wiki philippine history

7/25/2019 Wiki Philippine History

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he history of the Philippinesis believed to have begun with the arrival of the rst humansusing rafts or primitive boats at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery of CallaoMansuggested.!"#egritotribes rst inhabited the isles. $roups of %ustronesianslatermigrated to the islands.

&ventually various groups developed, separated into hunter'gatherer tribes, warrior societies,petty plutocraciesand maritime'oriented harbor principalities which eventually grew into(ingdoms, ra)ahnates, (edatuans, huangdoms and sultanates. *hese small nations were

either greatly in+uenced by indu religions, literature and philosophy from -ndia, 2"-slamfrom %rabiaor were inied tributary states allied to China. *he nations includedthe -ndiani/eda)ahnates of 1utuanand Cebu, the dynasty of*ondo, the august (ingdomsof Maysapanand Maynila, the edatuan of Mad)a'as, the sinieduangdom of Ma'i,the uangdom of 3angasinanas well as the Muslim ultanates of ulu, 4anaoand Maguindanao. *hese small maritime states +ourished from the !st millennium.[3][4]*hese (ingdoms traded with what are now called China,-ndia,5apan,*hailand,ietnam,and -ndonesia."*he remainder of the settlements were independent barangaysallied withone of the larger states.

*he rst recorded visit by &uropeans is the arrival of 8erdinand Magellan. e sightedamar-slandon March !6, !2! and landed the ne9t day on omonhon-sland, now part of $uiuan,&astern amar.6"panish coloni/ationbegan with the arrival of Miguel 4:pe/ de 4ega/pi;se9pedition on 8ebruary !07, theelected 3hilippine %ssemblywas convened as thelower houseof a bicameral legislatureandin !>!6 the A.. 8ederal $overnment formally promised independence in the5ones %ct.!2"*he 3hilippine Commonwealthwas established in !>


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Contents

hide"

!3rehistory

23re'colonial period E>00 %B to !


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6.28ourth epublic

78ifth epublic E!>=6?presentG

7.!%dministration of Cora/on Co)uangco %Duino E!>=6?!>>2G

7.2%dministration of 8idel alde/ amos E!>>2?!>>=G

7.>=?200!G

7.%dministration of $loria Macapagal'%rroyo E200!?20!0G

7.%dministration of 1enigno imeon %Duino --- =ee also

>#otes

!0eferences

!!8urther reading

!2&9ternal lin(s

Prehistory[edit]

Main article: Prehistory of the Philippines

*he earliest archeological evidence for man in the archipelago is the 67,000'year'old CallaoManof Cagayanand the %ngono 3etroglyphsin i/al, both of whom appear to suggest thepresence of human settlement prior to the arrival of the #egritosand %ustronesian spea(ingpeople.[16][17][18][19][20]

*here are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient 8ilipinos. 8. 4anda 5ocanotheori/es that the ancestors of the 8ilipinosevolved locally.@ilhelm olheim;s-sland Frigin

*heory2!"postulates that the peopling of the archipelago transpired via trade networ(soriginating in the undalandarea around =,000 to 000 1C rather than by wide'scalemigration. *he %ustronesian &9pansion *heorystates that Malayo'3olynesianscomingfrom*aiwanbegan migrating to the 3hilippines around 000 1C, displacing earlier arrivals.[22][23]

*he #egritos were early settlers, but their appearance in the 3hilippines has not been reliablydated.2"*hey were followed by spea(ers of the Malayo'3olynesian languages, a branch ofthe %ustronesian languages, who began to arrive in successive waves beginning about 0001C, displacing the earlier arrivals.[25][26]1efore the e9pansion out of *aiwan, recentarchaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence has lin(ed %ustronesian spea(ers in -nsularoutheast %sia to cultures such as the emudu, its successor the4iang/hu[27][28]and Bapen(engin #eolithic China.[29][30][31][32][33]Buring this neolithic period, a K)adecultureK is said to have e9isted as evidenced by tens of thousands of e9Duisitely crafted )adeartifacts found in the 3hilippines dated to 2000 1C.[34][35]*he )ade is said to have originatednearby in *aiwan and is also found in many other areas in insular and mainland outheast%sia. *hese artifacts are said to be evidence of long range communication betweenprehistoric outheast %sian societies.


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%round


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native 1aybayinscript and panish. Fther artifacts with awi script and baybayin were found,such as an -vory seal from1utuandated to the early !!th century"and the Calataganpotwith baybayin inscription, dated to the !


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and Chinese households. 5apanese'style gunpowder weapons were also encountered in navalbattles in the area.="-n e9change for these goods, traders from all over %sia would come totrade primarily for gold and slaves, but also for deers(ins, civet and other local products.Fther than a notably more e9tensive trade networ( with 5apan and China, they were culturallysimilar to other 4u/on groups to the south.

