da Vinci painted The Last

Supper and the Mona LisaMichelangelo painted The Last Judgment

in the Sistine Chapel

Dante Alighieri wrote Divine Comedy

Da Vinci’s Last Supper

Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa

Michelangelo's Last Judgment

Humanism continued… Humanism began to

spread north Central figure of

Humanism: Johann Reuchlin

Reuchlin was a German scholar that helped spread the influence of Humanism after he visited Italy

See VIDEO (approx 3 minutes)

LutheransMartin Luther: born in 1483Planned to be a lawyerStudied the bible; became a monk insteadDetermined that faith alone not

indulgences (which are pardons from punishment of sin as a way for the pope to raise money) was whether you were going to heaven or not

Was told by Pope Leo X to recant but he refused and Luther was declared a heretic, was excommunicated, and was declared an outlaw by Charles V of the HRE

The selling of indulgences. These people are paying a fee in order to receive a pardon for the sins they have committed.

Martin Luther’s reply when asked if he wanted to recant any of his ideas or works:"Unless I am convicted by scripture and plain reason - I do not accept the authority of the popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other - my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. God help me. Amen."

Lutherans continued…

Luther translated the New Testament from Latin to German

Followers of Luther became known as Protestants because they protested the church

Many common people supported Protestantism because you didn’t have to pay for it and you can have a direct relationship with God

Lets talk about sects baby…Many new sects (or religious groups)

formed after LutherOther sects that followed:

1. Baptists – Believers are baptized vs babies baptized

2. Church of England/Anglicans (English Protestants) – started because Henry VIII wanted a divorce

3. Calvinism – started by John Calvin (who followed Luther’s ideas but instead believed in predestination, or God has already determined your fate)

• French Protestant John Calvin

Church reaction

Catholic church finally realized how much of a threat Protestantism was to their institution

Started the counter-ReformationTried to appoint only very devout and

religious people as bishops and cardinals

Pope Paul III – began the Inquisition (punished heretics by burning them at the stake)

“Baptism by fire”

Pope Paul III

Device used in the Roman Inquisition

Council of Trent• A gathering of clergymen that determined

policy and procedures for the church• Banned the sale of indulgences• Put more rules on the clergy• Emphasized ceremonies to honor God• Forgiveness came only from the church

and had faith for salvation• Determined policy on Catholic views on

scripture, original sin, baptism, sacraments, and the Eucharist

The Council of Trent

Scientific Discoveries

• Witchcraft – belief in magic that led to science searching for answers to secrets (scientific method); started a science revolution

• Notable names:1. Copernicus – sun was the center of the universe,

not Earth2. Johannes Kepler – helped proved Copernicus’ ideas3. Galileo – invented the telescope4. Rene Descartes – in science, must prove everything5. Isaac Newton – laws of motion and gravity

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