philippine history contents

7/22/2019 Philippine History Contents

1/118

PHILIPPINEHISTORY


2/118

UNDERSTANDING HISTORY

As a science, history is a body of organized knowledge a chronological

record of the significant events of the past that have a remarkable bearing

on the present.

In its broadest meaning, history is the study of past events. It generally

presents the known past.

Content of history as a subject:

1. Persons the key players in shaping history.

2. Time an essential concept of history. If time is lost in discussion, history

will lose its meaning. It situates the events in its proper perspective in thecontinuum of events. It shows the progression of events, thus, creating an

understanding on how events developed one after the other.

3. Chronology it puts orders to series of events. It requires discussing the

events in the order of their occurrence in time. Without it, history loses its

meaning.


3/118

4. Place the location of the event is equally important. Events do not happen

in a vacuum, and persons do not exist in the mind only. These realities

have to exist somewhere.

5. Value of Events by virtue of the fact that events are recorded in history,

there must be significance in them.

6. Sources of Data the reliability of the sources of the historians data is

important in the reliability of recorded history.

Arnold Toynbee stated that history reflects the progress of civilizations and

societies. He viewed the past as succession of civilizations rather thanpolitical entities. He said that the failure of a civilization to survive was the

result of its inability to respond to challenges.


4/118

Renato Constantino defined history as the recorded struggle of people for

ever increasing freedom and for newer and higher realization of the human

person. It is not about the history of man as individual, but man as the

associated man. Man interacts with nature and with other men, thus,

consciously changing his own perspective and to some extend, thesystem of environment. He supposed that Philippine History is a story of

struggle.

Importance of History:

Serve as a guide to present and succeeding generations in facing the

challenges of the times.

Enable us to grasp the direction of the countrys development and identify

the factors that impede real progress.


5/118

Map of the Philippines


6/118

Geography and Resources of the Philippines

- found in the Western Pacific Ocean

- situated in the Southeastern portion of Asia

- bounded on the north by Taiwan

west by South China Sea and Vietnameast by the Pacific Ocean

south by the Celebes Sea and Indonesia

southwest by Malaysia and Singapore

- dubbed as the crossroads of the Pacific because of its central location in

the Far East

- an archipelago of7,107 islands and islets

- has a total land area of300,000 square kilometers


7/118

- Manila is the capital and largest city and the chief port and main

commercial center as well

- Luzon is the biggest of the three major geographical groups with an area of

141,395 square kilometers.

- Visayas has an area of 56,606 square kilometers and Mindanao has an area

of 101,999 square kilometers.

- YAmi Isle is the northernmost point while Saluag Isle is the southernmost

point.

- has the longest irregular coastline in the world

- longer than the coastline of Great Britain and twice the coastline of theUnited States.

- has 61 natural harbors (Manila Bay is the finest natural harbor in the Far

East)


8/118

Mankayan, the oldest and largest copper mine in the country still exist.

The greatest iron-bearing area in the country is Surigao.

The worlds deposit of nickel has been discovered in Nonoc Isle, off the

coast of Mindanao.

The country has tropical climate with two seasons dry and wet.

Rainy season occurs from May to November. During this period, the wind

blows from the southwest. Often, the country experiences typhoons from the

months of June to October. The dry season occurs from December to April,

when the wind blows from the northeast.


9/118

The country has over 50 active volcanoes.

The most active among them are:

Iraya (Batanes) Bulusan (Sorsogon)

Pinatubo (Zambales) Kanlaon (Negros)Taal (Batangas) Makaturing (Lanao)

Banahaw (Quezon) Apo (Davao del Sur)

Mayon (Albay) Hibok-hibok (Camiguin)

Topographic elevations less than 600 meters in altitude are consideredhills. The most popular of these in the country are the Chocolate Hills, with

more than 1,000 of them in Bohol. During the dry months of February until

May, these dome-shaped limestone hills turn chocolate-brown as the grass

wither.


10/118

famous of the Philippine woods is narra, proclaimed as the countrys

national tree.

referred to as the forests of the sea is the mangrove.

the country has 201 species of mammals, 179 are terrestrial and 22 are

marine.

some unique animals in the world are also found in the Philippines:

Tamarraw (Mindoro) looks like a dwarf carabao , Tarsier(Bohol)

Calamian deer(Palawan)worlds smallest deer

there are about 25,000 species of insects in the islands.

the largest and smallest bats in the world are found in the country.

the worlds second largest eagle is the Philippine Eagle.

the bird Kalaw was dubbed by Spanish colonizers as clock of the

mountains.


11/118

the worlds largest shell is in the country known as Tridacna Gigas. The

smallest shell in the world, the Pisidium, is also found in the country.

large rivers traverse the principal islands of the country like the Cagayan

River(longest river of the country)

between Samar and Leyte is the San Juanico Strait, the narrowest strait in

the country. Laguna de Bay is the largest freshwater lake in the Southeast

Asia. Lake Calibato is the deepest among the lakes of Laguna de Bay.

in the middle of the tropical blue and emerald green waters

of the Sulu Sea and Palawan lies the Tubbataha Reef, one of

the sandbars and reefs known for its rich beautiful dive sitesand marine resources.

Central Plain in Luzon is the largest plain in the archipelago known as the

Rice Granary of the Philippines


12/118

there are about 10,000 species of flowering plants and ferns in the country.

