technical specification for aeration

Technical Specification for Aeration

FINE AND COARSE BUBBLE DIFFUSERS

Version :17.1

Table of Content

1 Product introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 Application .......................................................................................................................................... 3

1.2 Features and Benefits .......................................................................................................................... 3

2 Product range ............................................................................................................................................... 4

2.1 Selection of membrane material ........................................................................................................... 4

3 Product selection and sizing .......................................................................................................................... 6

3.1 Selection and sizing ............................................................................................................................. 6

3.2 How to order ....................................................................................................................................... 6

3.3 Background information for sizing ........................................................................................................ 7

4 Installation .................................................................................................................................................... 9

4.1 Assembly drawings .............................................................................................................................. 9

4.2 Component and pipe list ...................................................................................................................... 9

5 System description ........................................................................................................................................ 9

5.1 Fixed system ....................................................................................................................................... 9

5.2 Retractable system ............................................................................................................................ 10

5.3 Bubble size ....................................................................................................................................... 11

5.4 Diffuser membrane perforations and size ........................................................................................... 11

5.5 Tube vs. disc diffuser ......................................................................................................................... 12

5.6 Piping................................................................................................................................................ 12

5.7 Purge system .................................................................................................................................... 13

5.8 Head losses of the system ................................................................................................................. 14

5.9 Temperature increase of compressed air............................................................................................ 15

6 Performance curves and technical data ....................................................................................................... 16

6.1 Curve conditions ................................................................................................................................ 16

6.2 How to read the performance curves .................................................................................................. 16

7 Appendix A ................................................................................................................................................. 36

8 Appendix B ................................................................................................................................................. 39

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1 Product introduction

Grundfos can supply highly efficient solutions for

aeration applications based on fine and coarse bubble

diffusers. A broad range of equipment designed

specifically for wastewater handling and treatment is

available, and the goal is to supply a solution that is

durable, cost effective, energy efficient and offers

trouble-free operation.

This document describes the various diffused

aeration systems supplied by Grundfos based on the

following available diffuser types, fig 1:

1) Fine bubble disc diffusers

2) Coarse bubble disc diffusers

3) Fine bubble tube diffusers

4) Coarse bubble tube diffusers

Fig. 1 Available Grundfos diffuser types

1.1 Application

Diffused aeration systems are usually applied to

wastewater treatment applications for two main

purposes:

• To provide oxygen to the biological reactions

• To provide mixing where oxygen transfer is not a

priority

Typical applications for disc and tube diffuser systems

include:

• Biological process tanks

• Sludge aeration

• Equalisation tanks

• Grit traps

• Other processes where air supply is needed

In addition, Grundfos can offer optimized complete

aeration systems, by supporting the design and

selection of the blower or compressor station. The

aeration design philosophy is based on optimizing the

complete aeration system, including the selection of

blowers, to provide the most energy efficient

operation of the system.

1.2 Features and Benefits

Product Features

• Fixed and Retractable aeration systems available

to suit versatile applications.

• Different materials for air distribution piping to suit

fixed and retractable systems as well as different

submergence levels in a cost-efficient way.

• System components in a range of materials

suitable for different wastewater characteristics.

• Condensation purge systems to remove collected

moisture in the pipes and to keep moisture level

under control.

• A large range of disc and tube diffusers to suit all

needs.

• Diffusers fitted with a standard durable EPDM

membrane. For special wastewater applications,

other membrane materials are available.

• Flexibility of the elastomeric membrane, which

ensures fully closed diffusers when air supply is off.

This allows for on/off operation of the aeration

system without the risk of the membranes clogging

in SBR (Sequence Biological Reactor) systems or

in zones of simultaneous

nitrification/denitrification. The non-return valve

integrated in the membrane prevents sludge

ingress into the air distribution pipes. An additional

internal separate valve is also available as a

variant.

• Non-opening knobs on the reinforced diffuser back

plate and the threefold threaded retainer ring

ensure that the membrane will not accidentally slip

off the disc diffuser

Customised Solution

• When designing aeration systems, Grundfos takes

into account the complex interplay of sewage type,

based on AOR→SOR [kgO2/h] (Actual Oxygen

Requirement → Standard Oxygen Requirement,

respectively).

• The design of the grid layout is based on the active

surface of diffusers in the basin and airflow per

diffuser to obtain an efficient system.

• The customising process is based on the criteria

set out by the customer with respect to initial

investment levels and long-term standard aeration

efficiency (SAE) [kgO2/kWh].

• To meet customer requirements and to provide the

required oxygen transfer rate, we design the

optimum system based on components, materials

and solutions in our range.

1)

2)

3)

4)

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Uniform Aeration

• The diffuser design ensures a uniform air

distribution and bubble release across the

membrane surface.

• Due to the large range of sturdy and flexible disc

and tube diffusers, the aeration systems can be

designed to deliver fine bubbles at a wide range of

air rates.

Fast Installation

• Fast on-site installation. To minimise construction

time, Grundfos aeration systems are delivered

partially assembled on site, in carefully numbered

crates and boxes, itemised in detail.

• All gluing, solvent welding and cutting for plastic

piping is done in the workshop before shipment.

• The diffusers are mechanically connected to the

piping, which means that no welding or gluing is

necessary on site.

• With clamp connections specifically designed for

this application, on-site installation of the air

distribution pipes is fast and easy.

• Fully adjustable piping supports in stainless steel

for installation flexibility and easy levelling.

• Expansion/contraction is controlled by using sliding

supports.

• Working layout drawings are included to ensure

fast and easy installation, as well as an installation

and operation manual.

2 Product range

The product range in table 1, shows information in

regards to single diffuser products. Complete diffused

aeration systems will differ from installation to

installation in terms of the number of diffusers, size

and shape.

Contact Grundfos for support in designing complete

packages and system layouts.

2.1 Selection of membrane material

The membrane for the diffuser is available in different

materials. In most cases, EPDM will be the suitable

choice of material for municipal wastewater

treatment, whereas other membrane materials may

be considered when treating industrial wastewater.

However, for aeration systems, the membrane suiting

the application will be evaluated based on the

information given of the wastewater characteristics.

Guidelines for the overall restrictions of the different

membrane materials are given in Appendix A

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Type Disc size Outer

Diameter [mm]

Diffuser name Membrane Material Diffuser

Connection PN

Technical data

Dis

c d

iffu

se

r 9” 270

AIRTECH 9” (1-1) EPDM-Peroxide

3/4” M NPT

04061 Page 17

AIRTECH 9” (1,5-1,5) 04071 Page 17

AIRTECH 9” (1,5-1,5) SILICONE-Platinum cured

04072 Page 19

AIRTECH 9” (2-2.5) 04073 Page 19

12” 344

AIRTECH 12” (1.2-2) EPDM-Peroxide 04037 Page 21

AIRTECH 12” (1.2-2) EPDM-Peroxide +

PTFE* 04038 Page 21

5” 127 AIRTECH 5” COARSE BUBBLE EPDM-Peroxide 04032 Page 23

Type Tube

Diameter

Diffuser length [mm]

Diffuser name Membrane Material Diffuser

Connection PN

Technical data

Tu

be

diffu

se

r

2" 500

AIRTECH TF63/500 (1.25-2.25)