The Huangdom of Mai[edit]

Main article: Hang$o% of Ma'i

%round !22, the Country of Mai, a iniedpre'ispanic 3hilippine island'state centeredin Mindoro,>"+ourished as an entrepot, attracting traders and shipping from the ingdomof yu(yuto theOamato&mpire of 5apan.60"Chao 5u(ua, a customs inspectorin 8u(ienprovince, China wrote thehfan hiEKBescription of the 1arbarous 3eoplesK6!"G,which described trade with this pre'colonial 3hilippine state.62"

The Kedatuan of Madja-as[edit]

Main article: #e$atan of Ma$a'as

Left to rightL " -mages from the1o9er

Code9illustrating an ancient *a$atanortumaoEnoble

classGisayancouple, !" a royalcouple of the isayans

and "" a isayan princess.

Buring the !!th century several e9iled datusofthe collapsing empire of rivi)aya6


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and the Chinese &mpire thereby diminishing the monopoly on Chinese trade previouslyen)oyed by their rivals the Bynasty of *ondoand the Champacivili/ation.6="&vidence of thee9istence of this ra)ahnate is given by the 1utuan ilver 3aleograph.6>"

% golden statuette of the indu'1uddhist goddess KinariK found in an archeological dig in&speran/a,

%gusan del ur.

The &ultanate of Lanao[edit]

Main article: !onfe$eration of sltanates in Lanao

*he ultanates of 4anao in Mindanao, 3hilippines were founded in the !6th century through

the in+uence of hariN abungsuan, who was enthroned as rst ultan of Maguindanao in

!20. *he Maranaos of 4anao were acDuainted with the sultanate system when -slam was

introduced to the area by Muslim missionaries and traders from the Middle &ast, -ndian and

Malay regions who propagated -slam to ulu and Maguindanao. Anli(e in ulu and

Maguindanao, the ultanate system in 4anao was uniDuely decentrali/ed. *he area was

divided into 8our 3rincipalities of 4anao or the 3at a 3angampong a anao which are

composed of a number of royal houses Eapolo ago #em a 3anoroganan or *he i9teen E!6G

oyal ousesG with specic territorial )urisdictions within mainland Mindanao. *his

decentrali/ed structure of royal power in 4anao was adopted by the founders, and maintained

up to the present day, in recognition of the shared power and prestige of the ruling clans in

the area, emphasi/ing the values of unity of the nation E(aiisaisa o bangsaG, patronage

E(aseselaiG and fraternity E(apapagariaG

The &ultanate of &ulu[edit]

Main article: ,ltanate of ,l

*he oPcial +ag of the oyal ultanate of ulu under the guidance of %mpun ultan Mued/ul 4ail *an

iramof ulu.

-n !


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The &ultanate of Maguindanao[edit]

Main article: ,ltanate of Magin$anao

%t the end of the !th century, hariN Mohammed abungsuwanof5ohorintroduced -slam inthe island of Mindanao and he subseDuently married 3aramisuli, an -ranun 3rincess fromMindanao, and established the ultanate of Maguindanao.7!"1y the !6th century, -slam had

spread to other parts of the isayas and 4u/on.The %runeian 'mpire and the e(pansion of Islam[edit]

*he -slamic center in Marawicity.

Buring the reign of ultan 1ol(iahin != to !2!, the 1runeian &mpiredecided to brea(theBynasty of *ondo;s monopoly in the China trade by attac(ing*ondoand defeating Batu$ambang and then establishing the tate of elurongEingdom of MaynilaG as a 1runeiansatellite'state.[72][73]% new dynasty under the -slami/ed a)ah alalila 7"was alsoestablished to challenge the ouse of 4a(andula in *ondo.7"-n addition to establishing thesatellite state ofManila, ultan 1ol(iahalso married 4aila Mecana, the daughter of ulu ultan%mir Al'Fmbra to e9pand 1runei;s in+uence in both 4u/on and Mindanao. 8urthermore, -slamwas further strengthened by the arrival to the 3hilippines of tradersand proselyti/ersfrom Malaysiaand -ndonesia.76"*he multiple states competing over the

limited territory and people of the islands simplied panish coloni/ationby allowingits conDuistadorsto eNectively employ a strategy of divide and conDuerfor rapid conDuest.