Of the 1,000 varieties of orchids that bloom in the country, the waling-

walingis regarded as the Queen of Philippine Orchids

the worlds largest fish is also found in the country. This is the Whale

Shark.

three mountain ranges are situated in Northern Luzon:

Sierra Madre Range (the largest and longest range in the country)

Cordillera Range (where Mount Pulag, the second highest peak in the

country and the Banaue Rice Terraces are situated)Caraballo Range (bounded to the south by the Central Plain Luzon)

the city ofBaguio amidst the region of Cordillera is one of the most popular

vacation destinations. Owing to the scenic attractions as well as cool

temperature, it has become the summer capital of the country.


13/118

in the Visayas, the most prominent mountain ranges are found across

major islands. The islands in the Visayas have mountainous terrains except

Samarand Bohol.

in Mindanao, there are four major mountain ranges:

Diwata Range Daguma Range

Tago Apo Range Kalatungan Kitanglad Range


14/118

National Territory of the Philippines

Article 1 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution defines the territory of the

Philippines as follows:

The national territory comprises Philippine archipelago, with all the

is lands and w atersembraced therein, and al l other terr i tor iesover which

the Philippines has sovereignty or jur isd ic t ion, consisting of its terrestr ial,

f luv ia land aerialdomain, including its terr i tor ial sea, the seabed, the

subso i l, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters,

around, between and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardlessof their breadth and dimensions, shall form part of the in ternal waters of

the Phi l ippines.


15/118

The national territory of the Philippines is consists of:

(1) Philippine archipelago

(2) all other territories over which the Philippine has sovereignty or

jurisdiction; and

(3) the internal waters of the Philippines.

The Philippine archipelago is defined in the following:

(1) The Treaty of Paris, signed December 10, 1898, between Spain and the

United States.

(2) The Treay of Washington, signed on November 07, 1900, between the

United States and Spain ceding Cagayan, Sibutu and Sulu.(3) The Treaty ofJanuary 02., 1930, between United States and Great Britain

ceding the Turtle and Manganese Islands.


16/118

Archipelagois derived from the Greek word pelagoswhich means

sea. It is a sea or part of a sea studded with islands, or a large group of

islands in an extensive body of water.

R.A. 6766 on October 23, 1988, created the Cordillera Autonomous Region.

R.A. 6734 on Nov. 19, 1989, created the Autonomous Region of Muslim

Mindanao.

R.A. 7901 on Feb. 23, 1995, created the CARAGA Administrative Region.


17/118

The archipelagic doctrine of territoriality projects the idea that the

Philippines as an archipelago should be regarded as a simple unit. The

waters around, between, and connecting the islands or archipelago,

irrespective of their breadth and dimension, form part of internal waters of

the state, subject to its exclusive sovereignty.

P.D. 1596 signed on June 11, 1978 the

Philippines claims the Kalayaan Group of

Islands as part of Philippine territory

on the basis of historic rights and legal titles.

Kalayaan is now a municipality of Palawan.


18/118

By historic right or legal

title, the Philippine territorystipulated in the 1987

Constitution, includes

Sabah and the Spratly

Islands.


19/118

By history, Sabah was once owned by

the Sultan of Sulu which was later

purchased by a British company and

which in turn transferred its leaseholdright to the British government. When

the British government granted

independence to Malaysia in 1963,

Sabah was turned over by the British

government to Malaysia.Malaysia

Brunei

Philippines


20/118

The Spratly islands are being claimed by

four neighboring Asian countries.However, the ownership of these islands

is still to be resolved by the International

Court of the United nations.

Philippines

China

Vietnam

Malaysia

Taiwan


21/118

REGIONALIZATION

The Philippines is further grouped into seventeen (17) regions:

Region Provinces

Capital

Luzon

Region I Ilocos Ilocos Norte Laoag City

Ilocos Sur Vigan City

La Union San Fernando City

Pangasinan Lingayen


22/118

Region II Cagayan Valley Batanes Basco

Cagayan Tuguegarao City

Isabela Ilagan

Nueva Vizcaya BayombongQuirino Cabarrogias


23/118

Region III Central Luzon Aurora Baler

Bataan Balanga City

Bulacan Malolos City

Nueva Ecija Palayan CityPampanga City of San Fernando

Tarlac Tarlac City

Zambales Iba


24/118

Region IV-A CaLaBarZon Batangas Batangas City

Cavite Trece Martires City

Laguna Sta. Cruz

Quezon Lucena City

Rizal Antipolo City


25/118

Region IV-B MIMAROPA Marinduque Boac

Occ. Mindoro Mamburao

Or. Mindoro Calapan City

Palawan Pto. Princesa City

Romblon Romblon


26/118

Region V Bicol Albay Legazpi City

Camarines N. Daet

Camarines S. Pili

Catanduanes Virac

Masbate Masbate City

Sorsogon Sorsogon City


27/118

CAR Cordillera Administrative Region Abra Bangued

Apayao Kabugao

Benguet La Trinidad

Ifugao Lagawe

Kalinga TabukMt. Province Bontoc


28/118

NCR National Capital Region Kalookan

Las Pias

Makati

Malabon

MandaluyongMuntinlupa

Manila

Marikina

Paraaque

Pasay

Pasig

Quezon

Valenzuela

Navotas

Pateros

San Juan

Taguig


29/118

Visayas

Region VI

Western Visayas Aklan Kalibo

Antique San Jose

Capiz Roxas City

Guimaras JordanIloilo Iloilo City

Negros Occ.