EPDM

ISO G 3/4” 04105 Page 25

AIRTECH TS63/500 (1.25-2.25) D90-2 (COUPLE) SADDLE D90 04216 Page 29

AIRTECH TS63/500 (1.25-2.25) D110-2 (COUPLE) SADDLE

D110 04217 Page 29

AIRTECH TS63/500 (1.25-2.25) D114.3-2 (COUPLE) SADDLE D114.3

04218 Page 29

2” 750

AIRTECH TF63/750 (1.25-2.25)

EPDM

ISO G 3/4” 04106 Page 25



D110 04220 Page 29


04221 Page 29

2” 1000

AIRTECH TF63/1000 (1.25-2.25)

EPDM

ISO G 3/4” 04107 Page 28



D110 04223 Page 29


04224 Page 29

2”

500 AIRTECH TF63/500 (1-3) SILICONE-Platinum

cured ISO G 3/4”

04095 Page 27

750 AIRTECH TF63/750 (1-3) 04096 Page 27

1000 AIRTECH TF63/1000 (1-3) 04097 Page 27

3”

500

AIRTECH TS90/500 (1-1.5) D110-1 (COUPLE)

EPDM

SADDLE D110

04225 Page 31

AIRTECH TS90/500 (1-1.5) D114.3-1 (COUPLE) SADDLE D114.3

04226 Page 31

750

AIRTECH TS90/750 (1-1.5) D110-1 (COUPLE) SADDLE

D110 04227 Page 31


04228 Page 31

1000

AIRTECH TS90/1000 (1-1.5) D110-1 (COUPLE) SADDLE

D110 04229 Page 31


04230 Page 31

3” 500 AIRTECH TF90/500 (2-2)

EPDM ISO G 3/4” 04239 Page 33

750 AIRTECH TF90/750 (2-2) 04250 Page 33

610 MAXAIR 24 COARSE BUBBLE AISI 316 ISO G 3/4” M 04100 Page 35

Table 1 The Grundfos diffuser product range *PTFE = polytetrafluoroethylene

For requests concerning working conditions in specific chemical compounds/liquids, please contact Grundfos.

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3 Product selection and sizing

Grundfos can offer diffusers as part of a complete

diffused aeration system, or as single diffusers for

maintenance and replacement in existing systems.

3.1 Selection and sizing

Selection and sizing of an aeration system is a task

that requires insight into the application and aeration

equipment as well as a thorough knowledge of how

the interplay between the different components will

provide maximum oxygen transfer efficiency.

The aeration system is sized based on the oxygen

requirement determined by the process. The process

oxygen requirement is calculated from the load of

organic matter, endogenic respiration of the activated

sludge and nitrification rates of the process. This

oxygen requirement is converted into a Standard

Oxygen Requirement (SOR), which is used to

calculate the required airflow and number of diffusers

for the aeration system.

3.2 How to order

For final sizing, selection, and placement of

equipment, or adjustment of selected equipment,

support can be obtained from Grundfos. Certain

information must be available in the enquiry to support

and select the most appropriate solution for the

application. The process of making an enquiry and

obtaining an offer for a diffused aeration system is as

follows:

1) Enquiry for a bottom aeration system (fill out the

enquiry form found as Appendix A.

2) Based on the enquiry form, calculations by

Grundfos will be performed.

3) Grundfos will make a pre-offer.

4) Adjustments/customising aeration system.

5) Confirmation and agreement.

6) Order in action.

7) Delivery/commissioning.

The enquiry form will serve as a checklist and provide

sufficient information to the engineering department

about the specific application of the aeration system.

The following information must be filled out in the

enquiry form, which is found in Appendix B of this

document:

• Oxygen demand as either SOR (Standard Oxygen

Rate) or AOR (Actual Oxygen Requirement). If

AOR is filled out, water temperature, site altitude,

Alpha factor, Beta factor and DO must also be

included.

• Type of wastewater

• Tank geometry

• Preferred type of diffuser (disc or tube diffuser). If

no preference is selected, the standard

components applicable for the conditions will be

used.

• Preferred type of installation (fixed or retractable).

If no preference is selected, the standard

components applicable for the conditions will be

used.

• Preferred type of pipe material. If no preference is

selected, the standard components applicable for

the conditions will be used.

• Preferred type of pipe support. If no preference is

selected, the standard components applicable for

the conditions will be used.

• Airflow, if information on existing compressors is

available

• Special requirements / Additional information

• Optional equipment / Accessories

• Evaluation criteria used for contract award.

In addition, a dimensional drawing of the tank must be

provided. All data requested must be in place, as it is

not possible to make an offer before this time.

Based on the information above, Grundfos will

prepare an offer. The offer will include a calculation of

system performance and suggestions for the layout of

the aeration system.

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3.3 Background information for sizing

A central parameter for comparing aeration systems

is Standard Aeration Efficiency (SAE), defined as the

rate of oxygen transferred to the liquid per unit of

power input (kgO2/kWh). SAE is dependent on a

complex interplay between the system itself and

conditions in and around the basin. For the designer,

there are a number of parameters that can be

adjusted to ensure optimum aeration.

This example shows a refurbishment of existing

basins; diffuser submergence and basin type are

therefore given from the outset. The main variables

that could be adjusted to ensure high oxygen transfer

efficiency are:

• Bubble size - the size of the holes in the

membrane

• Unit airflow - the flow through each diffuser

• Diffuser active surface - the number of diffusers

Bubble size

The key to efficient oxygen transfer is the ascent

velocity of the air bubbles and the air/liquid interface.

This dictates the time and area available for oxygen

to be transferred from the bubble to the surrounding

liquid.

Bubble size has a significant effect on oxygen transfer

whereas the air/liquid interface of the air bubble

directly influences the oxygen transfer rate. The

air/liquid interface ratio and thus the oxygen transfer

rate can be increased effectively by decreasing

bubble size. Furthermore, fine bubbles have a lower

terminal rise velocity, extending the time available for

oxygen transfer.

Airflow and active surface of diffusers

Standard Oxygen Transfer Efficiency (SOTE)

decreases as the airflow per diffuser increases (fig.3),

and a high airflow rate per diffuser will thereby

increase operating costs directly. Ensuring sufficient

airflow is fundamental to the oxygenation process.

However, simply increasing the airflow to add more

oxygen will have a negative impact on efficiency. The

lower the airflow, the lower the energy consumption

(kWh).

In addition, the total head loss is increased because

the counter-pressure from the membrane increases

with higher airflow, further increasing the compressor

power consumption.

Fig. 2 ; SOTE and head loss as a function of airflow

per diffuser

The decrease in SOTE is due to the fact that air

bubbles will increase in diameter and a coalescence

effect takes place, all resulting in oxygen transfer

reduction.

Fig. 3; SOTE as a function of airflow rate per diffuser

Fig. 4; SOTE as a function of diffuser density

To achieve high aeration efficiency, the aim should be

high diffuser active surface, which gives a lower

airflow per diffuser. The greater number of diffusers

gives a higher capital cost, but this is quickly offset by

lower operating costs. Increasing the diffuser density

beyond 20 % will have the opposite effect on

efficiency because the bubbles begin to coalesce,

creating larger bubbles and reducing the air/liquid

interface. See fig 4, SOTE as a function of diffuser

density. Higher density will also affect the possibility

of working at the tank floor, as there will be limited

space for maintenance personnel to operate. Bear in

mind that the density value where the SOTE

decreases is a specific value variable with type of

diffuser.

