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Imperialism

Chapter 10

U.S. Foreign Policy •  Monroe Doctrine

– No new colonization by Europe in western hemisphere

– U.S. stays out of European affairs –  If Europe attempts to colonize in the west,

U.S. would consider it an act of war •  Many Spanish colonies revolting

– U.S. warning Europe to stay out – Encouraged revolting countries to adopt

American democratic model

U.S. Foreign Policy

•  ___________________ toward Europe •  Everywhere else very involved:

–  Indian affairs – Spanish colonies – Mexico – Manifest Destiny expanding toward into the

Pacific and Latin America •  Imperialism:

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Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853

• Trade will also expand to China and Korea.

• U.S. will send expeditions to Caribbean

“______________”: 1867

$7.2 million

5 P’s of Expansion

1.  ________________ –  Industrialization meant need for more

_____________________________ –  Must expand to compete with Europe –  Large amounts of raw materials in Africa,

Caribbean, Pacific, Latin America –  Not enough markets in USA for goods

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American Foreign Trade: 1870-1914

Commercial/Business Interests (Profit)

5 P’s of Expansion

2.  _____________ –  Expansion to

assert American power

–  Spread “superior” American culture

•  ______________ •  _______________

_______________

5 P’s of Expansion

•  3. ______________ –  Add to economic and

political empire you become powerful.

–  Less likely to be _______________.

–  Military strategy –  Alfred Thayer Mahan

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_________________

•  Wrote “ ________________________________

•  Strong ______ key to world dominance and control of sea

•  Influential work that saw U.S. build up its ____________

The ________________: 1907

4. ___________: spread ______

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

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5 P’s of Expansion

5. _______________________ –  Politicians must listen to _____________

•  Businesses want to expand •  Businesses giving millions to campaigns

–  Expansion allows U.S. to escape divisive (and boring) _______________ issues

–  Foreign involvement influenced _______________________________

Opponents to Expansion: ____________________

•  Argued expansion violated U.S. idea of __________________________________

•  Some people were inferior and could not be _________________________________

•  Avoid foreign entanglements –  ______________________________________

•  Would require increased spending to build up and maintain strong navy

“_______________” Policy

•  Advocated by former Sec. of State James Blaine

•  U.S. should lead and protect ________________ nations

•  Would open up _____________ for American industry

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U.S.-____________ Relations •  Agreements in 1870s and 1880s in areas of _______

trade, use of ports, naval bases •  U.S. controlled ________________________by 1887 •  U.S. sugar planters also bought sugar plantations in

Hawaii –  ___________________________of Hawaii’s wealth –  Also paid many Hawaiian sugar planters top dollar for crop –  Resented by many Hawaiians

•  USA trying to__________________Hawaii by 1890 –  Annex: ______________________________________ –  Problem: Most Native Hawaiians wanted to remain separate

Hawaiian _________________

Hawaii for the Hawaiians! Tore up trade agreements sugar planters had with U.S.

U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii " Jan. 1893 – American

businessmen and sugar planters backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.

" Uprising worked and Queen removed.

"   ____________________proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894 and becomes _____________

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To The Victor Belongs the Spoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

______________________ •  Cuba revolts against Spain in 1895

–  Led by _______________________ •  U.S. had profitable __________________with

Cuba = $100 million/yr. •  Sugar planters wanted to be annexed by U.S. •  Sugar planters burn crops to get U.S.

attention and protest Spain •  U.S. also believed control of Cuba = control of

__________________________________ •  ____________ sends in troops to stop revolt

U.S. Reaction •  Spain send Valeriano “______________Weyler to Cuba in 1896

•  Spain captures Cuban revolters and sends them to “______________camps

•  _______________stir up U.S. sentiment

•  Protectorate of the weak

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“Yellow Journalism”

____________

____________________

Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!

Spanish Misrule in Cuba

______________________ " Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish

Ambassador to the U.S.

" Criticized President ___________________

" Called President weak " Most in U.S. took it as

a dare to stop Spain in Cuba

" McKinley still refused to attack Spain in Cuba

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___________________ and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

_________________________ " ____________________

_in the McKinley administration.

" Criticized President McKinley as having the ____________________

" Later, resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

War Declared in 1898 •  Yellow journalists continue to

add fuel •  President McKinley

demands Spain give Cuba independence

•  ____________ declares war –  Most in Cuba fear U.S. will

take over country –  ___________________to

declaration of war: U.S. promised not to __________only to overthrow the unjust Spanish

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The Spanish-American War (1898): “________________________”

“_____________”

• 385 men killed by Spain

• 5000 by disease

_____ Captures Manila (8/1898)

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The _____________: 1898

" Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

" Spain gave up _________and the island of ___________ to U.S.

" The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the ________________.

" The U. S. becomes an_________ power!

Puerto Rico: 1898 " 1900 - Foraker Act.

§  PR became an official U.S. __________ with a government.

§  Citizens of PR, not of the US.

§  Late in the Insular Cases (1901-1903), Congress stated they could extend _______________________to Puerto Ricans

Puerto Rico: 1898 " 1917 – Jones Act.

§  Gave American citizenship to citizens of PR

§  PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws.