Spanish selement and rule (15651898)[edit]

Main article: History of the Philippines (15211-9-)

'arly &panish e(peditions and con)uests[edit]

Main article: ,panish'Moro !on.ict
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanaohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Kabungsuwanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanaohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanaohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-71https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marawihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolkiahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneian_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Tondohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Tondohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Seludonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynilahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-72https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-73https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-Santiago-74https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-75https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynilahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolkiahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proselytizerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-76https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistadorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_and_rulehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish-Moro_Conflicthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marawi_City.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanaohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Kabungsuwanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanaohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-71https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marawihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolkiahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneian_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Tondohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Tondohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Seludonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynilahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-72https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-73https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-Santiago-74https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-75https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynilahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolkiahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proselytizerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-76https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistadorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_and_rulehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish-Moro_Conflict


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8erdinand Magellanarrived in the 3hilippines in !2!.

3arts of the 3hilippine -slands were (nown to &uropeans before the !2! panish e9peditionaround the world led by 3ortuguese'born panish e9plorer 8erdinand Magellan. Magellanlanded on the island called omonhon, claiming the islands he saw for pain, and namingthem -slas de an 4Q/aro.77"e established friendly relations with some of the local leadersespecially with a)ah umabonand converted some of them tooman Catholicism.77"-n the3hilippines, they e9plored many islands including the island of Mactan. owever, Magellanwas (illed during the1attle of Mactanagainst the local datu, 4apu'4apu.

Fver the ne9t several decades, other panish e9peditions were dispatched to the islands. -n!


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4ega/pi built a fort in Maynila and made overtures of friendship to 4a(an Bula,4a(an of

*ondo, who accepted. owever, Maynila;s former ruler, the Muslim ra)ah, a)ah ulayman,

refused to submit to 4ega/pi, but failed to get the support of 4a(an Bula or of the 3ampangan

and 3angasinan settlements to the north. @hen *ariD ulaiman and a force of *agalog warriors

attac(ed the paniards in the battle of 1angcusay, he was nally defeated and (illed.

%t !7=, the Castille @arerupted between the Christian paniards and Muslim 1runeians overcontrol of the 3hilippine archipelago. Fn one side, the newly Christiani/ed #on'Muslimisayans of the edatuan of Mad)a'asand a)ahnate of Cebuplus the a)ahnate of1utuanE@hich were from #orthern MindanaoG, had previously waged war againstthe ultanate of uluand ingdom of Maynila, then )oined the panish in the war againstthe ultanate of 1runeiand its; allies, the 1runeian puppet'state of the ingdom ofMaynilaand the ultanate of uluwhich had dynastic lin(s with the ultanate of 1runei. *hepanish and its isayan allies assaulted the ultanate of 1runeiand sei/ed its capital, ota1atu. *his was achieved as a result in part of the assistance rendered to them bytwo noblemen, 3engiran eri 4ela and 3engiran eri atna. *he former had travelled to Manilato oNer 1runei as a tributaryof pain for help to recover the throne usurped by his brother,aiful i)al.=!"*he panish agreed that if they succeeded in conDuering 1runei, 3engiran eri4ela would indeed become the ultan, while 3engiran eri atna would be the new1endahara.-n March !7=, the panish +eet, led by Be ande himself, acting as CapitQn $eneral, startedtheir )ourney towards 1runei. *he e9pedition consisted of 00 paniards,!,00 8ilipinonatives and 0"*hereafter, some of theconspirators were e9iled to $uam or $uerrero, Me9ico.

panish power was further consolidated after Miguel 4:pe/ de 4ega/pi;s complete assimilation

of the edatuan of Mad)a'as, his sub)ugation of a)ah *upas, the a)ah of Cebu and5uan de

alcedo;s conDuest of the provinces of Iambales, 4a Anion, -locos, the coast of Cagayan, and

the ransac(ing of the Chinese warlord 4imahong;s pirate (ingdom in3angasinan.

*he panish and the Moros of the ultanates of Maguindanao, 4anao and ulu also waged

many wars over hundreds of years in the panish'Moro Con+ict, not until the !>th century did

pain succeed in defeating the ulu ultanateand ta(ing Mindanaounder nominal su/erainty.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakan_Dulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakan_Dulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah_Sulaymanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah_Sulaymanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castille_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedatuan_of_Madja-ashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Butuanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Butuanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Suluhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynilahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bruneihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynilahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynilahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Suluhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bruneihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Batu,_Brunei-Muarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Batu,_Brunei-Muarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengiran#Bruneihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendaharahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capit%C3%A1n-Generalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-82https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanaohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_Archipelagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-83https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-84https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerudonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysenteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-85https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-87https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-88https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-88https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magat_Salamathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Maharlikashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Maharlikashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-89https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedatuan_of_Madja-ashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah_Tupashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Salcedohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Salcedohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limahonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasinanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish-Moro_Conflicthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_Sultanatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanaohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakan_Dulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah_Sulaymanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castille_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedatuan_of_Madja-ashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Butuanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Butuanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Suluhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynilahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bruneihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynilahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynilahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Suluhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bruneihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Batu,_Brunei-Muarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Batu,_Brunei-Muarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengiran#Bruneihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendaharahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capit%C3%A1n-Generalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-82https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanaohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_Archipelagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-83https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-84https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerudonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysenteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-85https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-87https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-88https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magat_Salamathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Maharlikashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-89https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedatuan_of_Madja-ashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah_Tupashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Salcedohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Salcedohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limahonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasinanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish-Moro_Conflicthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_Sultanatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao


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&panish settlement during the *th and +th centuries[edit]

*he KMemoria de las &ncomiendas en las -slasK of !>!, )ust twenty years after the conDuestof 4u/on, reveals a remar(ableaccor$ing to /ho%"progress in the wor( of coloni/ation and thespread of Christianity. % cathedral was built in the city of Manila with an episcopal palace,%ugustinian, Bominican and 8ranciscan monasteries and a 5esuit house. *he (ing maintaineda hospital for the panish settlers and there was another hospital for the natives run by the

8ranciscans. *he garrison was composed of roughly two hundred soldiers. -n the suburb of*ondo there was a convent run by 8ranciscan friars and another by the Bominicans thatoNered Christian education to the Chinese converted to Christianity. *he same report revealsthat in and around Manila were collected >,!0 tributes, indicating a population of about6,000 people but no missionaries. -n 4a 4aguna =,00people with 27 missionaries. -n 1icol and Camarines Catanduanes islands =6,60 people withfteen missionaries. *he total was 667,6!2 people under the care of !0 missionaries, ofwhich 7> were %ugustinians, nine Bominicans and 2 8ranciscans.>!"

*he fragmented nature of the islands made it easy for panish coloni/ation. *he panish then

brought political unication to most of the 3hilippine archipelago via the conDuest of thevarious states although they were unable to fully incorporate parts ofthe sultanatesof Mindanaoand the areas where tribes and highland plutocracy ofthe -fugaoof #orthern 4u/onwere established. *he panish introduced elements of westerncivili/ationsuch as the code of law, western printingand the $regorian calendaralongsidenew food resources such as mai/e, pineappleand chocolate from 4atin %merica.>2"

4ibrary of the Aniversity of anto *omQsin Manila, !==7

&ducationplayed a ma)or role in the socioeconomic transformation of the archipelago. *heoldest universities, colleges, andvocational schoolsand the rst modern publiceducationsystem in %sia were all created during the panish colonial period, and by the timepain was replaced by the Anited tates as the colonial power, 8ilipinos were among the mosteducated sub)ects in all of %sia.>


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Futside the tertiary institutions, the eNorts of missionaries were in no way limited to religiousinstruction but also geared towards promoting social and economic advancement of theislands. *hey cultivated into the natives their innatecitation nee$e$"taste for music and taughtpanish language to children.>"*hey also introduced advances in rice agriculture, broughtfrom %merica corn and cocoa and developed the farming of indigo, coNee and sugar cane.

*he only commercial plant introduced by a government agency was the plant of tobacco.

Church and state were inseparably lin(ed in panish policy, with the state assuming

responsibility for religious establishments.>"Fne of pain;s ob)ectives in coloni/ing the3hilippines was the conversion of the local population to oman Catholicism. *he wor( ofconversion was facilitated by the absence of other organi/ed religions, e9cept for -slam, whichwas still predominant in the southwest. *he pageantry of the church had a wide appeal,reinforced by the incorporation of indigenous social customs into religious observances.>"*he eventual outcome was a new oman Catholic ma)ority, from which the Muslims ofwestern Mindanao and the upland tribal peoples of 4u/on remained detached and alienatedEsuch as the -fugaos of the Cordillera region and the Mangyans of MindoroG. >"

%t the lower levels of administration, the panish built on traditional village organi/ation byco'opting local leaders. *his system of indirect rule helped create an indigenous upper class,called the principalSa, who had local wealth, high status, and other privileges. *hisperpetuated an oligarchicsystem of local control. %mong the most signicant changes under

panish rule was that the indigenous idea of communal use and ownership of land wasreplaced with the concept of private ownership and the conferring of titles on members of theprincipalia.>"

%round !60= @illiam %dams, an &nglish navigator contacted the interim governor of the3hilippines, odrigo de ivero y elascoon behalf of*o(ugawa -eyasu, who wished toestablish direct trade contacts with#ew pain.8riendly letters were e9changed, oPciallystarting relations between 5apan and #ew pain. 8rom !6 to !=2!, the 3hilippines wasgoverned as a territory of the iceroyalty of #ew painfrom Me9ico, viathe +oyal$ienciaof Manila, and administered directly from pain from !=2! afterthe Me9ican revolution,>6"until !=>=.

