mrunal _ peasant revolts in british-raj 4upsc

4/20/2015 MrunalLandReformsinIndia:PeasantrevoltsinBritishRaj4UPSC

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[LandReforms]PeasantRevoltsforLandreformsduringBritishRaj

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1. Prologue2. PeasantstrugglesinBritishIndia3. PeasantRevoltsbefore1857

1. SanyasiRevolt,17722. PagalPanthi,1830s40s3. Santhal,1855

4. Revoltsafter1857sMutiny1. IndigoMovement(185960)2. DeccanRiots(187475)3. Ramosi,1877874. NoRevenueMovements(18931900)5. BirsaMundasUlgulan(1899)6. Rajasthan:1913177. ChamparanIndigoSatyagraha(1917)8. KhedaSatyagraha(1918)

5. Peasantrevoltsinthe20s1. KisanMovement,UP(1920s)2. EkaMovement(1920s)3. SecondMoplahUprising(1921)4. BardoliSatyagraha(1928)

6. PeasantRevoltsinthe40s1. Tebhaga,Bengal,19462. Telangana,HyderabadState(4651)3. Varli,BombayProvince

7. MockQuestions

Prologue

This[LandReforms]Articleserieswill(tryto)coverfollowingissuesforUPSCMainsGS/Optionals:

1. ThreelandtenuresystemoftheBritish:Theirfeatures,implications.Wesawinpreviousarticle.

2. PeasantstrugglesinBritishRaj:causesandconsequences.Discussedinthisarticle.

3. Landreforms,Beforeindependence:byCongressgovernmentsinProvinces,theirbenefitsandlimitations.GandhiandRanadesviewsonLandreforms,AllIndiaKisanSabhaetc.

4. Landreforms,Afterindependence:abolitionofZamindari,LandCeiling



andTenancyreforms.Theirbenefitsandlimitations5. Landreformsbynongovernmentalaction:Bhoodan,Gramdan,NGOs

etc.theirbenefitsandlimitations6. Landreformsinrecenttimes:Computerizationoflandrecords,Forest

rightsAct,landreformpolicyetc.theirbenefitsandlimitations.

PeasantstrugglesinBritishIndia

Canbeclassifiedintofollowinggroups:

Before1857sMutiny

EastIndia:SanyasiRevolt,ChuarandHoRising,KolRising,SanthalRising,PagalPanthisandFaraizisRevoltWestIndia:Bhil,RamosisSouthIndia:Poligars

After1857sMutiny

IndigoMovement(185960)PabnaAgrarianUnrest(187376),Deccanriots(187475),NoRevenueMovementAssam,Maharashtra,andPunjab:(towardstheendof19thcentury)ChamparanIndigoSatyagraha(1917)

Inthe20sand30s 2

ndMoplah,AwadhKisanSabha,Ekamovement,Bardolietc.

DuringandAfterWW2

CongressMinistriesinprovincessuchasBihar,UPandBombay(willbediscussedseparatelyinthirdarticle)FaizpurCongresssession(1936)AllIndiaKisanCongressTebhagaMovementinBengalTelanganaOutbreakinHyderabadVarlisRevoltinWesternIndia

PeasantRevoltsbefore1857

clicktoenlarge

Note:Imalsoincludingsometribalrevoltsthathadconnectionswithlandsettlement/tenancysystems.

SanyasiRevolt,1772



Britishgovernmentrestrictedpeoplefromvisitingholyplaces.SansyasigotangryJoinedbyfarmers,evictedlandlords,disbandedsoldiersFocalpoint:RangpurtoDhakaLeader:ManjuShahFakirSanyasisdefeatedacompanyofsepoysandkilledthecommander.Theyoverransomedistricts,virtuallyrunningaparallelgovernment.Thisrebellioncontinuedtilltheendofthe18thcentury.GovernorGeneralWarrenHastingslaunchedamilitarycampaignagainstSansyasis.From1800,sanyasisprobablyjoinedtheMarathastofightBritish.

