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IMPERIALISM

Industrialization - Imperialism Imperialism • The practice of extending a nation’s power by gaining territories for a colonial empire.

•  Industrialization increased demand for raw materials (coal, metals, oil, etc.).

•  Industrial nations gain materials by acquiring land.

• LAND = POWER • Social Darwinism helped justify European expansion in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Manifest Destiny • Expansion is popular, good for the economy, and international prestige. • 1867: Bought Alaska from Russia for $7million (Seward’s Folly) • Less than 2 cents per acre • Rich in natural resources – fur, timber, gold, oil

• 1867: Annexed Midway Islands • Great spot for a strategic naval station in the

Pacific. • 1899: Split Samoan Islands with Germany

• Coaling Station for U.S. Navy

Annexation

The permanent acquisition and incorporation of a territory by a political entity.

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Hawaii Annexation • Hawaii – ideal location for naval coaling station. • American missionaries began arriving in Hawaii in the

early 1800s • American sugar planters gained power and control. • King Kalakaua agreed to a treaty made Hawaiian sugar

cheap to America. • U.S. Marines assisted sugar planters as they overthrew

Queen Liliuokalani in 1893. • Sugar tycoon Sanford Dole becomes president of the

Republic of Hawaii. • Hawaii agrees to annexation in 1898.

Asia Japan •  Japan opens diplomatic doors to the west (Europe &

America) • U.S. uses trade of technology to win Japan over. •  TR helps negotiate a Russo-Japanese peace treaty. China • Europe has a powerful sphere of influence in China • U.S. wants in, proposes Open Door Policy giving all

nations equal trade rights. • Boxer Rebellion leads to increased western influence

Spanish-American War A quick victory in the Spanish-American War gave the United States a new role as a world power

Unrest in Cuba • Cubans launch a series of revolts against Spain starting in 1868.

• José Marti – Cuban leader move to New York and gains popular American support then is killed in battle in 1895.

• The Spanish cruel suppression of Cuban rebellion outrages the American public.

America’s War Fever • Newspapers report Spanish cruelty in dramatic fashion.

• Spanish ridicule of President McKinley is published in a the New York Journal.

• The USS Maine (a battleship) blows up in Havana Harbor, killing 260 American sailors.

• Although no proof exists the tragedy of the USS Maine is blamed on a Spanish mine.

• U.S. declares war with Spain

U.S. Victory • Spain gives up all claims to Cuba. • U.S. gains: Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines for $20 million.

• Territorial gains vastly expand U.S. military strength.

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Philippine-American War • Controversy raged over whether to annex the Philippines.

• Belief in self government v. spreading American values.

• 1899 annexation is approved. •  Immediately fighting breaks out between Filipino freedom fighters and U.S. marines (3 years).

Cuba • U.S. sets up a military Government in Cuba • The U.S. will oversee the writing of Cuba’s constitution in 1901. • Platt Amendment – reserved U.S. right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to establish military bases. • Guantanamo Bay • Cuba becomes a U.S. protectorate, under U.S.

control and protection.

Panama Canal • 1902 U.S. bought the rights to build a canal from French.

• Panama was part of the Republic of Colombia. • President Roosevelt helped orchestrate a revolution and supported it with military power.

• The new Republic of Panama signed a treaty granting control of a 10 mile-wide canal zone to the U.S.

• Work on the canal is completed in 1914.

Roosevelt Corollary • An addition to the Monroe Doctrine, the United States will intervene in all conflicts between Europe and Latin America.

• Effectively, all of Latin America is a U.S. protectorate.