SOTE [%]

[Nm3/h]

Head loss [%]

Break-even point

SOTE

Head loss

SOTE [%]

[Nm3/h]

SOTE [%]

[Membrane surface/t ank surface]

20 %5 %

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Getting the right materials

The temperature of compressed air in an aeration

system will in general terms increase by about

10°C/mwc. This factor results from elements such as

submergence depth, pipework/fittings and counter-

pressure at the diffuser membrane.

In an installation with deep submergence and a high

ambient temperature, the pressure to overcome head

loss in the aeration system could push the air

temperature (at the compressor) up to very high

temperatures. The comparatively high temperatures

mean that the piping in the basin needs to be in more

heat-resistant PP or SS instead of the more

commonly used uPVC. PP increases the cost of the

pipe work compared with uPVC, but is equally durable

and considerably more economical than stainless

steel.

General guideline:

• uPVC max. 70 °C

• PP max. 100 °C

• Stainless steel if t > 100 °C

Dealing with condensation

The hot air in the system condenses readily in the

submerged aeration grid, with water collecting at the

lowest points. Such a build-up of water in the system

reduces pipe diameter, increasing head loss and

thereby operating costs. To relieve the aeration

system of condensate build-up, a purge system is

incorporated at the lowest points in the aeration grid.

By ensuring a lower head loss through the purge

system compared with the diffusers, an airlift function

is created, forcing the condensed water from the grid.

The discharge points of the purge system can be

either above water in a manual system (tap), or at the

bottom of the basin in a continuous automatic purge

system. While the manual system is quite time-

consuming, a combination of both types of purge

system can be made for additional assurance that the

condensed water is being removed at all times and

running costs kept to a minimum.

The manual system provides the opportunity of

observing the drainage water from the air pipe

system. Grey water means that the diffuser system is

damaged as sewage has entered the system,

whereas clean water is only condensed water,

indicating a system in good condition.

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4 Installation

For information regarding the installation procedure in

further detail, please refer to the installation and

operating instructions for disc and tube diffusers.

At the delivery of a diffused aeration system, a

construction drawing of the entire system is included

consisting of a complete drawing of the diffused

aeration system, assembly requirements and a

component and pipe list.

The diffused aeration system is delivered in sections

with each item packed and numbered according to the

component and pipe list. A package number refers to

the shipment, and a code number refers to the

assembly drawings.

An example of how the system could be sorted in

packages is shown below. Each package may consist

of several boxes:

• Package 1 contains sections, such as drop leg,

manifold and lateral piping.

• Package 2 contains diffusers.

• Package 3 contains brackets, purge system and

accessories.

Fig. 5; Example of package 1, containing lateral

piping

4.1 Assembly drawings

The assembly drawings show where the sections

must be placed, as well as the assembly

requirements.

The assembly drawings provide the following

assembly instructions and overview:

• Where to drill holes for anchor bolts

• Support assembly instructions

• Pipe assembly instructions

• Purge kit assembly instructions

• Connection of diffuser

• Numbering of components, such as screws and

bolts, so that the components can be identified on

the component and pipe list

• Torques for tightening of screw-in components.

4.2 Component and pipe list

The component and pipe list is a checklist for all

components of the diffused aeration system.

The list provides the following information:

• Code number - unique code number which refers

to the assembly instructions

• Description of components

• Quantity of each component

• Package - which box the components are packed

in.

5 System description

The main components of an aeration system are

shown in Fig. 6; Main components of a diffused

aeration system.

Fig. 6; Main components of a diffused aeration system

5.1 Fixed system

The fixed system is the standard solution, and in this

case the diffused aeration system is mounted and

bolted on the floor of the process tank.

Depending on the location of the dropleg, the aeration

grid can be made to suit the tank floor and utilise the

area at a maximum.

Depending on the application, the piping can be made

of several pipe materials, typically PVC, PP or

stainless steel pipes. All plastic material are certified

for pressure applications. PVC is primarily used when

there are no special requirements because of the

temperature due to deep tanks. Tanks deeper than 8

metres are typically not equipped with PVC.

Using fixed installations requires the tank to be

emptied and cleaned before maintenance, as the

aeration grid must to be out of the water before any

work can be done.

Diffuser

Lateral pipe

Pipe support

Dropleg connection

Manifold

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5.2 Retractable system

Some aeration systems for wastewater treatment will

be installed at plants with a single process line or

where process considerations prevent the tank from

being dewatered for service and maintenance of the

diffused aeration system. In these cases, a

retractable diffused aeration system could be an

alternative to a bottom-mounted system as the

retractable system allows maintenance or service to

be conducted without shutting down the process or

dewatering the tank.

This gives a more flexible operation of the aeration

system with an easy procedure for maintenance.

However, to have enough rigidity in the system when

lifting it, stainless steel is the only material that can be

used for the frame. Using stainless steel for the piping

increases system costs compared to using uPVC or

PP pipes. A retractable sewage aeration system is

therefore mostly suited for plants with special needs

as described above, for smaller plants with only few

diffusers installed or where easy maintenance has

high priority.

Main components

The main components of a standard retractable

aeration system are shown in.Fig. 7

The dropleg of the system is always made with round

pipes. The dropleg is, depending on the actual airflow

rate, made with either a DN 80 or DN 100 flange.

During design of the system, both the head losses and

material costs of the pipes are evaluated in order to

select an appropriate pipe size.

Piping

The manifold is made of either square or round pipes.

When disc diffusers are used, a round manifold is

used as it is easier to fit on the lateral pipes holding

the diffusers.

When tube diffusers are used, the manifold can be

made of either round or square pipes. This is possible

because no lateral pipes are used in this case as tube

diffusers are connected directly to the manifold.

Wall guide

The wall guide supports the dropleg during operation

of the system. It is designed as a square pipe, open

on one side, with a widening at the top. This

widening makes it easier to download the aeration

skid during installation or reinsertion after

maintenance.

Fig. 8; Wall guide

Bottom guide

The V-shaped bottom guide is fixed to the tank floor

during installation of the system. The bottom guide

helps the system to be correctly positioned when

lowering the skid into a tank filled with wastewater.

Furthermore, the guide prevents the aeration skid

from making lateral movements that could otherwise

be caused by the liquid flow if mixers or flowmakers

are used in the tank.

Fig. 9; Bottom guide

Support beam

Wall guide

Dropleg

Manifold

Bottom guide

Counter weight

Purge system

Fig. 7 Main components

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Buoyancy

Buoyancy of the system is controlled in two ways in

order to keep the aeration skid at the bottom of the

tank. For the first, by the weight of the stainless steel

skid supporting the diffusers and secondly by adding

counterweight.

The counterweight is integrated directly into the

beam, where the feet for levelling the aeration system

are also mounted: see Fig. 10;

An excess weight compared to the buoyant force of

the system is used to ensure that the skid stays in

place and that no extra strain is put on the flange

connection at the top of the drop leg.

Fig. 10; Counterweight

5.3 Bubble size

An important feature of the flexible membranes is the

number of perforations, as well as their size and

pattern.

Perforations are produced by making small slits in the

membrane without removing any rubber.

Each hole acts as a variable aperture which opens at

membrane inflation when air supply is turned on.

Diffusers are normally characterised by the size of the

slits, hence the size of bubbles the membrane

delivers. Diffusers delivering bubbles of 0.5 - 3 mm in

diameter are termed fine bubble diffusers whereas

diffusers delivering bubbles above this size are

termed coarse bubble diffusers.