PagalPanthi,1830s40s

Reason:ZamindariOppressionArea:NorthBengal,HajongandGarotribes.Leader:KaramShahandhissonTipuResult:InitiallyBritishagreedtoPagalPanthidemand,madearrangementtoprotectthecultivatorsfromZamindarButlater,launchedmassivemilitaryoperationtosuppressPagalPanthis

Santhal,1855

Reason:oppressionofpolice,atrocitiesoflandlordsandmoneylenders,illtreatmentofsmallfarmersbylandrevenueofficials.Governmentbannedshiftingcultivationinforestareas.Area:RajMahalhillsLeaders:Sindhu+KanhuResult:ThegovernmentcouldpacifiedtheseSanthalsbycreatingaseparatedistrictofSanthalParganas.

someotherrevoltsbefore1857sMutiny:

Bhil

1817to1819Reason:agrarianhardshipArea:W.Ghats,Khandesh

ChuarandHo

1820to1837.

Reason:famine,landRevenueArea:Midnapur,Chhotanagpur,SinghbhumTribesinvolvedChuar=MidnapurHoandMunda=ChhotaNagpurandSinghbhum

Faraizis

1838to1857

Reason:ZamindariOppressionArea:EastBengalLeader:FaraiziswerefollowersofaMuslimsectfoundedbyHajiShariatullahofFaridpur

Kherwar/Sapha



Har Againstrevenuesettlementsintribalareas.

KolReason:BritishtransferredoflandfromKolheadmen(Mundas)tooutsiderslikeSikhandMuslimfarmers.Area:ChhotaNagpur,Ranchi,Singhbhum,Hazaribag,PalamauandwesternpartsofManbhum.

Mophah,Firstuprising

18361854

Malabar.byMuslimtenantsagainstHinduZamindars(Jemnis).

Poligars Reason:landRevenueArea:Dindigul,Malabar,Arcot,Madraspresidency

TiruMir

17821831Bengal.AgainstHindulandlords,whoimposedbeardtaxonFarazis.

Revoltsafter1857sMutiny

Generalfeatures:

1. After1857srevolt,TheBritishhadcrusheddownnativeprincesandzamindars.Hencefarmersthemselvesbecamemainforceofagitations.

2. Target=sometimesgovernment,sometimesmoneylender,sometimeslandlord/zamindar



3. Territorialreach.notorganizedonmassscale4. Oftenspontaneous.nocoordination5. lackedcontinuityorlongtermstruggle.6. neverthreatenedBritishsupremacy7. farmersdidntmindpayingrent,revenue,interestondebtbutonly

agitatedwhentheywereraisedtoanabnormallevel.8. lackedunderstandingofcolonialeconomicsystemordivideandrule

policyoftheBritish.Farmersagitationswerebasedwithinframeworkofoldsocialorder,henceoftenfailedbecausegovernmentcouldwooafactionbygrantingthemconcessionandhencemovementwouldcollapse.

IndigoMovement(185960)

EuropeanplantersforceddesifarmerstogrowtheindigoinEasternIndia,withoutpayingrightprice.Ifanyfarmerrefusedandstartedgrowingrice,hewaskidnapped,womenandchildrenwereattacked,andcropwaslooted,burntanddestroyed.Iffarmerapproachedcourt,theEuropeanjudgewouldruleinfavouroftheEuropeanplanter.TheprivilegesandimmunitiesenjoyedbytheBritishplantersplacedthemabovethelawandbeyondalljudicialcontrol.FinallyIndigopeasantslaunchedrevoltinNadiadistrictofBengalpresidency.RefusedtogrowIndigo.Ifpolicetriedtointervene,theywereattacked.EuropeanPlantersrespondedbyincreasingtherentandevictingfarmers.Ledtomoreagitationsandconfrontations.Latergotsupportfromtheintelligentsia,press,missionariesandMuslims.Result:GovernmentissuedanotificationthattheIndianfarmerscannotbecompelledtogrowindigoandthatitwouldensurethatalldisputesweresettledbylegalmeans.Bytheendof1860,IndigoplantersshoulddowntheirfactoriesandcultivationofindigowasvirtuallywipedoutfromBengal.

