NATIVE REVOLTS AGAINST SPAIN

Gervacio, Justine ReneeMendoza, Luis

Ragonhan, Garnee ClaudineSagutin, Alexandrea Clarisse

See, Ingrid

FILIPINO REBELLIONS, REVOLTS

Indios > SpaniardsOver two hundred revolts and uprisings between 1565 and 1896

Forced labor, bandala and repartimiento

Spain managed to maintain its rule in the country

PERSONAL GRIEVANCES:

LAKANDULA, 1574

Guido de Lavezares Lakandula Lim Ah Hong

-Dec. 1574-Pangasinan

LOSS OF FREEDOM: MAGAT SALAMAT,

1587

Magat Salamat (Son of Lakandula)

Revolts in barangays of Tagalog and Pampango region in 1583,1584 and 1589

In 1587, former datus of Tondo, Bulacan and Laguna decided to rise up in arms

Led by Magat Salamat

Martin Pangan (Gobernadorcillo of Tondo)

Juan Banal (Datu of Tondo) Felipe Salonga (Datu of Polo)Juan Balunguit (Datu of Pandacan)Geronimo Gasi (Brother of Agustin)Esteban Taes (Datu of Bulacan)Kalaw (Datu of Tondo)Dionisio Capolo ( Datu of Candaba) Omaghicon (Datu of Navotas)

Agustin de Legazpi (nephew of Lakandula)

Assistance of the Datus of Cuyo, Calamianes, and Brunei

JapanJuan GayoProvide arms and troops Half of all the tributes New king of the islands was Agustin de Legazpi

MAGALAT

ANTONIO SURABAO AND AMARLANGAGUI

PRETENDED TO BE HIS SUPPORTERS

Reported to Pedro Sarmiento, the

encomendero of the Calamianes

Then reported to Governor General Santiago de Vera

Salamat, De Legazpi, Basi,

Gayo and Dionisio Fernandez were

hanged and their bodies were drawn

and quartered

Pitongatan, Balinguit, Salonga, Omaghicon, Taes, Basi and Manuguit were exiled to Mexico.

Filipinos in Luzon would seek the help of Muslims from Borneo

PROTESTS AGAINST SPANISH

IMPOSITIONS The indios of Ilocos and Cagayan rose in revolt -Abuses of the tribute collectors in 1589

Governor Santiago de Vera

Resumed rebellionRecruited chiefs of Tuguegarao Killed many spaniardsGovernor Francisco Tello

~Opposition to Reduccion ~

Gaddangs of Cagayan

Reduccion 1622-1623 Isnegs of

Apayao,1625 Spaniards negotiate to the families of chiefs

in order to ensure the payment of tribute Fled to the surrounding mountains Up to the second half of the 17th century,

Cagayan was never pacified.

~Religious Cause~

Revolt of Tamblot (1621-1622)

• - Tamblot, a babaylan or native priest that persuade 2,000 followers to revolt against Spain

• -January 1, 1622• -Mayor Alcarazo

sent reinforcement and engaged the rebels killing Tamblot and many of his followers

Revolt of Bankaw (1565)

• Bankaw received a vision from a diwata telling him to return to the old religion in Leyte.

• Encouraged the people of Carigara to form a rebel.

-The rebellion destroyed churches

of Spaniards.

-Mayor Alcarazo sent Cebuano

warriors in Leyte resulting to death of Bankaw, his son and Pagali in the

battle.

9/9/16

Revolt of Tapar (1663) • Tapar proclaimed himself

as God and called assistants, “Jesus Christ” and “Holy Ghost” and led the revolt in Panay

• They killed Fr. Francisco de Mesa and burned his house

• The Spaniards failed to capture him and hired assassins who finally killed Tapar and his men.

• They brought the body of Tapar and female leader Maria Santisima at the Jalaur River to be eaten by crocodiles.

9/9/16

Revolt of Francisco Rivera

(1718)• Revolt in Cagayan led by Francisco Rivera who called himself “Papa y Rey” (Pope and King)

• He told Cagayanos to return the rosaries and scapularies to the Dominicans.

• He and his men engaged battle with Spaniards at Lal-lo and killed more than 50 men.

• He lose followers because of his “irreligious and despotic” that enable Spanish forces to end his revolt under Don Juan Pablo Orduña.