Fine and coarse bubbles

A membrane perforation of (1-1) means that each slit

of the membrane is 1 mm with a 1 mm space to the

next slit. This perforation gives an approximate

bubble size of 1 mm in diameter and the diffuser is

termed a fine bubble diffuser.

The smaller the slits, and thus the bubbles produced

by the membrane, the better the oxygen transfer rate,

but in contrast the higher the head loss across the

membrane will be. For larger bubbles, the oxygen

transfer will decrease, as will the head loss across the

membrane. This implies that when airflow is more

important for the application than the oxygen transfer

itself, diffusers delivering coarse bubbles should be

used.

The ideal membrane perforation for oxygen transfer

consists of small and separated slits. This kind of

perforation gives an efficient oxygen transfer rate

compared to the head losses. Furthermore, the

separated slits reduce the bubble coalescence, as

bubble coalescence is generating larger bubbles,

which will decrease oxygen transfer rates.

5.4 Diffuser membrane perforations and size

For the traditional applications in municipal or

industrial wastewater treatment plants, a membrane

opening of 1 mm - 1 mm (1-1) is typically employed.

This perforation gives good oxygen transfer

efficiencies with a modest pressure loss through the

overall system. The (1-1) perforation has

demonstrated long-term service ability in

performance by minimising the potential for fouling

compared to smaller openings.

However, with a specific tank design, the combination

of available space for the diffused aeration system

and requested SOR, and thus the airflow through the

diffusers, might require another perforation of the

membrane. The membrane must be chosen to fulfil

process requirements in order to operate at its

nominal airflow. Operating diffusers at too high of an

airflow can reduce the lifetime or performance of the

membrane as this will increase stress and induce a

higher temperature on the membrane. Also, with a too

low airflow through the membrane, performance may

be reduced. This is mainly due to the fact that not all

slits of the perforation will discharge air but also due

to the fact that the membrane will foul more easily.

See the characteristics of diffusers from page Error!

Bookmark not defined. to page Error! Bookmark

not defined.. For each type of perforation, the

principle relationship between airflow rate per

diffuser, SOTE per metre and head loss over the

membrane shows that increasing the airflow above

the nominal value will increase the operating cost of

the system as SOTE per metre decreases while the

head loss increases.

Fig. 11;

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During operation the membranes will foul over time,

and cleaning with acid will allow the membranes to

regain their flexibility. A special acid dosing system

can be inserted to the dropleg, which means it will be

possible to dose sufficient acid.

When the membranes are not supplied with air, the

mid-section of the disc diffuser membrane will act as

a non-return valve as the mid-section is not perforated

as the rest of the membrane surface. The mid-section

will act as a lid against the hole supplying air to the

membrane. An extra non-return valve can be added

in the inlet to the disc diffusers, see Accessories,

page 31.

5.5 Tube vs. disc diffuser

Grundfos offers two main types of diffuser designs,

disc and tube. They are both designed with the

objective of supplying oxygen and mixing in

connection with different processes at e.g. a

wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Both types of

diffusers are available as both fine and coarse bubble

diffuser.

The most common is to use disc diffusers, as the disc

diffuser is easy to install and is not as affected by the

forces in the basin as a tube diffuser is. Tube diffusers

are mostly used when a compact design of the

aeration system is needed, e.g. when space is limited

in the tank or in some cases when designing

retractable systems.

In a retractable sewage aeration system, the support

frame (also used for air distribution) must be made of

stainless steel. The diffusers which can handle the

most air with the least stainless steel support are

going to be an attractive choice. Typically, tube

diffusers are seen on retractable systems for this

reason. In bottom-mounted diffuser systems where

the air distribution pipes are bolted to the floor, disc

diffusers seem to be the preferred choice over tubes.

Where system failure might be crucial for system

performance, disc diffusers may be favoured over

tubes. Tube diffusers typically have a large air orifice,

hence in case of a membrane rupture or clamp failure,

a large volume of air may escape from that orifice,

possibly starving the rest of the system.

However, fundamentally there is no difference

between the two types of diffusers and one can easily

be chosen over the other for either bottom-mounted

or retractable systems without compromising aeration

needs or system performance.

5.6 Piping

Pipe materials

Pipework guiding the air from the compressor to the

aeration tank often experience high temperatures.

For this reason, the pipe material including the

dropleg to the aeration grid is most often made of

stainless steel to withstand the heat. Furthermore,

metal is an excellent heat conductor, which helps to

reduce the temperature of the air before it reaches the

aeration system. Another reason is that it effectively

resists corrosion at the point where the piping breaks

the wastewater surface.

At the aeration grid on the bottom of the process tank

where the wastewater cools down the piping and thus

the compressed air, uPVC, PP or stainless steel can

be used.

For fixed aeration systems, the air temperature and

price are the main factors that are considered, which

is why uPVC or PP is the choice of material. These

two pipe materials are supplied in PN 10 or PN 6

(uPVC) and PN 6 (PP) to make sure that the aeration

system has a certain mechanical strength.

Fig. 12; Head losses description

As a rule of thumb, PVC can be used if diffuser

submergence is < 7 m, whereas PP should be used

if the submergence is 7-10 m. However, the

maximum attainable temperature should always be

calculated for each specific project and materials

chosen accordingly, see page 15.

For retractable aeration systems, a certain

mechanical strength of the grid is required in the

construction, which is why stainless steel is the only

durable option for these systems.

Version :17.1

Pipe dimension

When designing the pipework of an aeration system,

it is important that the head losses within the

manifolds and lateral pipes are small compared to the

resistance of the diffusers. This should be observed

in order to obtain an even air distribution in the entire

aeration grid.

Typically, if head losses in the air piping between the

last airflow split and the farthest diffuser are less than

10 % of the head loss across the diffusers, good air

distribution through the aeration basin can be

maintained, independent of pipe configuration.

Fig. 12; Head losses description

1) Flow split

2) Last diffuser

3) Pipe head loss between point 1 and 2, must be

< 10 % of the head loss across a diffuser.

Grundfos offers a wide range of pipes in different

materials and dimensions. Having different

dimensions makes it possible to design the most

economical solution with regards to head losses in the

system, size of pipes, number of necessary droplegs

and lateral piping.

For instance, when a dimension of ∅110 for the lateral

pipe is used, it is possible to use a pipe length of up

to 45 metres with 70 diffusers per pipe, while still

maintaining practically the same airflow capacity

between the first and the last diffuser.

When designing a diffused aeration system, the

dimension of the manifold, and thus the dimension of

the dropleg, is chosen so that a minimum number of

droplegs is needed compared to the required airflow.

The system must be designed so that the air velocity

in the air distribution pipes will not exceed 10-15 m/s,

as this will create an unacceptable increase in head

losses and increase the noise level as well as create

a risk of vibrations from the piping.

In some instances, the number of droplegs on the

process tank is predefined (e.g. at refurbishments),

and the aeration system should be designed

accordingly. In these instances, it may be advisable

to estimate the air velocity in the drop legs, as

increased process loads etc. may have altered the

required airflow compared to the previous system.

If the air velocity has increased above the

recommended velocity, we recommend making a

detailed calculation and deciding if this is an

acceptable solution.

Coping with heat expansions

Due to temperature variations of the system,

expansions and contractions of the pipes must be

expected. For stainless steel, the extent of

expansions and contractions is small and no special

precautions should be taken in aeration grid design.