HarishChandraMukherji

editorofHindupatriot.publishedreportsonindigocampaign,organizedmassmeetingsetc.

DinBandhuMitra

wroteaplayNeelDarpantoportraytheoppressionofindigofarmers.

PabnaAgrarianUnrest(187376)

Area:EastBengal.Pabna=ajutegrowingdistrictReason:Zamindarsenhancedrentsbeyondlegallimitsthroughavarietyofcesses(Abwab),Farmershadtofacecostlylegalaffairsandforcedeviction.Nuisanceofmoneylenders.Leaders:IshwarChandraRoy,ShambhuPal,KhoodiMollah.

Notablefeatures

Agrarianleagueformedtofightlegalbattleagainstthezamindarsand



organizednonpaymentofrentcampaign.Thisleagueprovidedasoundplatformtothepeasantsatatimewhentherewasnokisansabhaoranypoliticalpartytoorganizethepeasants.byandlargenonviolent.Nozamindaroragentwaskilled/seriouslyinjured.Veryfewhouseslooted,veryfewpolicestationsattacked.HinduMuslimunity,despitethefactthatmostZamindarswereHinduandfarmersweremuslims.farmersdemandedtobecomeryotsofBritishqueenandnotofZamindars.GotsupportfromIntellectuals:BankimChandraChettarji,RCDutt,SurendranathBenerjeeetc.

Result:

ThisunrestresultedintoBengalTenancyActof1885.ButthisactdidnotfullyprotectfarmersfromthezamindarioppressionEvennoncultivatorsweregivenoccupancyright.Itgaverisetoapowerfuljotedargroups.LatersomeoftheJotedarsbecameasexploitativeasthezamindars.

DeccanRiots(187475)

Area:IntheryotwariareasofPuneandAhmadnagarofMaharashtra

Reasons

thelandrevenuewasveryhighhadtopaylandRevenueevenduringbadseasons1860:Americancivilwar=boomindemandofcottonexport.ButIn1864,warends=>cottonexportdeclines,yetgovernmentraisedlandrevenue.Farmershadtakenloansfrommoneylenders,butnowtheycannotrepay=>Moneylenderstookawaytheirland,cattle,jewelryandproperty.

Notablefeatures:

1. Theobjectofthisriotwastodestroythedeadbonds,decrees,etc.inpossessionoftheircreditors.

2. Violencewasusedonlywhenthemoneylendersrefusedtohandoverthedocuments.

3. villagersledbytraditionalheadmen(Patels)4. Involvedsocialboycottofmoneylender.andsocialboycottofanyvillager

whodidntsociallyboycottthemoneylender.5. LatergotsupportfromPoonaSarvajanikSabhaledbyJusticeRanade.

Result:

1. Initiallygovernmentresortedtouseofpoliceforceandarrest.butlaterappointedacommission,passedAgriculturistsReliefActin1879andontheoperationofCivilProcedureCode.

2. Nowthepeasantscouldnotbearrestedandsenttojailiftheyfailedtopaytheirdebts.



Ramosi,187787

Reason:RamosisofMaharashtraweretheinferiorranksofpoliceinMarathaadministration.AfterthefalloftheMarathakingdom,theybecamefarmers=>heavylandRevenuedemandsbyBritish.Area:Satara,Maharashtra,DeccanLeader:ChitturSingh(1822),VasudevBalwantPhadke(187787)Result:Governmentgavethemlandgrantsandrecruitedthemashillpolice.

NoRevenueMovements(18931900)

IntheRyotwariareas.Mainreason:hikeinlandrevenue.

Assam

BritishincreaselandRevenueby50to70percentinKamrupandDarrangdistricts.VillagerdecidednottopayRevenue.AndsociallyboycottedanyfarmerwhopaidlandRevenue.Ruralelites,Brahminledtherevolt.SocialboycottofanyonewhopaidtaxestoBritish.