§  PRs could _______ vote in US _________elections.

§  A Resident Commissioner was sent to Washington to represent PR in the House of Representatives

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The _________________________

" Founded in 1899.

" Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders.

" Campaigned against the ________________ of the Philippines and other acts of ________________

The Imperialist Taylor

______________War (1899) •  Filipinos upset they were not

treated the same way as Cubans –  Thought they would get

independence –  U.S. felt it was protecting

Philippines from anarchy, foreign take-over, etc.

•  War to stop __________and revolutionaries

•  Philippines remains U.S. property until 1946

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_________________, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines

Great administrator.

U.S. Seeks Market in _______

•  China, because of past treatment, was suspicious of U.S.

•  U.S. needs market for new territories of ______________________________

•  Other nations (Russia, Japan, etc.) also covet China

The _________________

" _______________________________.

" Give all nations _____ access to trade in China.

" No ________________________.

" Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

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The ____________: 1900

" Boxers: ____________ who want U.S. and other countries out of China

" Killed thousands of _______________________________

" Boxers defeated by Chinese, Philippine, and American army

Theodore Roosevelt

•  ____________for McKinley’s second term

•  Becomes President after McKinley a____________ by anarchist Leon Czolgosz in 1901.

TR Divided the World

•  Civilized: _______________________ •  Uncivilized: ______________________ •  Civilized had the responsibility to police

the uncivilized •  Civilized must spread

_______________________________ •  _______________________________

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TR and War

•  Civilized had to fight wars against uncivilized – Justified to bestow blessings of culture

and racial superiority on the vanquished •  War between two civilized countries

was ___________________________

1900 USA

•  _________________________people •  More populous than many

_______________________________ •  TR: this justifies

_______________________________

Constable of the World

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_______________War (1904)

•  War between Russia and Japan •  TR fears __________ would try to shut

U.S. out of _____________________ •  Japan approaches TR to facilitate

peace agreement •  TR negotiates peace in 1906

– Won ____________________________

Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905

Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

____________

TR in Panama (Construction begins in

1904)

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U.S. in __________________

•  As U.S. economic interests increased, U.S. policy towards “outsiders” strengthens

•  U.S. wants _________________ dominance •  1902: Germany and Britain blockade

_________________________ over debt –  TR demands they accept U.S. arbitration and

threatens war –  Showed we would use __________________

_____________________!

The _____________to the _________________: 1905

•  Added to the Monroe Doctrine

•  TR stated that the US would use force to protect ____________________________________

•  _______ is now used to justify US involvement in Latin America.

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U.S. Intervention in ________ •  Cuba: ________________________attached

to new Cuban constitution –  Gave U.S. _____________________ rights –  Gave U.S. Naval base at ___________________ –  Gave U.S. right to intervene if Cuban sovereignty

was threatened •  Cuba a_________________________of U.S.

–  Protectorate: ________________________________________

•  U.S. sent in military when ___________broke out in 1906

•  Unpopularity forced U.S. to abolish in 1934 (except giving up Guantanamo)

____________________

•  __________________ foreign policy •  Use American ________________ in

strategic areas of world (Far East, Panama Canal, etc.) – Countries would be __________ to U.S.

because they need US ____________ – __________ would bring prosperity to U.S.

________ and Foreign Affairs

•  Wilson was _______________but would get involved in the affairs of other countries. –  Haiti (1916) –  Dominican Republic (1916)

•  Bought _____________from Denmark (1917) •  __________________: U.S. would not

recognize any government that was ___________________________________

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_____________________

•  U.S. investors had billions invested into Mexico – Rich and government officials usually kept

the money – Poor Mexicans were very impoverished

•  1913: Mexicans revolt and a popular new president was put in place

_____________________ •  New president

assassinated •  General Huerta

assumes leadership and becomes harsh dictator

•  Massive migration of Mexicans to U.S. (over 1 million 1900-1930)

•  Wilson would not recognize Huerta as leader (“missionary diplomacy”)

Wilson Helps

•  Wilson sends U.S. munitions to Huerta’s main rivals ____________________________________

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U.S. Invades Mexico

•  April, 1914: Mexican government arrested U.S. sailors but released them

•  Wilson ordered U.S. Navy to seize port of Veracruz

•  Drove Carranza to side with Huerta against U.S. meddling

•  July, 1914: Huerta’s leadership collapsed and Carranza succeeds him.

Villa’s Rampage

•  Wilson reluctantly backed Carranza and removed troops

•  Pancho Villa hoped to cause tension between Carranza and U.S. –  Was a rival of Carranza’s –  Hoped he could get U.S. to turn on Carranza

•  Jan. 1916: Villa and his followers (________) murder 17 Americans travelling through Mexico

•  Feb. 1916: Villa and men kill 19 more ___________________________________

The “__________________” •  Wilson sends

General ______________to capture Villa and his followers

•  U.S. and Mexican military kill and capture a number of Villistas

•  Villa escapes

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Outcome of Punitive Expedition

•  U.S. withdraws in 1917 due to growing threat of _______________________

•  Villa becomes folk hero to some Mexicans, murderer to others

•  Assassinated in 1923 by political rival