Many of the %/tecand Mayanwarriors that 4:pe/ de 4ega/pi brought with him eventually

settled in Me9ico, 3ampangawhere traces of %/tec and Mayan in+uence can still be found inthe many chicoplantations in the area Echicois a fruit indigenous only to Me9icoG and also bythe name of the province itself.>7"

4ocation of the KCapitanSa $eneral de las 8ilipinasK*heManila galleonswhich lin(ed Manila to %capulcotraveled once or twice a year betweenthe !6th and !>th centuries. *he panish military fought oN various indigenous revolts andseveral e9ternal colonial challenges, especially from the 1ritish, Chinese pirates, Butch, and3ortuguese. oman Catholic missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants toChristianity and founded schools, universities, and hospitals. -n !=6< a panish decreeintroduced education, establishing public schooling in panish.>="
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Coat of armsof Manila were at the corners of the Cross of 1urgundyin the panish'8ilipino battle standard.

-n !66, a series of ve naval actions (nown as the 1attles of 4a #aval de Manilawas fought

between the forces of pain and the Butch epublic, as part of the &ighty Oears; @ar.

%lthough the panish forces consisted of )ust two Manila galleons and agalleywith crews

composed mainly of 8ilipino volunteers, against three separate Butch sDuadrons, totaling

eighteen ships, the Butch sDuadrons were severely defeated in all fronts by the panish'

8ilipino forces, forcing the Butch to abandon their plans for an invasion of the 3hilippines.

&panish rule during the ,th century[edit]

Colonial income derived mainly from entrepUttradeL *he Manila $alleonssailing from the portof Manila to the port of %capulcoon the west coast of Me9ico brought shipments of silverbullion, and minted coin that were e9changed for return cargoes of %sian, and 3acicproducts. % total of !!0 Manila galleons set sail in the 20 years of the Manila'%capulcogalleon trade E!6 to !=!G. *here was no direct trade with pain until !766. >"

*he 3hilippines was never protable as a colony during panish rule, and the long war againstthe Butchin the !7th century together with the intermittent con+ict with the Muslims in theouth nearly ban(rupted the colonial treasury.>"*he oyal 8iscal of Manila wrote a lettertoing Charles --- of pain, in which he advises to abandon the colony.

*he 3hilippines survived on an annual subsidy paid by the panish Crown, and the 200'year'old fortications at Manila had not been improved much since rst built by the early panishcoloni/ers.>>"*his was one of the circumstances that made possible the brief 1ritishoccupation of Manila between !762 and !76.

%ritish inasion .+*!/+*01[edit]

Main article: &ritish occpation of Manila

ign in 8ort antiago Manila, ne9t to the departure point of im:n de %nda.

1ritain declared war against pain on 5anuary , !762 and on eptember 2, !762 a force of1ritish %rmy regulars and 1ritish &ast -ndia Companysoldiers, supported by the ships andmen of the &ast -ndies Duadron of the 1ritishoyal #avy, sailed into Manila 1ayfromMadras, -ndia.!00"Manila fell to the 1ritish on Fctober , !762.
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*he 1ritish forces were conned to Manila and the nearby port of Cavite by the resistanceorganised by the provisional panish colonial government. uNering a brea(down ofcommand and troop desertions as a result of their failure to secure control of the 3hilippines,the 1ritish ended their occupation of Manila by sailing away in %pril !76 as agreed to in thepeace negotiations in &urope. *he paniards then persecuted the 1inondoChinesecommunity for its role in aiding the 1ritish.citation nee$e$"

&panish rule in the second part of the ,th century[edit]

*he Cross of 1urgundy served as the +ag of the iceroyalty of #ew painE!


15/33


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authorities and e9ecuted. *his would inspire the 3ropaganda Movementin pain, organi/edby Marcelo . del 3ilar,5osT i/al, $raciano 4:pe/ 5aena, and Mariano 3once, that clamoredfor adeDuate representation to the panish Cortesand later for independence.5osT i/al, themost celebrated intellectual and radical ilustrado of the era, wrote the novels K#oli Me

*QngereK, and K&l libusterismoK, which greatly inspired the movement for independence.!!!"*he atipunan, a secret societywhose primary purpose was that of overthrowing panishrule in the 3hilippines, was founded by %ndrTs 1onifaciowho became its upremo EleaderG.