Bombay

farmerswantedrevenueremissionunderfaminecodeduring18961900.Tilak,PoonaSarvajanikSabhasentvolunteerstospreadawarenessamongfarmersabouttheirlegalrightsunderFaminecode.ThesecampaignsspreadtoSurat,Nasik,KheraandAhmedabad.

Punjab

Nuisanceofmoneylenders.ledtoassaultandmurderofmoneylendersbythepeasants.Result:PunjabLandAlienationActof1902whichprohibitedfor20yearstransferoflandfrompeasantstomoneylendersandmortgage.

BirsaMundasUlgulan(1899)

SouthofRanchi

Reasons

TribalspracticedKhuntkattisystem(jointholdingbytriballineages)Butrichfarmers,merchants,moneylenders,dikus,thekedarsfromNorthernIndiacameandtriedtoreplaceitwithtypicalZamindaritenancysystem.Thesenewlandlordscausedindebtednessandbethbegari(forcedlabour)amongthetribal.



BirsaMundaorganizedtheMundatribals,attackedchurchesandpolicestations.

Result:

Birsadiedinjail,whileothersshotdead,hangedordeported.GovernmentenactedChotanagpurTenancyAct1908.recognizedKhuntkattirights

bannedethBegari(forcedlabour)

Rajasthan:191317

BijoliaMovementandNotaxcampaignagainstUdipurMaharanareason:Thejagirdarlevied86differentcessesonfarmers.leaders:SitaramDas,VijaySinghPathik(BhoopSingh),ManiklalVermaFarmersrefusedtopaytaxes,migratedtoneighboringstates1922:Bhilmovementagainstbegari(forcedlabour)

ChamparanIndigoSatyagraha(1917)

Area:ChamparandistrictofBihar.Ramnagar,Bettiah,Madhuban.

EuropeanplantersforcedIndianfarmerstocultivateindigoon3/20thoftheirlandholding.Popularlyknownastinkathiasystem.Underthissystem,Europeanplantersholdingthikadarileasesfromthebiglocalzamindarsforcedthepeasantstocultivateindigoonpartoftheirlandatunremunerativepricesandbychargingsharahbeshi(rentenhancement)ortawan(lumpsumcompensation)ifthefarmerdidnotwanttogrowindigo,hehadtopayheavyfines

1916 AfarmerRajKumarShuklacontactedGandhiduringCongressSession@Lucknow.

1917 MahatmaGandhilaunchedanagitation.Demandedadetailedenquiryandredressaloffarmersgrievances.

Result:

1. Governmentappointsacommittee,evenincludedGandhiasoneofthemember.

2. Governmentabolishestinkhatiasystemandpayscompensationtothefarmers.

3. Gandhigetsnewallies:RajendraPrasad,JBKriplani,MahadevDesaiandBrajKishorePrasad

KhedaSatyagraha(1918)

SeveredroughtinKheraDistrict,GujaratKanbiPatidarfarmers.Makingdecentlivingthroughcotton,tobaccoanddairy.ButPlagueandfamineduring18981906reducedtheirincome.YetgovernmentincreasedRevenuedemand.



Pricesofessentialcommodities:kerosene,saltetcincreasedbecauseofWW1.FarmersrequestedgovernmenttowaivethelandRevenue.Governmentignored.Gandhi+SardarPatellaunchednorevenuecampaign

Result:

1. Governmentreducedrevenueto6.03%2. GovernmentorderedofficialstorecoverRevenueonlyfromthose

farmerswhowerewillingtopay.3. Gandhigetsnewally:SardarVallabhbhaiPatel

Peasantrevoltsinthe20s

Generalfeatures

1. Oftenturnedviolent/militant.CreatedadividebetweenlocalleadersandNationalistLeaders/Congress/Gandhi

2. Signoffearamongmiddleclassleadershipthatmovementwouldturnmilitant.

3. Governmentusedfullpoliceforceandsuppression.4. Farmersdidntdemandabolitionofrent,zamindari.Theyonlywanteda

fairsystemoflandtenancy.