For uPVC and PP, on the other hand, expansions and

contractions must be taken into consideration when

designing the aeration grid. This is dealt with by using

flexible supports or sliding pipe connections.

This type of support lets the pipe slide unhindered in

the longitudinal direction and provides the aeration

system with the flexibility that is needed to avoid pipe

breaks. With a mechanical connection between the

pipes, it is possible to keep an open pipe configuration

in the system, which reduces pipe costs.

Standards/procedures for joining pipe materials

The grids for bottom-diffused aeration can, as

described above, be made of stainless steel, uPVC or

PP. Joining of these materials is done according to

the standards/procedures stated below:

Stainless steel weldings:

UNI EN ISO 15614-1:2004

PP weldings:

DVS 2207-11

Solvent welding and gluing of uPVC:

DVS 2207-12.

5.7 Purge system

During operation, air is distributed in the sewage

aeration system and released through the diffusers.

This air is hot due to compression by the compressors

(see page 15). The surrounding water is relatively

cold compared to the air, which implies that humidity

contained in the hot air will condensate on the inside

of the aeration grid pipes and build up in the lowest

point of the system. To relieve the aeration system of

condensate build-up, a purge system is incorporated

into the aeration grid. The purpose of the purge

system is to remove the accumulated water from the

pipes. If water is not removed, it will lower the air

capacity of the system, increasing head losses.

Version :17.1

Furthermore, water might enhance corrosion and

thereby lead to clogging of the membranes on the air

side due to loosened corrosion products.

The discharge of the purge system can either be

placed above (manual purge system) or below water

level (continuous purge system). It must, however, be

ensured that the outlet of the purge system has a

lower head loss than if air was to pass through the

diffusers of the aeration grid. If this is ensured, the

airlift function should be operational and condensed

water be discharged from the grid.

Fig. 13; Manual and continuous purge system

The continuous purge system should only be chosen

if maintenance intervals of the system are infrequent

as the continuous system will require that a slight

amount of extra air is supplied to the system.

As mentioned previously, the condensed water will

accumulate at the bottom of the pipes at the lowest

point of the aeration grid. As the click-on flanges for

connection of the lateral pipes are centred

diametrically on the manifold, the manifold will

normally be the lowest point of the aeration grid.

The purge system should therefore be connected to

the grid in a way so that it touches the lowest point of

the system.

When the purge system is open, it works as an airlift

pump using the air supply from the compressor to

force out the condensed water from the grid.

Fig. 14; Purge system suction

1) Purge connection

2) Lowest point of an aeration system with

moisture

5.8 Head losses of the system

To deliver air at the diffuser units of an aeration

system, the compressor must provide air at a certain

pressure at the dropleg to the aeration system. The

pressure from the diffuser grid that must be overcome

is made up of head losses from the following

components:

• diffuser submergence depth

• pipeworks and fittings

• diffusers.

The head loss of the system due to contributions from

the aeration grid is described by the equation below:

Ht = Hs + Hp + Hd

Unit Description

Ht mwc Total head loss (aeration grid)

Hs mwc Submergence depth

Hp mwc Head loss in piping

Hd mwc Head loss in diffuser and membrane

Losses due to diffuser submergence are constant,

whereas losses in the pipeworks and across the

membranes are variable and depend on airflow rates.

The head losses in the latter two contributors increase

as a result of increased airflow rates.

At constant airflow rates, losses in the pipe system

will be more or less constant during the lifetime of the

system. In contrast to this, the losses across the

diffuser membrane will increase over time due to

fouling effects and deterioration of the chemical

structure of the membrane. The increase in

membrane head losses will directly affect the total

system losses. Because the losses in the pipes and

losses due to submergence of the diffusers are

constant over time, the increase in total losses can be

used as a measure of when it is time to clean the

diffuser membranes.

To obtain an equal air distribution in the diffuser

system, the diffusers must be exposed to equal head

losses. This is due to the fact that air will leave the

system at the point with lowest head losses.

If the diffusers are not on level, air distribution in the

system will be unequal and thus the application will

not function optimally.

When designing an aeration system, take into account

that there is a head loss between the compressor

installation and the diffuser system.

Automatic

purge

Manual

purge

Version :17.1

5.9 Temperature increase of compressed air

Generating the pressure to overcome the system

head losses implies that heat will be generated as air

is compressed. In general, the compressor air

temperature increases 10 °C per m of submergence,

when air is rapidly compressed. To estimate the final

outlet temperature of air from the compressor, the

temperature of the inlet air must be added to the

temperature rise due to head loss as described by the

equation below:

tt = ts + to + ta

Unit Description

tt °C Total temperature rise in system

ts °C Temperature rise due to submergence

to °C Temperature rise due to other head

ta °C Ambient temperature

The outlet air is supplied directly to the piping and

membranes of the aeration system, which must be

able to withstand the high temperatures. For a tank

with a water depth of 8 metres, the increase in

temperature due to diffuser submergence equals

approximately 80 °C, and with an ambient

temperature of 20 °C, the compressor outlet

temperature will add up to approximately 100 °C.

The compressor is most often placed in a separate

building some distance away from the sewage

aeration system.

Because of the temperature of the outlet air, it is

conveyed to the sewage aeration system in stainless

steel piping. During transport, the air temperature

decreases slightly due to heat transfer to the air or

ground where the pipes are placed. When the piping

is submerged into the wastewater, the heat transfer

from the distribution pipe increases, as water has a

higher heat transfer coefficient than air. Due to the

higher heat transfer and the decrease in air

temperature during transport, plastic piping is in

most instances used for floor distribution. However,

the applicability of plastic piping due to heat should

still be evaluated.

As rule of thumb you can consider that the pipe

temperature is the average between the air

temperature and the water temperature. The

average temperature of the pipe has to be below the

limit temperature of the pipe material. See”Getting

the right materials” at page 8.

Version :17.1

6 Performance curves and technical data

6.1 Curve conditions

The curves from page 17 to page 35 are subject to these guidelines:

• Standard Oxygen Transfer Efficiency (SOTE) is calculated at water levels of 3, 4 and 5 m.

• Diffuser density of 5 % (at a higher density, higher SOTE can be reached).

• Airflow in the range of design values.

• Airflow per diffuser is listed below each curve in Nm³/h.

• For different working conditions, please contact Grundfos.

6.2 How to read the performance curves

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0

SOTE%

Nm³/h

3 m

4 m

5 m

1-1 1.5-1.5

Submergence

Sta

nd

ard

Oxyg

en

Tra

nsfe

r E

ffic

ien

cy

in %

Unit airflow in Nm³/h Perforation

Version :17.1

Disc diffuser 9", fine bubble diffuser EPDM membrane

Pos. Description Material Q.ty

1 Base PPFG 30% 1

2 Retainer ring PPFG 30% 1

3 Membrane EPDM 1

Dimensions

Outer Diameter

[mm] Connection

Overall Height

[mm] Ret. Ring Height

[mm]

270 3/4" NPT 64 30

Material

Diffuser code Membrane standard

Membrane perforation

Number of perforations

Active surface

[m2] Holder Retainer ring

04061 EPDM 1.0 - 1.0 > 6.500 0.0381 PPFG 30% PPFG 30%

04071 EPDM 1.5 - 1.5 > 4.000 0.0381 PPFG 30% PPFG 30%

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0

SOTE%

Nm³/h

3 m

4 m

5 m

1-1 1.5-1.5

Version :17.1

Performance

Diffuser code Design range

Airflow [Nm3/h]