Bacolod City


30/118

Region VII Central Visayas Bohol Tagbilaran City

Cebu Cebu City

Negros Or. Dumaguete

City Siquijor Siquijor


31/118

Region VIII Eastern Visayas Biliran Naval

Eastern Samar Borongan

Leyte Tacloban

City Northern Samar Catarman

Southern LeyteMaasin City Western

Samar Catbalogan


32/118

Mindanao

Region IX Zamboanga Peninsula Zamboanga Dipolog City

del Norte

Zamboanga Pagadian

City del SurZamboanga

Ipil Sibugay


33/118

Region X Northern Mindanao Bukidnon

Malaybalay City Camiguin

Mambajao

Lanao del Norte Tubod

Misamis Occ. Oroqueta CityMisamis Or. Cagayan de Oro City


34/118

Region XI Davao Region Compostela Valley Nabunturan

Davao del Norte Tagum

Davao Oriental Mati

Davao del Sur Digos City


35/118

Region XII SOCCSKARGEN Cotabato Kidapawan City

Sarangani Alabel

S. Cotabato Koronadal

City Sultan Kudarat Isulan


36/118

Region XIII CARAGA Agusan del Norte Butuan City

Agusan del Sur Properidad

Surigao del Norte Surigao

City Surigao del Sur Tandag

Dinagat Islands San Jose


37/118

ARMM Basilan Isabela City

Autonomous Region Lanao del Sur Marawi City

In Muslim Mindanao Maguindanao Shariff

Aguak Sulu JoloTawi-tawi Panglima

Sugala Shariff Kabunsuan

Datu Odin Sinsuat


38/118

WAVES OF MIGRATION

According to the Migration Theory, our country was settled by three (3)

kinds of people.

1. NEGRITOS the first people to come to the Philippines by crossing the

land bridges which then connected the Philippines from Mainland

Asia about 25,000 years ago.

- less than 5 feet tall and called Negritos because they had

black skin, short kinky hair, thick lips and black noses. They

wore little clothing.

- had no government, no writing, and no permanent homes.

- they wandered in the forest and lived by hunting, fishing and

gathering wild plants and fruits.

- they used bow and arrow for hunting.

- today, there are still Negritos in the hills of Zambales.


39/118

2. INDONESIANS the first immigrants to come by sea to the Philippines.

- came about 5,000 years ago.

- they sailed by boats from South Asia.

- drove the Negritos into the mountains and lived in low

lands.

TWO (2) TYPES OF INDONESIANS1. tall with light skin, large forehead, high nose and thin lips

2. shorter and darker, with a large nose, thick lips and heavy jaw.


40/118

- more advanced than the Negritos and lived in permanent homes.

- used fire to cook their food.

- lived by hunting, fishing, and small farming.

- painted their bodies with colorful tattoos.

- today, the Indonesian minority tribes are in some interior parts of

our country like the Apayaos, Gaddangs, Ibanags, and Kalingas of

Northern Luzon, Tagbanuas of Palawan, and the

Bagobos, Manobos, Mandayas, Bukidnons of Mindanao.


41/118

3. MALAYS came after the Indonesians about 2,000 years ago.

- also arrived in boats from Southeast Asia.

- medium in height, brown-skinned, with dark eyes, flat noses and

straight black hair.

- drove the Indonesians into the forests and lived in

lowlands. - more civilized than the Indonesians.

- lived in larger villages, had

government, writing, music, arts, and sciences. - lived by

agriculture, fishing, mining, and trading.


42/118

THE TABON MAN

In 1962, archaeologists Fox and Santiago discovered sensational items at

Tabon cave in Palawan facing the South China Sea and a very close to

Borneo.

Evolutionists believed that the first man in the Philippines lived in Palawan

about 25,000 years ago. Palawan then was connected to the Asian

Mainland. Thus, they are called the Tabon Man.


43/118

Skulls, tools, (and other fossils), jars, charcoal were found thus, they madea conclusion that they belong to the Stone Age culture. This means that

they only used stone tools and weapons.

they did not yet know how to use metal.


44/118

According to the evolution theory, the first Filipinos or the Tabon Man

hunted wild animals with crude stone weapons.

They did not know how to farm or raise animals.

They were short, with bushy eyebrows and a low forehead.

They lived in very harsh surroundings. It was a daily battle for survival.

Most of their time was spent looking for food.

In other parts of the world, the ancestors of man are

called the

Java man or Peking Man, or others. Life for them was

also tough.


45/118

EARLY CULTURE OF THE FILIPINOS

ECONOMIC LIFE * agriculture

* other industries such as poultry, stock raising,

weaving, lumbering, and mining.

SOCIAL CLASSES * maharlikas datus or noble

timagwas (timawas) the freemen

oripen (alipin) the dependents

a. namamahay

b. saguiguilid


46/118

MARRIAGE CUSTOMS * marriage arrangements (buya system) were

done by parents as an expression of their

continuing care * it was a tradition that they

married in a very early age * the groom gave a

dowry orbigay-kaya to the family of the bride

consisted of anything of value *

the groom has to work in the house of the girl or in the

fields of a given certain period of time

* DIVORCE was practiced

- adultery on the part of the wife

- desertion in part of the husband

- lose of affection- cruelty of both

- insanity

- childlessness


47/118

GOVERNMENT and LAWS * barangay was administered by a chieftain called

datu * they practice confederal pangampong (major

principalities)

* each pangampong was subdivided into soko

(districts), ingod (townships), agama (smaller

barangay or village)

* datu served as the chief executive,

legislator, and judge assisted by the elders acting as

the council of the elders or advisory council to the

datu * two early written code of

laws: a. Luwaran

b. Principal Sulu* Kali judges

* Pandita - priests


48/118

* the eldersacted as the jury

* in case of difficulty to resolve on the part of the

jury, the judge (datu) imposed the well-accepted

trial by ordeal orpasuerte such as trial by

combat, bultong or wrestling, trial by boiling

water or trial by river and other

forms.