Revolt of Luis Matangaga

• Cagayan revolt led by Luis Matangaga caused by unjust collection of tributes by the alcalde mayor.

• His revolt reached Isabela and commanded 3000 men.

• The followers of Matangaga fled to the mountains as sign of revolt against Spanish government.

FIRSTWIDESPREAD REBELLION

1649Sumuroy rebellion

GOVERNOR GENERAL DIEGO FAJARDO

A.Spanish impositions• Forced labor or polo y

servicio• Drafting of Polistas to cavite

Causes of the revolt:

Samar

Agustin Sumuroy

Sumuroy’s forces

• Cavite• Masbate• Camiguin• Albay• Camarines• northern

Mindanao• zamboanga

Spanish forces• Lutaos of

Zamboanga• Francisco

ugbo (master-of-camp)• Alonso

Manobo (sargento mayor)

1650End of sumuroy rebellion

MANIAGOANDMALONG

1660Maniago revolt

Causes of the revolt:

A.Spanish Impositions • Bandala – PROMISSORY NOTES• Forced labor or polo y servicio• WORK BEYOND REQUIRED TIME

PAMPANGA

FRANCISCO

MANIAGO

-BELONGED TO THE PRINCIPALIA -CHIEF OF TOWN OF MEXICO

-MASTER-OF-CAMP IN THE COLONIAL ARMY

MANIAGO’S FORCES

• LUBAO• PANGASINAN• CAGAYAN• ILOCOS

SPANISH FORCES• Governor

general Enrique de lara• JUAN

MAKAPAGAL (CHIEF OF ARAYAT)

PANGASINAN

Andres malong

-BELONGED TO THE PRINCIPALIA

-MASTER-OF-CAMP OF BINALATONGAN

MALONG’S FORCES• PEDRO GUMAPOS

(COUNT)• FRANCISCO PACADUA

(JUDGE)• JACINTO MACASIAG

(GENERAL)• MELCHOR DE VERA

(GENERAL)

SPANISH FORCES• GENERAL

UGALDE (SEA)• GENERAL

ESTEYBAR (LAND)

1661End of maniago and malong

revolt

SILANGAND PALARIS

1762Palaris revolt

Causes of the revolt:A.Abuses committed by

provincial governor joaquin gamboa Drafting of polistas Control of community

chest Collection of additional

tributes

PANGASINAN

JUAN DE LA CRUZ PALARIS

1765END OF PALARIS REBELLION

1762SILANG REVOLT

Causes of the revolt

A.COLLECTION OF ANNUAL COMUN TRIBUTE

B.DRAFTING OF POLISTASC.UNSCRUPULOUS PRACTICES OF

ALCALDE MAYOR Antonio zabala

ILOCOS SUR

DIEGO SILANG

Gabriela silang

SILANG’S FORCES

• ABRA• CAGAYAN• BRITISH

SPANISH FORCES• BISHOP BERNARDO

USTARIZ• GOVERNOR SIMON DE

ANDA• PEDRO BECBEC• MIGUEL VICOS• DON MANUEL DE ARZA

1763END OF SILANG REVOLT

THELONGEST REVOLT

1744Dagohoy rebellion

Causes of the revolt:

A.Father gaspar morales (CURATE OF inabangan)

B.Heavy taxesC.Forced labor or polo y servicio

BOHOL

FRANCISCO DAGOHOY

Governor mariano ricafort

dagohoy’s forces

A.20,000 men mostly bicolanos

Spanish forcesA.jose Lazaro

cairo (1827)B.Captain

manuel sanz (1828)

1829END OF DAGOHOY REBELLION

THE LONGEST REVOLT:

DAGOHOY

1744 - 1825

THE BASI REVOLT

1807

THE REVOLT OF

THE KAILINESS OF ILOCOS

➤ kailianes = leading citizens of Sarrat

➤ leaders: Simon Tomas, Mariano Espiitu, Vicente Santiago, and Andres Bugarin

➤ cause: deprived of privileges

➤ Defeated

THE REVOLT OF

APOLINARIO DE LA CRUZ(HERMANO

PULE)1841

APOLINARIO DE LA CRUZ (HERMANO PULE)(HERMANO PULE)

• wanted to be a priest • discriminated as an indio• founded the Cofradia• “king of tagalogs”• shot to death and quartered

AN ENDURING CAUSE OF REVOLTS:

THE AGRARIAN

CAUSE

Moro Wars

Definition of Moro• a member of any of the various tribes of Muslim Malays in the southern Philippines• a Muslim inhabitant of the Philippines

Spanish-Moro Wars• Refers to the three-century resistance of the Muslims in Mindanao from conversion to Christianity which began in the 1500s. It was characterized by brutalities on the side of the Spaniards who wanted to conquer the southern islands of the Philippines.