Nominal airflow [Nm3/h]

Maximum airflow [Nm3/h]

Minimum airflow [Nm3/h]

Head loss1

[cm wc]

04061 2.0 - 4.0 3.5 7.0 1.0 35.0

04071 4.0 - 7.0 5.5 11.0 2.0 28.0

1. At nominal airflow and 4 m submergence

Membrane

Diffuser code Average

thickness [mm]

Shear strength [kg/cm2]

Elongation [%]

Tear strength [N/mm]

Hardness Plasticiser content in

compound [%]

04061 2.2 > 140 600 > 5.0 60 Shore A < 10

04071 2.2 > 140 600 > 5.0 60 Shore A < 10

Tear strength according to ISO 34-1A

Version :17.1

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0

SOTE%

Nm³/h

3 m

4 m

5 m

1,5-1,5 2,0-2,5

Disc diffuser 9", fine bubble diffuser silicone membrane


1 Base PPFG 30% 1


3 Membrane Silicone 1

Dimensions

Outer Diameter

[mm] Connection

Overall Height


[mm]

270 3/4" NPT 64 30

Material




Active surface


04072 Silicone 1.5 - 1.5 > 4.000 0.0381 PPFG 30% PPFG 30%

04073 Silicone 2.0 - 2.5 > 2.200 0.0381 PPFG 30% PPFG 30%

Version :17.1

Performance


Airflow [Nm3/h]




Head loss1

[cm wc]

04072 4.0 - 7.0 5.5 11.0 2.0 20.

04073 4.0 - 7.0 5.5 11.0 2.0 28


Membrane


thickness [mm]


Elongation [%]



compound [%]

04072 2.2 > 88 450 > 40 70 Shore A

0

04073 2.2 > 88 450A > 40 70 Shore A

Tear strength according to ASTM D624/B

Version :17.1

Disc diffuser 12", fine bubble diffuser EPDM membrane


1 Base PPFG 30% 1


3 Membrane EPDM or EPDM+PTFE 1

Dimensions

Outer Diameter

[mm] Connection

Overall Height


[mm]

344 3/4" NPT 64 30

Material




Active surface


04037 EPDM 1.2 - 2.0 > 5.200 0.064 PPFG 30% PPFG 30%

04038 EPDM+PTFE 1.2 - 2.0 > 5.200 0.064 PPFG 30% PPFG 30%

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0

SOTE%

Nm³/h

3 m

4 m

5 m

Version :17.1

Performance


Airflow [Nm3/h]




Head loss1

[cm wc]

04037 3.0 - 13.0 8.0 16.0 2.0 36.0

04038 3.0 - 13.0 8.0 16.0 2.0 43.0


Membrane


thickness [mm]


Elongation [%]



compound [%]

04037 2.2 > 140 600 > 5.0 60 Shore A < 10

04038 2.3 > 140 600 > 5.0 60 Shore A < 10


Version :17.1

Disc diffuser 5", coarse bubble diffuser EPDM membrane


1 Base ABS 1

2 Retainer ring ABS 1

3 Membrane EPDM 1

Dimensions

Outer Diameter

[mm] Connection

Overall Height


[mm]

127 3/4" NPT 41 12

Material



Holder Retainer ring

04032 EPDM 12 holes Ø 6 mm ABS ABS

5,0

7,5

10,0

12,5

15,0

17,5

20,0

10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0 20,0

SOTE%

Nm³/h

3 m

4 m

5 m

Version :17.1

Performance


Airflow [Nm3/h]




Head loss1

[cm WC]

04032 10.0 - 20.0 15.0 30.0 2.0 12.4


Membrane


thickness [mm]


Elongation [%]



compound [%]

04032 2.3 > 140 600 > 5.0 60 Shore A < 10


Version :17.1

Tube diffuser 2", fine bubble EPDM membrane threaded connection

0


1 Holder/Connector PVC/ABS 1

2 Membrane EPDM 1

3 Clamp A2 2

Dimensions

Diffuser code D1

[mm] L1

[mm] Mdiffuser perforated zone

[mm] D2

04105 63 (2") 560 500 ISO G 3/4"

04106 63 (2") 810 750 ISO G 3/4"

04107 63 (2") 1060 1000 ISO G 3/4"

Material



Number of perforation

Active surface

[m2] Holder Connector

04105 EPDM 1.25 -2.25 12.000 0.090 PVC ABS

04106 EPDM 1.25 -2.25 18.800 0.135 PVC ABS

04107 EPDM 1.25 -2.25 24.000 0.180 PVC ABS

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

18,0

20,0

22,0

24,0

26,0

28,0

30,0

2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0

Nm³/h * mdiffuser

3 m

4 m

5 m

Version :17.1

Performance

Design range

Airflow [Nm3/h]




Head loss1

[cmWC]

04105 2.0 - 6.0 4.0 10.0 1.0

54.0 04106 3.0 – 9.0 6.0 15.0 1.5

04107 4.0 - 12.0 8.0 20.0 2.0


Membrane

Average

thickness [mm]


Elongation [%]

Tear strength [Kg/m]


EPDM compound [%]

1.7 > 60 400 > 600 40 Shore A 30


Version :17.1

14,0

16,0

18,0

20,0

22,0

24,0

26,0

28,0

30,0

32,0

34,0

2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0

SOTE%

Nm³/h * mdiffuser

3 m

4 m

5 m

Tube diffuser 2", fine bubble silicone membrane threaded connection


1 Holder/Connector PVC/ABS 1

2 Membrane Silicone 1

3 Clamp A2 2

Dimensions

Diffuser code D1

[mm] L1


[mm] D2

04095 63 (2") 560 500 ISO G 3/4"

04096 63 (2") 810 750 ISO G 3/4"

04097 63 (2") 1060 1000 ISO G 3/4"

Material




Active surface


04095 Silicone 1.0 – 3.0 7.500 0.090 PVC ABS

04096 Silicone 1.0 – 3.0 11.250 0.135 PVC ABS

04097 Silicone 1.0 – 3.0 15.000 0.180 PVC ABS

Version :17.1

Performance

Design range

Airflow [Nm3/h]




Head loss1

[cmWC]

04095 2.0 - 5.0 4.0 8.0 1.0

38.0 04096 4.0 – 8.0 6.0 12.0 1.5

04097 6.0 - 10.0 8.0 16.0 2.0


Membrane

Average

thickness [mm]


Elongation [%]



EPDM compound [%]

1.5 > 60 400 > 600 60 Shore A 0

Tear strength according to ASTM D624/B

Version :17.1

Tube diffuser 2", fine bubble EPDM membrane saddle connection

Pos. Description Material Q.ty per couple

1 Holder& Saddle PPFG 30% 2

2 Membrane EPDM 2

3 Clamp A2 2

4 O-R EPDM 2

5 Screw M8x45 A2 2

6 Self locking nut M8 A2 2

7 Washer M8 A2 4

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

18,0

20,0

22,0

24,0

26,0

28,0

30,0

2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0

Nm³/h * mdiffuser

3 m

4 m

5 m

Data referred to a single diffuser

Version :17.1

Dimensions

Diffuser code D1

[mm] L


[mm] D2

04216 63 (2") 675 500 D90

04217 63 (2") 675 500 D110

04218 63 (2") 675 500 D114,3

04219 63 (2") 925 750 D90

04220 63 (2") 925 750 D110

04221 63 (2") 925 750 D114,3

04222 63 (2") 1175 1000 D90

04223 63 (2") 1175 1000 D110

04224 63 (2") 1175 1000 D114,3

Material1




Active surface

[m2] Holder & Saddle Nuts Bolts & Washer

04216/04217/04218 EPDM 1.25 - 2.25 12.000 0.090 PPFG 30% A2

04219/04220/04221 EPDM 1.25 - 2.25 18.800 0.135 PPFG 30% A2

04222/04223/04224 EPDM 1.25 - 2.25 24.000 0.180 PPFG 30% A2

Performance1


Airflow [Nm3/h]