49/118

EARLY RELIGIOUS BELIEFS * the ancient Filipinos believed in many

gods, with no concept of god as an absolute being

* Bathala orBathalang

Maykapal was their first rank god

among their gods *

these gods were believed to be self-willed, capricious,

whose will is unfathomable either in wrath or grace

* believers of animism or nature worship

* spirits of nature

* worshipped their dead ancestors

* believers on the immortality of life thus, they

took care of the dead, by worshipping deadbody thoroughly and poured buyo , ointment

which was believed to be preservative

and dressed for protection.


50/118

LANGUAGE * Austronesian orMalayo Polynesian language

was the common language used by the early

Filipinos together with the rest of the

Southeast Asian people * they used this

language not only for their dailyconversations but also as a medium of communication

for foreign trade and commerce

* eight major dialects:

- Tagalog

- Iloko

- Pangasinan

- Pampango- Cebuano

- Hiligaynon

- Samarhon

- Maguindanao


51/118

EDUCATION * the early Filipino children were taught with their

parents and elders in the barangays

as teachers * bothoan early regular

barangay school * reading,

writing, and arithmetic * boys were

trained to fishers, farmers *girls were taught weaving, cooking, sewing and other

household chores to make them good housewives

* in literacy, almost every Filipino knew how to read and

write

* two (2) major reasons why only few of their writings

have come to us today:

a. their primitive trilogy of writing materials used, like

leaves and bark of trees, could not sustain to its

originality

b. Spanish missionaries destroyed many early

manuscripts on the ground that

they were the works of the devil


52/118

SCIENCES and CALENDAR * ancient Filipinos had their own concepts of

mathematics and geometry

* they could count up to 100,000,000

* numerical terms:

isa (one)

pao (ten)

daan (hundred)

libo (thousand)

yuta (one hundred thousand)

angao (one million)

kati (ten

million)bahala (one hundred million)


53/118

* weighing and measuring devices;

kaban (25 ganto)

salop (one gata)

kaguitan (one half ganto)* the Ifugaos used calendar which contains 364

days a year to determine the number of days,

months, and years for planting and harvesting

* tumonoh or calendar keeper holds and

kept thirteen strings representing the thirteen

months of the year * in case of leap year,

one day is added to make it 365 days


54/118

EARLY FILIPINO INTERDEPENDENCE WITH OTHER ASIAN NEIGHBORS

The Philippines richness in natural resources and the ancient Filipino

ingenuity developed their early communities into a level of self-sufficiency.

Importation of other cultures then, demonstrates the most practical value

of early Filipino life and thought such status has laid the major underlying

ground in shaping the early economic concept of Asian interdependence.


55/118

A. ARABS the earliest known group of

foreigners to trade with our

ancestors. - they

traded with the Indians, Chinese as wellas the early Southeast Asian people

- the earliest record so far about the

Philippine contact with other countries

was that ofFA-HEIN in 414.

He, together with his shipmates was accidentally drifted by a stormto the west coast of Palawan. He traveled India for 6 years at the beginning of

the fifth century particularly in Ceylon and the southern coasts, where trading

posts of both the Indian and Arabs caused some little but precious

information about the Philippines.


56/118

- By 1380, MUkDUM an Arab missionary, proceeded to Sulu,

spreading the doctrine of Mohammedanism

- Ten years later, RAJAH BAGINDA of Sumatra

converted some Sulu natives to Islam- followed by ABU BAKAR in 1450 who

married Bagindas daughter PARAMISULI

- later, SheriffKABUNSUAN

from Malaysia, converted many tribes and became the

first sultan of Mindanao (Maguindanao) - with such

new Muslim zeal, the Muslim Filipinos were also

welcomed by the rest of the Islamic world.


57/118

B. CHINESE the Arabian trade with the olden

Philippines was valuably

recognized by the Chinese

during the Tang Dynasty in 932

A.D. This was the period when the Chinese

empire had advanced her trade and

commerce to Indian Ocean.

- The Philippine relations with China

started in the 9th century A.D. When

Arab traders carried Philippine

goods to China. - The early scholars reported that the valuable goods

loaded in these Arabian ships were produced in MA-Iw/c means Landof the Barbarians. This term referred not only to the Philippines but

to all countries surrounding China. - Later, Chinese goods entered

the Philippine Coastal areas and spread into the interior. These

goods were exchanged with our gold dust and indigenous products.


58/118

C. INDIANS evidence of sculptures and in

bronzes were found w/c

apparently influenced by the Gupta art of

India. - the Gupta Empire

of India was founded by Chandragupta II in

375 A.D. This was the first great empire

unified in India in A.D.

ASOKA the greatest emperor of the Gupta Empire sent Buddhist

missionaries in the 3rd

century helping the expectation of Indiancultures to Southeast Asia. - Sri Vijaya and Majapahit

Indianized states emerged monopolizing trade in Southeast Asia

- The Muslim Malays

who came to the Philippines were Indianized in culture, some of

them being Indian converts. However, the Indian culture that they

brought with them was very much overlaid by ISLAM.


59/118

SPANISH COLONIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Asian richness dazzled the Spanish minds as an effect of Spains

continuous search for betterness.

The events which led down as historical backgrounds for the coming of

Magellan:

1. The Closure of Constantinople

Asian economic interdependence resulted to a greater bulk of production

which was brought to the Mediterranean World. Spices, silk, perfumes, dyes, precious metals, and other luxurious oriental

goods were brought to the west (Europe) .