%n early +ag of the 8ilipino revolutionaries

*he3hilippine evolutionbegan in !=>6. i/al was wrongly implicated in the outbrea( of the

revolution and e9ecuted for treasonin !=>6. *he atipunan in Cavitesplit into twogroups, Magdiwang, led by Mariano Ylvare/Ea relative of 1onifacio;s by marriageG,

and Magdalo, led by &milio %guinaldo. 4eadership con+icts between 1onifacio and %guinaldo

culminated in the e9ecution or assassination of the former by the latter;s soldiers. %guinaldo

agreed to a truce with the 3act of 1ia('na'1atoand %guinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries

were e9iled to ong ong. #ot all the revolutionary generals complied with the agreement.

Fne, $eneral 8rancisco Ma(abulos, established a Central &9ecutive Committee to serve as

the interim governmentuntil a more suitable one was created. %rmed con+icts resumed, this

time coming from almost every province in panish'governed 3hilippines.

evolutionaries gather during the Malolos congress of the 8irst 3hilippine epublic.

-n !=>=, as con+icts continued in the 3hilippines, the A Maine, having been senttoCubabecause of A.. concerns for the safety of its citi/ens during an ongoing Cuban

revolution, e9ploded and san( in avanaharbor. *his event precipitated the panish?%merican @ar.!!2"%fter Commodore$eorge Beweydefeated the panish sDuadron atManila, a$ermansDuadron arrived in Manila and engaged in maneuvers which Bewey, seeingthis as obstruction of his bloc(ade, oNered warZafter which the $ermans bac(ed down.!!, !=>=, via transportprovided by Bewey. 1y the time A.. land forces had arrived, the 8ilipinos had ta(en control of
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the entire island of 4u/on, e9cept for the walled city of -ntramuros. Fn 5une !2, !=>=,%guinaldodeclared the independenceof the 3hilippines in awit, Cavite, establishing the8irst3hilippine epublicunder %sia;s rst democratic constitution.!!!"

-n the 1attle of Manila, the Anited tates captured the city from the panish. *his battlemar(ed an end of 8ilipino'%merican collaboration, as 8ilipino forces were prevented fromentering the captured city of Manila, an action deeply resented by the 8ilipinos.!!"pain andthe Anited tates sent commissioners to 3aris to draw up the terms of the *reaty of

3ariswhich ended the panish?%merican @ar. *he 8ilipino representative, 8elipe %goncillo,was e9cluded from sessions as the revolutionary government was not recogni/ed by thefamily of nations.!!"%lthough there was substantial domestic opposition, the Anited tatesdecided to anne9 the 3hilippines. -n addition to $uamand 3uerto ico, pain was forced inthe negotiations to hand over the 3hilippines to the A.. in e9change for AX20,000,000.00.!!6"A.. 3resident Mcinley )ustied the anne9ation of the 3hilippines by saying that it was Kagift from the godsK and that since Kthey were unt for self'government, [ there was nothingleft for us to do but to ta(e them all, and to educate the 8ilipinos, and uplift and civili/e andChristiani/e themK,[117][118]in spite of the 3hilippines having been already Christiani/ed bythe panish over the course of several centuries. *he rst 3hilippine epublic resisted the A..occupation, resulting in the 3hilippine?%merican @arE!=>>?!>!= political cartoon showingA.. 3residentMcinleywith a native child. ere, returning the 3hilippines

to pain is compared to throwing the child oN a cliN.

8ilipinos initially saw their relationship with the Anited tates as that of two nations )oined in a

common struggle against pain.!!>"owever, the Anited tates later distanced itself from theinterests of the 8ilipino insurgents. &milio %guinaldo was unhappy that the Anited tateswould not commit to paper a statement of support for 3hilippine independence.!20"elationsdeteriorated and tensions heightened as it became clear that the %mericans were in theislands to stay.!20"

Philippine/3merican 4ar[edit]

Main article: Philippine%erican ar
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ostilities bro(e out on 8ebruary , !=>>, after two %merican privates on patrol (illed three8ilipino soldiers in an 5uan, a Manilasuburb.!2!"*his incident spar(ed the 3hilippine?%merican @ar, which would cost far more money and ta(e far more lives than thepanish?%merican @ar.!!!"ome !26,000 %merican soldiers would be committed to the con+ict,2. %guinaldo and his governmentescaped, however, establishing a new capital at an -sidro, #ueva &ci)a. Fn 5une ,!=>>, %ntonio 4una, %guinaldo;s most capable military commander, was (illed by %guinaldo;sguards in an apparent assassination while visitingCabanatuan, #ueva &ci)ato meet with%guinaldo.!2> in the 1attle of *irad 3assZarear guardaction to delay the %mericans while %guinaldomade good his escape through the mountains.