Before the coming of the Spaniards..

• Islam was not confined to Southern Mindanao and Sulu• Some islands in the Visayas and parts of the coast of Luzon had Muslim settlements

Arrival of the Spaniards• It was quite easy to convert the

inhabitants or defeat them in battle like the case of Sulayman in 1571• Through the colonization of Luzon

and Visayas, Muslim influence was driven back to Mindanao and Sulu• The Spaniards noted that Muslim

resistance was stronger as they approached Borneo• For fear of the Moros and the lack of

knowledge of Mindanao, Legazpi and his men stayed out of the island

Reasons for the Moro resistance and War

• More organized sultanates in Mindanao and Sulu• Spirit of the Darul Islam (the world of Islam)• Economy

1574• After eliminating the Muslim kingdom at Manila the city received its first Moro raid

1587 – 1588 • The caciques (native chief) of Tondo

tried to recruit the help of their Muslim brethren• Sultan Sirela asked for Spanish aid to

restore him to the Bornean throne• Governor General Francisco de Sande

led a force of Spaniards• Sirela was again deposed• de Sande’s troops were forced to

leave when a plague broke out among the men

Governor

General Francisc

o de Sande

1596• Figueroa obtained a commission from

the Spanish governor general to colonize Mindanao• With a force of 1,500 Visayans, 214

Spaniards and two Jesuits, Figueroa’s expedition left Iloilo on February 1, 1596• The Spaniards sent another

expedition in November 1596 which managed to build a blockhouse at Caldera Bay in Zamboanga

Esteban Rodriguez de

Figueroa

1599• In July 1599, Silongan and

Sali gathered a fleet of 50 caracoas and 3,000 men which plundered the towns of Panay, Negros, and Cebu1629

• In Surigao,the Spaniards established a settlement from which they launched two expeditions against Jolo

1635• The Spaniards seized a small

settlement at the tip of the Zamboanga peninsula on April 6, 1935 and built the Fort of Nuestra Señora del Pilar in Zamboanga• Tagal, a brother of Maguindanao Sultan

Dipatuan Kudarat who succeeded Buisan, led a powerful fleet which plundered Mindoro, Cuyo and the Calamianes Islands

1637• Under Governor General Hurtado de Corcuera,

a strong Spanish force was sent on February 2, 1637 and invaded Kudarat’s stronghold at Lamitan and later at Ilihan in Lanao

1638• Corcuera then turned his

attention on Sulu and invaded Jolo which fell on Janury 4, 1638 after a siege of four months

1639• Corcuera also sent an expedition

composed of Boholanos which reached as far as Lake Lanao1645

• Sultan Kadarat and the Spaniards concluded a treaty allowing the respect of Muslim and Christian religions and promising an end to the raids on Christian settlements

General Hurtado de Corcuera

1645 – 1654• Jealous enemies from within the colonial

government schemed against Governor General Corcuera complaining over the costs of his campaigns in Mindanao and Sulu• Spanish campaigns unified the Moros of

Mindanao and Sulu against the Spanish menace under Sultan Kudarat who was recognized as the foremost leader of the Moros• In the Caraga region, only the presidio

remained under the Spaniards

1645 – 1654 • The Spanish garrison in Jolo did not

last long because the Tausugs under Sultan Salahud Din Karamat made a determined effort to retake the city• After seven years, the Spanish

outpost was wiped out and Jolo again became the capital sultanate of Sulu

1655• Kudarat declared an all-out jihad

and invited the Tausugs of Jolo, Borneans, Tidoreans, and Ternatans to join in a general offensive against the Spaniards• Spanish power was further

weakened when the Spaniards decided to abandon Zamboanga and the forts at the Calamianes and Sabanilla in Palawan to counter Koxinga’s threat to invade Manila in 1662