Among these commercial centers, Constantinople was the chief terminus

off trade.

By 1453, Constantinople was captured by the Muslim Turks.


60/118

2. The Tales of Marco Polo

Europeans desire of reaching the East (Asia) was further stimulated by the

accounts of Marco Polo.

The book of Marco Polo provided a better knowledge of the East.

His book fired the imagination, which led them to revive the ancient belief

on the sphericity of the Earth.


61/118

3. Prince Henry the Navigatorand the Age of exploration

The idea of looking for a new route to reach the East (Asia) had nor been a

reality without influential peoples to finance a journey and courageous men

daring to explore.

Prince Henry of Portugal sent out explorations to discover the AfricanCoast.

Gil Eannes rounded the Cape Bojador in 1433

Bartolome Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488

Vasco da Gama reached Calicut, India in 1497

Christopher Columbusdiscovered the New world (America) in 1492 Pope Alexander VI demarcated a line of which all territories not under a

Christian monarch should be under Spain, leaving the territories East of

the line to Portugal in 1494.


62/118

Prince Henry the

NavigatorChristopher Columbus

Pope Alexander

VI


63/118

*MAGELLANS HISTORICAL TABLE*

1480 born in Portugal of noble lineage

1509 gallantly fought in Malacca. He was promoted to the rank of captain

1517 went to Spain to present his plan to travel westward to reach the East.

King

Charles I agreed to finance the expedition with 5 ships and 265 men.

1519 August 10, attended a Holy Mass for the voyage. Sailed from Seville to

Port San

Lucar.1520 March31, anchored at Port San Juan because of storms and colds.

April 1, mutiny broke out

October, discovered the Strait of Magellan

November, trans-Pacific voyage began


64/118

1521 March, reached Guam

March 16/17, reached Samarrediscovery of the Philippines

March 18, landed at Homonhon hungry. The Filipinos hospitability

received and gave them food and drinks.

March 25, reached Limasawa. Received by Rajah Kolambu who sailed

the first recorded blood compact between a Spaniard and a Filipino

in the islands.

March 31, Easter Sunday the first Christian Mass in the Philippines.

Took possession of the land. Fr. Pedro De Valderama officiated the first

Christian Mass.April 8, entered Cebu with his Malay slave Enrique

April 15, a mass was held on the shore of Cebu. 800 Cebuanos were

converted to Christianity.


65/118

April 27, the Battle of Mactan

May 2, a feast was held in Cebu. 27 Spaniards were massacred


66/118

MAGELLANS ROUTE


67/118

SPANISH INTERESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

The hardship and heroic death of Magellan never ended the Spanish early voyages to

the Philippine islands which consequently drawn the definite Spanish objectives in

coming to the Philippines.

SpanishExpedition

Leader Objecties Results

Loaisas Voyage Juan Garcia de Loaisa

* Andres de Urdaneta

(chronicler)

To plant or to gain

foothold in the

East.

His feet was stocked by storms

as they sighted the Pacific.

Several ships was separated

and his flagship was leaking and

overcrowded, until he died. He

was succeeded by Sebastian del

Cano who also died four days

later. The survivors reached the

Moluccas where they

encountered the Portuguese.


68/118

Saavedras

Voyage

Alvaro de

Saavedra

1. To ascertain whether

Magellans pilot, Juan

Serrano was still

alive and to ransom

any other heldprisoner.

2. To look for Loaisa

who died in the

Pacific and Cabot

who returned to

Spain.

3. To search for a goodplace for settlement,

load ships with

spices and send

them back to Spain.

It was a failure. Though he

reached Mindanao, but he

was driven away by the

hostile Filipino natives. He

died at sea on October 9,1529.

* The Treaty of Zaragosa was

arranged and concluded with

the provisions focused on

the purchasing of Spanish

Kings right over the

Moluccas to Portugal.


69/118

Juan Garcia de Loaisa

Alvaro de Saavedra

Ruy Lopez de

Villalobos

Miguel Lopez de

Legaspi


70/118

CEBU


71/118

Juan de Camus, found the image of Sto. Nio, which was believed to be given

by Magellan to the queen of Cebu as a gift.

Cebu was then named San Miguel but later changed to Santisimo Nombrede Jesus in honor of the Holy Child. Legaspi erected a triangular fort the

Fort San Pedro. Legaspi became the first Spanish Governor-General in the

Philippines and adopted a policy of attraction to gain Cebuanos faith and

confidence.

Tupas finally entered into a treaty with Legaspi. This was the Spanish

government. The provisions were:1. Any Cebuano who commit a crime against a Spaniard shall be delivered

to the Spanish authorities for punishment, and likewise, any Spaniard who

commits a crime against a Cebuano shall be punished by the Spanish

authorities.

2. Any native who may visit the Spanish camps shall not bear arms.


72/118

MANILA

Three years after the first treaty in Cebu, Legaspi moved to Panay because

of the well-heard food supplies on the islands.

Salcedo, the 18 year old grandson of Legaspi joined de Goite in conquering

Manila in 1570.Manila was an Islamized village administered by Rajah Sulayman (Manilas

first historic ruler). It was situated at the present Fort Santiago.

The most interesting side light report on Manila was the discovery of

Panday Pira who was the first Filipino inventor of locally made cannons

called Lantaka.

Lakandula, uncle of Sulayman and the last king of Tondo,acted as mediator between Legaspi and Tupas. Manila was

transformed into the Spanish capital of the Philippines.