%guinaldo was captured at 3alanan, -sabelaon March 20! and was brought to Manila.Convinced of the futility of further resistance, he swore allegiance to the Anited tates andissued a proclamation calling on his compatriots to lay down their arms, oPcially bringing anend to the war.!2!"owever, sporadic insurgent resistance continued in various parts of the3hilippines, especially in the Muslim south, until !>!0!, @illiam oward *aft,the head of the commission, was inaugurated as Civil $overnor, with limited e9ecutive

powers.!27"*he authority of the Military $overnor was continued in those areas where theinsurrection persisted.!2="*he *aft Commission passed laws to set up the fundamentals ofthe new government, including a )udicial system, civil service, and local government.% 3hilippine Constabularywas organi/ed to deal with the remnants of the insurgentmovement and gradually assume the responsibilities of the Anited tates %rmy.!2>"

The Tagalog5 6egros and 7am$oanga Cantonal #epu$lics[edit]

Buring the 8irst 3hilippine epublic, three other insurgent republics were brie+y formedLthe*agalog epublicin 4u/on, under Macario a(ay,!

as a singular insular territory.
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g/wiki/Philippine_Constabularyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-129https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macario_Sakayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-antonio_abad-130https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negros_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniceto_Lacsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboangahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanaohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-131


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Insular 8oernment .29/2":1[edit]

8lag of the Anited tates, !=>6?!>0=.

Main article: "nslar 6oern%ent of the Philippine "slan$s

*he3hilippine Frganic %ctwas the basic law for the -nsular $overnment, so called becausecivil administration was under the authority of the A.. 1ureau of -nsular %Nairs. *hisgovernment saw its mission as one of tutelage, preparing the 3hilippines for eventualindependence.!20s saw alternating periods of

cooperation and confrontation with %merican governors'general, depending on how intent the

incumbent was on e9ercising his powers vis'\'vis the 3hilippine legislature. Members to the

elected legislature lobbied for immediate and complete independence from the Anited tates.

everal independence missions were sent to @ashington, B.C. % civil service was formed and

was gradually ta(en over by 8ilipinos, who had eNectively gained control by !>!=.
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20/33

3hilippine politics during the %merican territorial era was dominated by the #acionalista 3arty,which was founded in !>07. %lthough the party;s platform called for KimmediateindependenceK, their policy toward the %mericans was highly accommodating. !


21/33

Fn eptember !7, !>


22/33

very popular to the pro'%siatic independence 8ilipinos.

5apanese occupation of the 3hilippines was opposed by large'scale underground guerrillaactivity. *he %merican'aligned 3hilippine %rmy, as well as remnants of the A.. %rmy 8orces8ar &ast,[147][148]continued to ght the 5apanese and pro'5apanese paramilitary forces in aguerrilla war and was considered an au9iliary unit of the Anited tates %rmy.!>"*heireNectiveness was such that by the end of the war, 5apan controlled only twelve of the forty'

eight provinces.!0"Fne element of resistance in the Central 4u/on area was furnished bythe u(balahap, which armed some , when Mac%rthur;s i9thAnited tates %rmylandedon 4eyte. 4andings in other parts of the country had followed, andthe %llies, with the 3hilippine Commonwealth troops, pushed toward Manila. owever, ghtingcontinued until 5apan;s formal surrender on eptember 2, !>. %ppro9imately !0,000 A..soldiers were missing in action in the 3hilippines when the war ended, more than in any othercountry in the 3acic or &uropean *heaters. *he 3hilippines suNered great loss of life and

tremendous physical destruction, especially during the 1attle of Manila. %n estimated !million 8ilipinos had been (illed, a large portion during the nal months of the war, and Manilahad been e9tensively damaged, mainly due to e9cessive use of artillery by the %mericanforces.!0"

Home front[edit]%s in most occupied countries, crime, looting, corruption, and blac( mar(ets were endemic.

5apan in !>< proposed independence on new terms, and some collaborators went along withthe plan, but 5apan was clearly losing the war and nothing became of it.!"

@ith a view of building up the economic base of the $reater &ast %sia Co'3rosperity phere,

the 5apanese %rmy envisioned using the islands as a source of agricultural products needed

by its industry. 8or e9ample, 5apan had a surplus of sugar from *aiwan, and a severe shortage

of cotton, so they try to grow cotton in on sugar lands with disastrous results. *hey lac(ed the

seeds, pesticides, and technical s(ills to grow cotton. 5obless farm wor(ers +oc( to the cities,

where there was minimal relief and few )obs. *he 5apanese %rmy also tried using cane sugar

for fuel, castor beans and copra for oil, derris for Duinine, cotton for uniforms, and abaca

EhempG for rope. *he plans were very diPcult to implement in the face of limited s(ills,

collapsed international mar(ets, bad weather, and transportation shortages. *he program was

a failure that gave very little help to 5apanese industry, and diverted resources needed for

food production.