Head loss2

[cmWC]

04216/044217/04218 2.0 - 6.0 4.0 10.0 1.0

38.0 04219/04220/04221 3.0 - 9.0 6.0 15.0 1.5

04222/04223/04224 4.0 - 12.0 8.0 20.0 2.5

2 At nominal airflow and 4 m submergence

Membrane

Average

thickness [mm]


Elongation [%]



EPDM compound [%]

1.7 > 60 400 > 600 40 Shore A 30


1 Data referred to a single diffuser

Version :17.1

Tube diffuser 3", fine bubble EPDM membrane saddle connection

Pos. Description Material Q.ty per couple

1 Holder& Saddle PPFG 30% 2

2 Membrane EPDM 2

3 Clamp A2 2

4 O-R EPDM 2

5 Screw M8x45 A2 2

6 Self locking nut M8 A2 2

7 Washer M8 A2 4

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

4,0 8,0 12,0 16,0

SOTE%

Nm³/h * mdiffuser

3 m

4 m

5 m

Data referred to a single diffuser

Version :17.1

Dimensions

Diffuser code D1

[mm] L


[mm] D2

04225 90 (3") 695 500 D110

04226 90 (3") 695 500 D114,3

04227 90 (3") 945 750 D110

04228 90 (3") 945 750 D114,3

04229 90 (3") 1195 1000 D110

04230 90 (3") 1195 1000 D114,3

Material2




Active surface

[m2] Holder & Saddle Nuts Bolts & Washer

04225/04226 EPDM 1.0 – 1.5 14.300 0.120 PPFG 30% A2

04227/04228 EPDM 1.0 – 1.5 21.400 0.180 PPFG 30% A2

04229/04230 EPDM 1.0 – 1.5 28.600 0.240 PPFG 30% A2

Performance2


Airflow [Nm3/h]




Head loss2

[cm wc]

04225/04226 3.0 - 10.0 5.0 15.0 2.0

36.0 04227/04228 4.0 – 15.0 7.5 25.0 2.5

04229/04230 5.0 - 20.0 10.0 30.0 2.5

2 At nominal airflow and 4 m submergence

Membrane

Average

thickness [mm]


Elongation [%]



EPDM compound [%]

1.9 > 60 400 > 600 40 Shore A 30


2 Data referred to a single diffuser

Version :17.1

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

18,0

20,0

22,0

24,0

6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0 20,0

SOTE%

Nm³/h

3 m

4 m

5 m

L= 750 mm L= 500 mm

Tube diffuser 3", medium bubble EPDM membrane threaded connection

Dimensions

Dimensions

Diffuser code D1

[mm] L1


[mm] D2

04239 90 (3") 570 500 ISO G 3/4"

04250 90 (3") 820 750 ISO G 3/4"

Material




Active surface


04239 EPDM 2.0 – 2.0 10.500 0.120 PVC ABS

04250 EPDM 2.0 – 2.0 15.500 0.180 PVC ABS

Version :17.1

Performance


Airflow [Nm3/h]




Head loss1

[cmWC]

04239 6.0 - 15.0 7.5 20.0 2.0

45.0

04250 8.0 - 20.0 10.0 30.0 2.0

1. At design airflow and 4 m submergence

Membrane

Average

thickness [mm]


Elongation [%]



EPDM compound [%]

1.9 > 60 400 > 600 40 Shore A 30


Version :17.1

9,0

11,0

13,0

15,0

17,0

35,0 37,0 39,0 41,0 43,0 45,0

SOTE%

Nm³/h

3 m

4 m

5 m

Tube diffuser, stainless steel coarse bubble diffuser

Dimensions

Diffuser code L1

[mm] D1

[mm] H2

[mm] H1

[mm] Connection

04100 606 28 50 100 ISO G 3/4" M

Material

Diffuser code Material Diameter of holes (upper row)

[mm] Diameter of holes (lower row)

[mm]

04100 Stainless steel AISI 316L 4 8

Performance


Airflow [Nm3/h]




Head loss1

[cmWC]

04100 35.0 - 45.0 40.0 80.0 7.0 9.5


L1

D1

H2 H2

H1

Version :17.1

7 Appendix A

Chemical Not compatible with

Acetyl Chloride (dry) EPDM / Silicon

Acrylonitrile EPDM / Silicon

Alcohols: Amyl EPDM / Silicon

Alcohols: Diacetone EPDM / Silicon

Amyl Chloride EPDM / Silicon

Aniline Hydrochloride EPDM / Silicon

Aqua Regia (80% HCl, 20% HNO3)

EPDM / Silicon

Aromatic Hydrocarbons EPDM / Silicon

Asphalt EPDM / Silicon

Benzaldehyde EPDM / Silicon

Benzene EPDM / Silicon

Benzene Sulfonic Acid EPDM / Silicon

Benzol EPDM / Silicon

Benzyl Chloride EPDM / Silicon

Bromine EPDM / Silicon

Butadiene EPDM / Silicon

Butane EPDM / Silicon

Butyl Ether EPDM / Silicon

Butylacetate EPDM / Silicon

Butylene EPDM / Silicon

Butyric Acid EPDM / Silicon

Calcium Bisulfate EPDM / Silicon

Calcium Bisulfide EPDM / Silicon

Carbon Tetrachloride EPDM / Silicon

Carbon Tetrachloride (dry)

EPDM / Silicon

Carbon Tetrachloride (wet)

EPDM / Silicon

Chlorine (dry) EPDM / Silicon

Chlorine Water EPDM / Silicon

Chlorine, Anhydrous Liquid

EPDM / Silicon

Chloroacetic Acid EPDM / Silicon

Chlorobenzene (Mono) EPDM / Silicon

Chlorobromomethane EPDM / Silicon

Chloroform EPDM / Silicon

Chlorosulfonic Acid EPDM / Silicon

Chromic Acid 10% EPDM / Silicon





Creosote EPDM / Silicon

Cresols EPDM / Silicon

Cyclohexane EPDM / Silicon

Cyclohexanone EPDM / Silicon

Dichlorobenzene EPDM / Silicon

Diesel Fuel EPDM / Silicon

Diethyl Ether EPDM / Silicon

Dimethyl Aniline EPDM / Silicon

Diphenyl EPDM / Silicon

Diphenyl Oxide EPDM / Silicon

Ethane EPDM / Silicon

Ether EPDM / Silicon

Ethyl Benzoate EPDM / Silicon

Ethyl Chloride EPDM / Silicon

Ethyl Ether EPDM / Silicon

Ethylene Bromide EPDM / Silicon

Ethylene Chloride EPDM / Silicon

Ethylene Chlorohydrin EPDM / Silicon

Ethylene Dichloride EPDM / Silicon

Ethylene Oxide EPDM / Silicon

Fatty Acids EPDM / Silicon

Ferric Nitrate EPDM / Silicon

Fluorine EPDM / Silicon

Freon® 11 EPDM / Silicon




Freon® TF EPDM / Silicon

Fuel Oils EPDM / Silicon

Furan Resin EPDM / Silicon

Furfural EPDM / Silicon

Gallic Acid EPDM / Silicon

Gasoline (high–aromatic) EPDM / Silicon

Gasoline, leaded, ref. EPDM / Silicon

Gasoline, unleaded EPDM / Silicon

Grease EPDM / Silicon

Heptane EPDM / Silicon

Hexane EPDM / Silicon

Hydrochloric Acid 100% EPDM / Silicon

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Hydrochloric Acid 20% EPDM / Silicon