73/118

SULU AND MINDANAO

Moroland is one of the many Filipino regions reagrded as home of peace

and violence. It comprises the provinces of Lanao, Cotabato, Zamboanga,

and Sulu. It was preoccupied with the spoils of wars. Rajah Sulayman,

Manilas rule, was a well-known figure to the Muslims of Sulu. He was

known as Rajah Mura (young Rajah) and a good partner in trade.

The Spaniards failed to win the hearts of the Muslims because of the

following reasons:

1. The Muslim is intensely proud of his own group.

2. Muslim kinship turned to be a meaningful alliances. The Muslims

regarded their territory as part ofDURAL ISLAM (Homeland of Islam). Anyforeign invasion of these lands could cause a JIHAD, a holy war of defense.


74/118

THE CORDILLERAS

Cordillera is a chain of great mountains which transverse northern Luzon.

This great mountain province is subdivided into Apayao, Kalinga, Bontoc,

Ifugao, and Benguet and became very famous of its gold deposits.

Filipinos born in these places were known as

Igorots.

What first attracted the Spanish conquestadores

was the Igorot gold.

After years of costly and unsuccessful attemptsto occupy the mines, the Spaniards gave

the project up. Most of them got sick and discouraged.


75/118

The environmental (physical and social) elements responsible for the

Cordilleras sustenance of its being independent were the following:

1. its high elevation ruggedness of the terrain made the conquerors feltdisinterested to stay and administer

2. missionaries and troop commanders were less united in the ideas on

how to accomplish their mission of colonization

3. the enduring resistance of the Filipino Igorots. The Spanish 3 big Gs

(god, Gold, Glory), was almost untouched by the Cordilleras.


76/118

COLONIAL SYSTEM

The Philippine conditions was a reflection of the political, economic and

socio-religious development of Spain from 1500s to 1800s.

Monarchial Absolutism was the system of government under which the

king enjoyed unlimited power.

Mercantilism an economic system in which the king was involved in

extensive intervention of any economic life to foster national growth.

The Spanish government was highly centralized in form. Its supreme

authority in administering the colonies was vested in the Consejo de Indias

composed of a president, called High Chancellor of the Indies, and eight

councilors.

The royal orders and edicts such as the law of the Indies or Recopilacion,

the medieval Spanish legal code orLas Siete Partidas, became the guides

of any governor-general in administering the Philippines.


77/118

1. GOVERNOR-GENERAL

The absolute power of the Spanish king was reflected in him. He enjoyed a

vast governmental powers and privileges:

1. he controlled the legislative, executive and judicial branches

2. he acted as vice-patron of the church in the island with a right tonominate new bishops and assign stipends of the missionaries

3. he controlled the treasury

4. he served as supreme military commander


78/118

2. COUNTERVAILING AGENCIES

1. Royal Audencia served as advisory council to the governor-general

2. Residencia served as the court where governor-general at the end of

his term stood for trial

3. Visita a secret investigation conducted by the Visitador-General

dispatched by the Consejo de Indias. It also acted as the eyes and

ears of the king of Spain.


79/118

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

The Philippines was divided into provinces and special districts.

1. ALCALDE MAYOR

He was the head of the alcaldia (province) who have legislative power.

Since his annual salary was only P 300, he was always immune to bribery.

He was engaged in profiting governmental positions such as:

a. he was empowered to collect taxes from the people.

b. he forced payment of taxes in kind to people especially in times of

meager harvests.

c. he was engaged in trade called Indulto de Comercio which virtually gave

him a monopoly of commerce in the province.

d. he lent money from the Obras Pias and other loan agencies in Manila

and made him a big lender at excessive interests.


80/118

2. GOBERNADORCILLO

He was equivalent to the present town mayor whose position was

hereditary.

The following are the qualifications:

1. he must be a native born 2. must be 25 years old 3. able to read and write

in Spanish 4. never guilty of any crime

3. CABEZA DE BARANGAY

He was equivalent to the present Barangay Captain


81/118

UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE

What made the Philippine government unique was the union of church and

state. By virtue of the Patronato Real, the Spanish king has the right to rule

lands discovered. Historians acknowledge the fact that the real

representative of the Spanish Crown was the church nor the state.


82/118

PHILIPPINE SOCIETY UNDER SPANISH RULE

Encomienda System To compensate the gigantic services rendered by

the Spanish conquestadores , the Spansih

king gave themn a reward through land grants

called encomienda, derived from the verb

encomiendar which means to entrust.

The encomiendero undertook the following

obligations:

1. defense of his encomienda from external attack

2. maintenance of peace and order

3. support of misssionaries who would teach

Christian

doctrine to the people

In return, every encomiendero was given a right to collect tributo (tribute)

in the

amount or any form.


83/118

Forced Labor (Polo System) This was the most hated Spanish

system in

colonial system in the Philippines.

This was the compulsory rendering of

services of all male Filipinos from

16 to 60years old for 40 days, later reduced

to 15

days.

The Polistas or forced laborers were obliged to work along various Spanish

projects such as constructing roads and bridges, churches, or building

galleons (Spanish vessels).

Falla, an exemption fee from forced labor was allowed for those who can


84/118

Galleon Trade This was an economic activity in the Philippines

during the Spanish period. The goods coming

in and out from the islands annually were brought by a

galleon or Spanish luxury vessel to

Acapulco, Mexico in exchange of Mexican silvers.

Thus, this was otherwise known as Manila

Acapulco Trade.

This was abolished by King Ferdinand VII due to:

1. the recommendation of Ventura de los Reyes,

the first Philippine representative to the Spanish

Cortes, and

2. the Mexican War for Independence which

heightened during the second decade of the 1800s.