1675• The Sultan of Sulu intervened in a

civil war in Brunei at the request of his relative, Sultan Muaddin of Brunei and was rewarded for what is now Sabah• Meanwhile, the frequency of Moro

raids forced coastal communities to move inland

1701• The Sultan of Sulu tried to visit

the Sultan of Maguindanao• In the confrontation that followed,

the Sultan of Sulu landed his forces and defeated the Maguindanaos

1718• King Philip V issued two orders

to reoccupy Zamboanga in 1666 and 1617• The Moros were again driven

away and Fort Pilar was rebuilt to watch over the Basilan Strait• The Spaniards resorted to

diplomacy by requesting the Sultan of Sulu to allow Christian missionaries to preach in his realms in exchange for the privilege to trade

1750• The Sultan of Sulu, Sultan Ali

Mundin (Azimundin) was considered a weakling by the Moros for signing a treaty with Spain in 1737• His brother Bantilan plotted to

assassinate him and seize power• Ali Mundin was persuaded to

become a Christian taking the name Don Fernando de Alimundin• The Spaniards planned to restore Ali

Mundin to his throne and they wanted to use him to convince the Sultan of Maguindanao to follow his path

• Governor General issued a decree on December 21, 1751 ordering a total war on Moros.• The Moros wiped out a British trading

post in Basilan in 1775 and capture more than a million dollars of goods and war materials.• In 1800, the Spanish light navy or Marina

Sutil launched raids on pirate strongholds. • By the 19th century, the authority of Sulu

and Maguindanao sultans was weakening and it became possible for the Spaniards to enter into separate treaties with other leaders.• The Iranun datus of of Sibuguay

accepted Spanish sovereignty.

• In September 1862, Sulu recognized Jamal-ul Kiram as the new sultan.• The French purchased the island of

Basilan form the sultan of Sulu for 100,000 francs.• The Spaniards were also against the

Sulus trading with other countries.• To curb piracy, the Spanish

government bought steamboats from Great Britain which were crucial to the crushing of pirate bases in Balangili and Tongkil.

• On December 24, 1850, Claveria’s successor Antonio Urbiztondo attacked Jolo.• On February 22, 1876, a strong

Filipino-Spanish force invaded Jolo.• Sultan Jamal-ul Kiram entered into

a treaty with Baron Gustavus Overbeck, an Austrian adventurer. The sultan agreed to lease in perpetuity the territory of North Borneo to the British North Borneo Company.• Spain allowed the Germans and

the British to trade directly with Sulu in the protocol signed by the three countries on March 26, 1877

• On 1855, another protocol was signed in which Britain and Germany recognized Spain’s sovereignty over the Sulu archipelago. However, Spain renounced its claims to the territories tributary to the Sultan of Sulu including North Borneo.• Fighting between the Spanish

forces and the sultanate officially ended with the treaty between Governor General Malcampo and Sultan Jamal-ul Kiram.• The treaties of the sultans did not

stop them or their datus from defying Spain. Aside from organized warfare, the Spaniards had to deal with individual warfare waged by sabillalahs or juramentados.

• In 1887, the Spaniards launched an attack on Maimbung.• In 1891, Governor General

Valeriano Weyler began pacifying the Lake Lanao region which remained defiant.• In 1894, Governor General Ramon

Blanco carried out a systematic campaign to reduce the Maranaos into submission• After the signing of the Pact of

Biak na Bato on December 14 and 15, 1897, the Spaniards were given an opportunity to renew that campaign in Mindanao.

• In February 1898, General Buille fought what became the last major campaign against the Maranaos.• With the signing of treaty of Paris on

December 10, 1898, operations were stopped and the small warships were sunk in deep waters of Lake Lanao.• The Spanish troops were later

replaced by the first American troops in 1899.• Among the peoples of the

Philippines, the Moros along with some people of the north like the Igorots and Tingguians were never subjugated by Spain.

• The Moro wars were a victory for the Moros because they continued defying Spain until the end of its rule.• The wars brought great

hardship to the people of Luzon and the Visayas as they live in constant fear of Moro raids.

• The Moro wars also divided the Filipinos according to sectarian lines. The Filipinos of Luzon and the Visayas inherited the same bias of the Spaniards against the Moros. • This bias contributed to problems

like difficulty in integrating the Moros into the body politic and claims neglect of the Moros which are yet to be solved to this day.