Hydrofluoric Acid 100% EPDM / Silicon




Hydrofluosilicic Acid 100%

EPDM / Silicon

Hydrofluosilicic Acid 20% EPDM / Silicon

Hydrogen Gas EPDM / Silicon

Isooctane EPDM / Silicon

Isopropyl Acetate EPDM / Silicon

Isopropyl Ether EPDM / Silicon

Jet Fuel (JP3, JP4, JP5, JP8)

EPDM / Silicon

Kerosene EPDM / Silicon

Lacquer Thinners EPDM / Silicon

Lacquers EPDM / Silicon

Ligroin EPDM / Silicon

Lubricants EPDM / Silicon

Lye: KOH Potassium Hydroxide

EPDM / Silicon

Methane EPDM / Silicon

Methyl Acetate EPDM / Silicon

Methyl Acrylate EPDM / Silicon

Methyl Chloride EPDM / Silicon

Methyl Isopropyl Ketone EPDM / Silicon

Methyl Methacrylate EPDM / Silicon

Mineral Spirits EPDM / Silicon

Naphtha EPDM / Silicon

Naphthalene EPDM / Silicon

Nitric Acid (50%) EPDM / Silicon

Nitric Acid (Concentrated) EPDM / Silicon

Nitrobenzene EPDM / Silicon

Nitromethane EPDM / Silicon

Oils: Aniline EPDM / Silicon

Oils: Creosote EPDM / Silicon

Oils: Diesel Fuel (20, 30, 40, 50)

EPDM / Silicon

Oils: Fuel (1, 2, 3, 5A, 5B, 6)

EPDM / Silicon

Oils: Mineral EPDM / Silicon

Oils: Olive EPDM / Silicon

Oils: Orange EPDM / Silicon

Oils: Pine EPDM / Silicon

Oils: Rapeseed EPDM / Silicon


Oils: Silicone EPDM / Silicon

Oleum 100% EPDM / Silicon

Oleum 25% EPDM / Silicon

Palmitic Acid EPDM / Silicon

Pentane EPDM / Silicon

Perchloric Acid EPDM / Silicon

Perchloroethylene EPDM / Silicon

Petrolatum EPDM / Silicon

Petroleum EPDM / Silicon

Phenol (10%) EPDM / Silicon

Phenol (Carbolic Acid) EPDM / Silicon

Phosphoric Acid (<40%) EPDM / Silicon

Phosphoric Acid (>40%) EPDM / Silicon

Phosphoric Acid (crude) EPDM / Silicon

Picric Acid EPDM / Silicon

Potassium Hydroxide (Caustic Potash)

EPDM / Silicon

Propane (liquefied) EPDM / Silicon

Propylene EPDM / Silicon

Pyridine EPDM / Silicon

Silicone EPDM / Silicon

Sodium Acetate EPDM / Silicon

Sodium Chlorate EPDM / Silicon

Sodium Hydrosulfite EPDM / Silicon

Sodium Nitrate EPDM / Silicon

Sodium Peroxide EPDM / Silicon

Sodium Polyphosphate EPDM / Silicon

Stoddard Solvent EPDM / Silicon

Styrene EPDM / Silicon

Sulfur Chloride EPDM / Silicon

Sulfuric Acid (10-75%) EPDM / Silicon

Sulfuric Acid (75-100%) EPDM / Silicon

Sulfuric Acid (cold concentrated)

EPDM / Silicon

Sulfuric Acid (hot concentrated)

EPDM / Silicon

Sulfurous Acid EPDM / Silicon

Tetrachloroethane EPDM / Silicon

Tetrachloroethylene EPDM / Silicon

Tetrahydrofuran EPDM / Silicon

Toluene (Toluol) EPDM / Silicon

Trichloroacetic Acid EPDM / Silicon

Trichloroethane EPDM / Silicon

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Trichloroethylene EPDM / Silicon

Tricresylphosphate EPDM / Silicon

Turpentine EPDM / Silicon

Varnish EPDM / Silicon

Vinyl Acetate EPDM / Silicon

Xylene EPDM / Silicon

Alcohols: Hexyl EPDM

Allyl Chloride EPDM

Benzoic Acid EPDM

Calcium Bisulfite EPDM

Carbon Bisulfide EPDM

Carbon Disulfide EPDM

Dextrin EPDM

Dimethyl Ether EPDM

Hydraulic Oil (Petro) EPDM

Hydrochloric Acid 37% EPDM

Hydrogen Peroxide 100% EPDM

Hydroquinone EPDM

Lard EPDM

Lime EPDM

Linoleic Acid EPDM

Maleic Acid EPDM

Maleic Anhydride EPDM

Malic Acid EPDM

Methyl Bromide EPDM

Methyl Dichloride EPDM

Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide

EPDM

Methylene Chloride EPDM

Monochloroacetic Acid EPDM

Morpholine EPDM

Motor Oil EPDM

Natural Gas EPDM

Oils: Coconut EPDM

Oils: Corn EPDM

Oils: Cottonseed EPDM

Oils: Crude Oil EPDM

Oils: Hydraulic Oil (Petro) EPDM

Oils: Lemon EPDM

Oils: Linseed EPDM

Oils: Peanut EPDM


Oils: Soybean EPDM

Oils: Transformer EPDM

Paraffin EPDM

Stannous Chloride EPDM

Sulfur Trioxide EPDM

Sulfur Trioxide (dry) EPDM

Vinyl Chloride EPDM

Acetate Solvent Silicone

Acetic Acid Silicone

Acetic Anhydride Silicone

Acetone Silicone

Aluminum Acetate (saturated)

Silicone

Ammonia, anhydrous Silicone

Ammonium Carbonate Silicone

Ammonium Chloride Silicone

Ammonium Nitrate Silicone

Ammonium Persulfate Silicone

Amyl Acetate Silicone

Amyl Alcohol Silicone

Carbolic Acid (Phenol) Silicone

Diacetone Alcohol Silicone

Dimethyl Formamide Silicone

Hydrobromic Acid 100% Silicone

Hydrobromic Acid 20% Silicone

Hydrocyanic Acid Silicone

Hydrocyanic Acid (Gas 10%)

Silicone

Hydrogen Sulfide (aqua) Silicone

Hydrogen Sulfide (dry) Silicone

Melamine Silicone

Methyl Butyl Ketone Silicone

Methyl Cellosolve Silicone

Methyl Ethyl Ketone Silicone

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Silicone

Nitric Acid (20%) Silicone

Nitric Acid (5 to10%) Silicone

Oils: Turbine Silicone

Oleic Acid Silicone

Sulfuric Acid (<10%) Silicone

Water, Distilled Silicone

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8 Appendix B

Version :17.1

technical specification for aeration

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