KisanMovement,UP(1920s)

Awadhfarmersweresufferingbecause:

1. Lackofoccupancyrightsonlandinmanyregions.



2. Exactionbylandlordsoftributes,cesses,gifts,forcedlabourandexcessiverent.

3. Periodicrevisionoflandrevenueinryotwariareas.4. Heavyindebtednesstothevillagelandlordsormoneylenders.5. WorldwarI=steepriseinthepriceoffoodgrainsbenefitingmiddlemen

andmerchantsatthecostofthepoor.6. FarmershadtopayLaraiChanda(Warcontribution)duringWW1.7. TocounterGandhi/Congresssinfluence,theGovernmentwantedtowin

overTalukdarsinAvadh.Hence,theygavefreehandtoTaulkdarsregardingrentcollection,evictionetc.

8. Asaresult,Begari(forcedlabour)andBedakhli(evictingtenantforland)becameacommonsight.

9. +castedomination:Jajmanisystemunderwhich,lowercastewereoblightedtosupplyghee,clothsetcfree/@discountedpricestouppercaste.

1918

UPKisanSabhasetup.

byHomeRuleleadersGauriShankerMishraandIndraNarainDwivediwiththesupportofMadanMohanMalviya.

1920 BabaRamchandraorganizedpeasantsofAwadhagainstthelandlords,usingRamayanaandcastesloghans.

MethodsofAwadhKisanSabha

1. askedfarmerstostopworkingonbedakhliland(i.e.fromwhereearlierfarmerwasevicted)

2. askedfarmerstostopgivingBegariandJajmani.3. Socialboycottoffarmerswhodidnotobey1+2.4. By1921,thismovementturnedmilitantandspreadtodistrictsofEastern

UP.involvedlooting,ransacking,attackingzamindarproperties.5. agitatorsraidedthehousesoflandlordsandmoneylenders,looted

bazaarsandgranaries

Result:GovernmentamendedAwadhRentActin1921andAKSceasedviolence.

LaterAllIndiaKisanSabhaemerged.DiscussedseparatelyinthirdarticlealongwithCongressProvincialgovernment.

EkaMovement(1920s)

Eka=unitymovementInitiallybyCongress+KhilafatLeaders.LaterMadariPasiandotherlowcasteleaders.Reason:oppressionbyThekedar.HighrentsInvolvedreligiousritual,inwhichfarmerwouldtakeatipinGangesandvownottodobegari,resistevictionetc.EvenincludedsomesmallzamindarswhowereunhappedwithBritishdemandsforhighrevenue.



By1922severerepressionbygovernment=EkaMovementvanished.

SecondMoplahUprising(1921)

Reasons:

1. HinduZamindars(Jemnis)exploitingMuslimMoplah/MappilafarmersinMalabar(Kerala)

2. rumorsthatBritishmilitarystrengthhaddeclinedpostWW1.3. KhilafatmovementandgeneralhatredtowardsBritish.

Tippingpoint:PoliceraidedamosquetoarrestaKhilafatleaderAliMusaliar.Farmersattackedpolicestations,publicofficesandhouses,landrecordsofzamindarsandmoneylendersundertheleadershipofKunhammedHaji.Formonths,BritishgovernmentlostcontroloverErnadandWalluvanadtaluksforseveralmonths.ThismovementwastermedasAntiBritish,AntiZamindarsand,tosomeextent,asantiHindu.PodanurBlackhole:Britishput66Moplahprisonersintoarailwaywagonandcompletelyshutitdown.Theyalldiedofasphyxiation.Result:HundredsofMoplahlostlivesasaresulttheywerecompletelydemoralizedanddidntjoininanyfuturefreedomstrugglesorevencommunistmovementspostindependence.