85/118

The Economic Society of Friends These were two of the significant

activities in and the Tobacco Monopoly the Philippines from

the hands of the Spaniards

created by Governor-General Jose

Basco.

Economic Society of Friends was a society

of wealthy Spanish in the Philippines who put

up capitals to help the agricultural

development in the country.

Tobacco Monopoly was the compulsory

cultivation or planting of tobaccos of Filipinofarmers to some selected provinces in order

to increase the revenue of Spain.


86/118

This monopoly resulted to:

1. large revenue for the Spanish government in the Philippines

2. making the Philippines a tobacco producer, independent from Mexico

3. compulsory labor

4. declining of food production because the Spanish government

compelled the Filipinos to produce nothing but tobaccos

5. bribery and widespread smuggling on the part of the Filipino farmers to

secure a better price for their products

6. the creation of the Royal Company of the Philippines

Royal Company of the Philippines was designed to stimulate agriculture

and industry within the Philippine

Islands, as well as to diversity and expand

their overseas commerce.


87/118

EARLY FILIPINO REVOLTS

The motives or causes of revolts are categorized into:

1) land problem (dubious conflicting acquisition of land by Spanish

colonizers)

2) political (former datus lost their regular annual tribute of gifts and

their

political influence from their barangay members)

3) religious motive (Spanish friars declared native priestesses and

priests who

continued their pag anito or their animism as idolatrous,

superstitious and

unlawful)

4) economic (opprressive Spanish economic institutions such as

galleon trade,

tobacco monopoly, indulto de comercio, taxation, and others)


88/118

1500s-1600s

YEAR PROVINCE RESISTANCE/REVOLTS MOTIVES/CAUSES

1521 Cebu Battle of Mactan Refusal on Magellans order to pay tribute

1565 Cebu Tupas Resistance Legaspis colonization of Cebu refusal to surrender

1567 Cebu Dagamis Resistance Refusal to surrender

1574 Manila Lakandulas Revolt Governor-General sequestered their landed properties,toleration of encomienderos abuses and oppression

1584 Cebu Dons Rebellion Dubious conflicting acquisition of land by Spanishcolonizers

1587-88 Manila Agustin de Legaspi and Martin

Pangans Revolt

Continued acquisition of land and properties

1621-22 Bohol Tamblots Revolt Not surrendering their tangible means of income and time-honored personal prestige

1622 Leyte Bankaws Revolt Building an appropriate temple to their diwatas

1625-26 Apayao Miguel lanab and Alababans

Revolt

Spanish attempts to proselytize various cultural

communities by employing new Christianized chieftains

1663 Iloilo Tapars Revolt Proclaimed himself as God Almighty/he and his followersid not accept any need for Spanish curate


89/118

1700s-1800s

YEAR PROVINCE RESISTANCE/REVOLTS MOTIVES/CAUSES

1718 Cagayan Francisco Riveras Revolt He appropriated himself the title Papa Rey (Pope King)and described by the Spaniards as the only rebel chief with

anti-religious ideas and despotic to his rebel followers.

He deprived his followers to freedom of worship by

instructing them to give back their rosaries, scapulars and

other religious objects to the Dominican missionaries.

1744-

1829

Bohol Dagohoys Revolt Forced labor, unjust payment of tribute, refusal of the priest

to give a Christian burial and administer the sacrament ofextreme unction to his brother Sagarino who was killed in a

duel.

1763 Ilocos, Abra,

and Cagayan

Diego Silangs Revolt Refusal to pay annual tribute of one real fuerte, drafting ofpolistas and other unscrupulous practices such as Indulto

de Comercio, tobacco monopoly, etc.

1832-41 Tayabas

(Quezon)

Apolinario de la Cruz Revolt He was not admitted to a religious order because he was anIndio.

Founded the Cofradia de San Juan de Dios centering around

the cults of San Francisco and the image of Our Lady of

Peace and Good Voyage of Antipolo.


90/118

The early revolts were all failures due to

their neighbors (Indios) collaboration with

the Spanish authorities by divulging thesecret plan of the rebels and joined in

smashing them.

When finally caught, the rebels were

publicly executed.


91/118

Don His head was placed at stakes along the beaches of Spanish Ayuntamiento (CityHall) to the shores of Pasil, san Nicolas

Agustin de Legaspi and

Martin Pangan

Their heads were stuck on pikes and placed in wicker baskets for public

exhibition. The sites of their houses were plowed and sowed with salt and all

their properties were sequestered.

Bankaw His head was impaled on a bamboo stake at the public plaza.His second son was equally decapitated and four of his babaylans (native

priests) were shot and one was burned alive.

Francisco Rivera He was liquidated by his won followers.

Apolinario de la Cruz

(Hermano Pule)

His body was quartered and his head was hung in front of his house. His two

hands and two feet were hung inside cages in the guard house of Tayabas.

Diego Silang He was excommunicated then later assassinated by a friend, Miguel Vicos whowas hired by BishopUstariz. About 90 of his followers were hung and his wife

Gabriela Silang was compelled to watch their slow death before she was

executed.


92/118

AWAKENING AND BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM


93/118

Factors which led to the Birth of Filipino

Nationalism;

1) Emergence of Filipino i lust radoclass2) Influx of Western Liberal Ideas

3) Secularization Movement

4) Cavite Mutiny5) Execution of GomBurZa


94/118

BONIFACIO AND THE KATIPUNAN

LA LIGA FILIPINA

- a civic society which aimed to:

1. unite the whole archipelago in one compact, vigorous and homogenous

body2. have mutual protection in every want and necessity

3. defend against violence and injustice

4. encourage instruction, agriculture and commerce and

5. study and application of reforms

- established on July 3, 1892 at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Manila iside the houseof a rich Chinese businessman, Doroteo Ongjunco.