BardoliSatyagraha(1928)

Area:Bardoli,GujaratReason:landRevenueincreasedby22%.SardarPatelpersuadedthefarmers:

nottopayRevenue,requiredthemtotakeoathinthenameoftheirrespectiveHindu/Muslimgods.socialboycottofanyonewhopaidrevenue.ResistevictionandJabti(Confiscation).LockhousesandmigratetoBarodaStatesocialupliftmentofKaliparajcastewhoworkedaslandlesslaborers.

KMMunshiresignedfromBombayLegislativecouncil.Bombaycommunistsandrailwayworkersalsothreatenedstrikesandboycotts.

Result:

GovernmentsetupMaxwellBroomfieldcommission.ReducedlandRevenueto6.03%Returnedconfiscatedlandbacktofarmers.VallabhbhaigotthetitleofSardar.

CivilDisobedienceMovement(CDM)193031



InUP,CongressaskedZamindarsnottopayrevenuetoGovernment.(norevenue)AndaskedFarmersnottopayrenttoZamindars.(norent)ButZamindarsremainedloyaltoBritish=>asaresultonlyfarmersparticipatedinnorentmovement.

Misc.PeasantMovementsinthe1920and30s

GreatDepressionstartedinUSA,spreadinEurope=>agriculturalpricescrashed.ButRevenue,rentsandtaxesremainedhigh,impoverishingthepeasants.farmersemboldenedbySuccessofBardoliSatyagrahaof1928ManyZamindarleadersstoodupin1937sprovincialelectionsonCongressticketsbuttheyweredefeated=farmersevenmoreemboldened.

BakashtMovement Bihar

BarhaiyaTal Bihar.TorestoreBakashtland.Leader:KaryanandaSharmaBengal,Bihar RefusedtopayChaukidaritax

Bihar

KisanrancampaigntoabolishZamindari,restoreBakshatlands.MatterSolvedwhenprovincialcongressgovernmentpassedact.

BiharProvincialKisanSabha,1929

Bombay,CentralProvinces Againstforestgrazingregulations

HajongTribals inGarohills.toreducerentfrom50%to25%.LeaderMoniSingh.Maharashtra,Karnataka,Bundelkhand

NoRevenuemovement

Malabar,Kerala againstfeudallevies,advancerentsandeviction.Result:MalabarTenancyactwasamended.

Punjab

PunjabRiyasatiPrajaMandal(1928)AgainstMaharajofPatialahehadincreasedlandRevenueby19%farmerswantedhimtoabolishhislandreservedforshikar(hunting)forreductionofcanaltaxes.

Surat,Kheda FarmersrefusedtopayRevenue.MigratedtoBarodaState.

PeasantRevoltsinthe40s



Generalfeatures:

DuringWW2,thepeasantmovementshaddeclined.ButaftertheendofWW2(1945)peasantleadersanticipatefreedomandnewsocialorder.Hencenewmovementswithrenewedvigour.EarlierkisanmovementsusuallydidntdemandabolitionofZamindari.Theymerelywantedafairsystemoflandrevenueandlandtenancy.ButthesenewmovementsstronglydemandedforabolitionofZamindari.Evenwhentheywereunsuccessful,theycreatedaclimatewhichnecessitatedthepostindependencelandreformsandabolitionofZamindari.Earliermovementswerebyandlargenonviolent.Butnowtheyturnedmilitante.g.TelanganamovementinHyderabadstateandtheTebhagamovementinBengal.SimilarlyAllIndiaKisanSabhaopenlypreachedmilitancy,violanceagainstZamindars.