Ambrosio Salvadorwas elected as President.


95/118

It only existed for four days because Rizal was imprisoned at Fort

Santiago on July 7, 1892 and later exiled to Dapitan.

Governor-General Eulogio Despujolwas responsible for Rizalsexile.

The historical factors which led to the failure of the Reform Movement and

Rizals La Liga Filipina vividly marked clear indications that peaceful

means for a libertarian struggle were ineffective thus, the Katipunan was

born.


96/118

THE KATIPUNAN

- a revolutionary society which aimed to:

1. unite the Filipinos into one solid nation

2. win the independence

- was founded by Andres Bonifacio on the night of July 7, 1892 at Azcarraga

Street, Tondo, Manila inside the house ofDeodato Arellano, the former

secretary of LaLiga Filipina.


97/118

Andres Bonifacio - the Father of Philippine Revolution

- the son of a poor tailor of Tondo, Santiago

Bonifacio and Catalina de Castro

- acquired primary education from a

Visayan teacher Guillermo Osmea

- both his

parents died when he was 14

Emilio Jacinto - the Brains of the Katipunan

- wrote the primer or the bible of the Katipunan,

the Kartilla- founded the official organ or

newspaper of the Katipunan, the

Kalayaan.


98/118

Deodato Arellano - first President of the Katipunan

Kataastaasang Sanggunian - the highest governing adopted by the Katipunan

in recruiting members.

Degrees of Membership:

1st degreeKatipun

Anak ng Bayan (password)

2nd degreeKawal

Gomburza3rd degree - Bayani

Rizal


99/118

PREPARATION FOR WAR

Expansion of the Katipunan The appearance of Jacinto marked the

progress of the Katipunan in

terms of awakening and thewinning of the masses support to the cause

of the revolution.

In March 1895, Emilio Aguinaldo was

inducted by Bonifacio to

become a member of the Katipunan.


100/118

BONIFACIO ASKS JAPANS AID

Jose Noritario Tagawa - an employee of a Japanese Bazaar in

Manila helped arranged thecommunication between

Bonifacio and Admiral Kamimura

Bonifacio in his hopeless situation of acquiring external arms

support from Japan, had no other recourse except to adopt the Katipunan

self-aid policy.


101/118

The Katipunan and Rizal On June 15, 1896, Dr. Pio Valenzuela,

Bonifacios secret emmisary, was sent

to Dapitan to (1) tell Rizal theKatipunan plan for the Philippine

Revolution; (2) ask Rizals

endorsement for such plan to gain sympathy

from all sectors and insure success; and (3)

tell Rizal about the Katipunans plan to help

him escape.


102/118

The Discovery of the Katipunan The Katipunan was discovered

when a weakling Katipunero,

Teodoro Patio took his revenge on Apolonio

dela Cruz by telling the secrets of the

Katipunan to his sister, Honoria.

Honoria on the other hand, whoworked in the Augustinian Orphanage,

divulged the Katipunan secrets to Sor Teresa

de Jesus. With the advice of Sor Teresa de

Jesus, Patio told Fr. Mariano Gil all about

what he learned of the Katipunan.

The friars, then, made personal searchinside Diario de Manila, the

periodicals where Patio and

dela Cruz were working. Pertinent materials

were found such as the lithographic

stone used to print the Katipunan receipts

and documents on the rules of the society.


103/118

THE REVOLUTION BEGINS

The Cry of Balintawak - Bonifacio ordered his men to bring out and tear

their

cedulas, symbolizing not only for Spanish

civil

disobedience but for overthrowing theoppressive

government of Spain. The rebels with

tearstained eyes

shouted for independence: Long Live the

Philippines!

Long Live the Katipunan!.

Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) - the Grand Old Woman of the

Revolution


104/118

AGUINALDOS REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT

Baldomero Aguinaldo - Aguinaldos first cousin who

influenced him to join a Masonic Lodge in

Cavite

Santiago Alavrez - persuaded Aguinaldo to join the

Katipunan

Aguinaldos major role of the Katipunan

- to keep the Cavite Katipunan councils more compact and away from any

Spanish suspicion.


105/118

The essential point of the Tejeros Assembly

- to end the Katipunan

Elected Officers:

Emilio Aguinaldo - President

Mariano Trias - Vice-President

Artemio Ricarte - Capt. General

Emiliano Riego de Dios - Secretary of War

Andre Bonifacio - Secretary of Interior


106/118

Daniel Tirona - a Magdalo who questioned the capability of

Andres Bonifacio as Secretary of

Interior

Artemio Ricarte - pacified Bonifacio during the incident with

Daniel Tirona

Santa Cruz de Malabon - the church (inside the convent) where Aguinaldo

and the other officials, except Bonifacio, were

inaugurated.

Acta de Tejeros - a document declaring the Tejeros election

irregular and invalid


107/118

Naik Agreement - a document resolving for the establishment of

another revolutionary government independent

from that of Aguinaldo

Lt. Lazaro Makapagal - commissioned by Aguinaldo to execute

Bonifacio at Mt. Magpatong, Maragondon,

Cavite.

Charges against Bonifacio:

1. Treasons

2. Attempted assassination of Aguinaldo

3. Seditions


108/118


109/118


110/118


111/118


112/118


113/118


114/118


115/118


116/118


117/118


118/118

SALAMAT!

philippine history contents

Documents