Tebhaga,Bengal,1946

1. inthisregion:Richfarmers(Jotedars)leasedthefarmstosharecroppers(Bargadar)

2. FloutCommissionhadrecommendedthatBargadarshouldget2/3ofcropproduceandjotedar(thelandlord)shouldget1/3rdofcropproduce.

3. Tebhagamovementaimedtoimplementthisrecommendationthroughmassstruggle.



who

BengalProvincialKisanSabhacommunistgroupslowerstratumoftenantssuchasbargardars(sharecroppers),adhiarsandpoorpeasants,teaplantationworkersetc.

againstwhom

zamindars,richfarmers(Jotedars),moneylenders,traders,localbureaucrats

SuharwardysGovernmentintroducedBargardariBill.Butoverall,Limitedsuccess:

1. Brutalpolicesuppression.2. differenceofopinion

tribalelementswantedmoremilitantprotestpoorandmiddlelevelfarmersupportdeclinedurbanprofessionaldidnotsupport(BecausemanyofthemhadgiventheirvillagelandtoBargadars)

3. RiotsstartedinCalcutta,demandforpartition.

Telangana,HyderabadState(4651)

Who?FarmersofTelenganaandMadras,PrajaMandalorg.,Communistparty.Againstwhom?Nizamsofficials,landlords,moneylenders,tradersBiggestPeasantguerrillawarinModernIndianhistory.Reasons?

1. UnderAsafjahiNizambureaucraticdominationbyMuslimandHinduelites

2. Vethi:forcedlabourandpaymentsinkindbyJagirdar.Tribalswereturnedintodebtslaves.

3. highrents,forcedevictionandotherformsofbadassthuggaryassociatedinafeudalarea.

Whyguerrillawar?

1. Armsactwasimplementedinslackmanner.Easytobuycountrymadeguns.

2. Congress,AryaSamajetc.didnotwantNizam/RazakarstosetupanindependentHyderabadcountryafterindependence.Sotheygavemoralsupport,funding.

Result

1. revenueandrentrecordsdestroyed2. bondedlabour/vethidisappeared,declineinuntouchability3. Agriculturalwageswereincreased.4. Destroyedaristocracy/feudalismfromHyderabad.Pavedwayfor

formationofAndhraStateandVinobasBhudanmovement.

Whydecline?



OperationPolo:In1948,IndiangovernmentsentarmytooverthrowNizam.evenafterliberationofHyderabad,theCommunisthadinternalpoliticaldifference.Theclasswarturnedintopettymurderingofforestofficialsandmoneylenders.Asaresultmovementlostsupport.

Varli,BombayProvince

Varli=tribalsinW.India.KisanSabhasupportedthem.Laterundertheinfluenceofcommunists.

Againstwhom?forestcontractors,themoneylenders,therichfarmers,landlords,Britishbureaucracy.

MockQuestions

5marks

1. Pabnamovement.2. IndigoMovement(1859

60)3. DeccanRiots(187475)4. SanyasiRevolt5. BardoliPeasant

Movement(1921)6. IndigoMovement(1959

60)7. PagalPanthisandFaraizis

Revolt8. PeasantMovementin

Avadh

9. BabaRamdevChandra.10. EkaMovement11. KhedaSatyagraha12. RamosiRevolts13. BirsaMundascontributionin

Freedomstruggle14. TebhagaMovement15. Telenganamovement(194651)

12marks

1. Themostimportantcontributionofthepeasantmovementsthatcoveredlargeareasofthesubcontinentinthe30sand40swasthattheycreatedtheclimatewhichnecessitatedthepostindependenceagrarianreforms.Comment

2. WriteanoteonPeasantmovementsunderGandhisleadership3. WriteanoteonPeasantsmovementsunderSardarPatelsleadership.4. WriteanoteonthecharacteristicsofpeasantmovementsinIndiafrom

1857toSecondWorldWar.5. WriteanoteonthegrowthofPeasantmovementsafter1920s.6. Underlinethecriticallinkbetweenthelonghistoryofthenationaland

peasantmovementsinIndiaandthenatureandintensityofthelandreforminitiativestakenafterindependence.

7. WhatweretheimportantpeasantstrugglesthattookplaceontheeveofIndianindependence?



Inthenextarticle,wellseethelandreformsinitiatedbyProvincialCongressgovernmentsbeforeindependence,roleofAllIndiaKisanSabha,viewsofGandhiandRanadeonLandreformsetc.

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mrunal _ peasant revolts in british-raj 4upsc

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