4iving conditions were bad throughout the 3hilippines during the war. *ransportation betweenthe islands was diPcult because of lac( of fuel. 8ood was in very short supply, due to in+ation.!"

Independent Philippines and the Tird Republic (19461965)[edit]

Main article: History of the Philippines (19341945)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Forces_Far_Easthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Forces_Far_Easthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-147https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-148https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-149https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-uslc-21-150https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukbalahaphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-uslc-21-150https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-153https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leytehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-uslc-21-150https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-154https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Spherehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-155https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Forces_Far_Easthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Forces_Far_Easthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-147https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-148https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-149https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-uslc-21-150https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukbalahaphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-uslc-21-150https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-153https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leytehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-uslc-21-150https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-154https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Spherehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-155https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)


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3dministration of Manuel #o(as .20*/20,1[edit]

Manuel o9as,3resident from !>6 until !>=.

&lections were held in %pril !>6, with Manuel o9asbecoming the rst president of theindependent epublic of the 3hilippines. *he Anited tates ceded its sovereigntyover the3hilippines on 5uly , !>6, as scheduled.[111][156]owever, the 3hilippine economyremainedhighly dependent on Anited tates mar(etsZmore dependent, according to Anited tateshigh commissioner 3aul Mc#utt, than any single A.. state was dependent on the rest of thecountry.!7"*he 3hilippine *rade %ct, passed as a precondition for receiving war rehabilitationgrants from the Anited tates,!="e9acerbated the dependency with provisions further tyingthe economies of the two countries. % military assistance pact was signed in !>7 grantingthe Anited tates a >>'year lease on designatedmilitary basesin the country.

3dministration of 'lpidio =uirino .20,/2:"1[edit]

&lpidio Juirino, president from !>= until !>=, and the vice president, &lpidio Juirino, was elevated

to the presidency. e ran for president in his own right in !>>, defeating5osT 3. 4aureland

winning a four'year term.
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@orld @ar -- had left the 3hilippines demorali/ed and severely damaged. *he tas( of

reconstruction was complicated by the activities of the Communist'

supported u(balahapguerrillas E(nown as Ku(sKG, who had evolved into a violent resistance

force against the new 3hilippine government. $overnment policy towards the u(s alternated

between gestures of negotiation and harsh suppression. ecretary of Befense amon

Magsaysayinitiated a campaign to defeat the insurgents militarily and at the same time winpopular support for the government. *he u( movement had waned in the early !>0s, nally

ending with the unconditional surrender of u( leader 4uis *arucin May !>.

3dministration of #amon Magsaysay .2:"/2:+1[edit]

3resident and Mrs. Magsaysay with&leanor ooseveltat the MalacaVan 3alace.

upported by the Anited tates, Magsaysay was elected president in !>< ona populistplatform. e promised sweeping economic reform, and made progress in landreformby promoting the resettlement of poor people in the Catholic north into traditionallyMuslim areas. *hough this relieved population pressure in the north, it heightened religioushostilities.!>"#evertheless, he was e9tremely popular with the common people, and hisdeath in an airplane crashin March !>7 dealt a serious blow to national morale.!60"

3dministration of Carlos P> 8arcia .2:+/2*1[edit]

Carlos 3. $arcia, president of the3hilippinesfrom !>7 until !>6!.

Carlos 3. $arciasucceeded to the presidency after Magsaysay;s death, and was elected to a
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four'year term in the election of #ovember that same year. is administration emphasi/ed thenationalist theme of K8ilipino rstK, arguing that the 8ilipino people should be given thechances to improve the country;s economy.!6!"$arcia successfully negotiated for the Anitedtates; relinDuishment of large military land reservations. owever, his administration lostpopularity on issues of government corruption as his term advanced. !62"

3dministration of ?iosdado Macapagal .2*/2*:1[edit]

Biosdado Macapagal, president of the 3hilippinesfrom !>6! until !>6.

-n the presidential elections held on #ovember !, !>6!, ice 3resident Biosdado

Macapagaldefeated re'electionist 3resident Carlos 3. $arciaand &mmanuel 3elae/as a ice

3resident. 3resident Macapagalwas the 3resident of the 3hilippinesthat changed the

independence day of the 3hilippinesfrom 5uly to 5une !2.

Land #eform Code[edit]

Main article:gricltral Lan$ +efor% !o$e

,ee also: Lan$ refor% in the Philippines

*he 3gricultural Land #eform CodeE% 6< under 3resident Biosdado Macapagal.!6


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productivity and higher farm incomes

.*o apply all labor laws eDually and without discrimination to both industrial and agricultural

wage earners

.*o provide a more vigorous and systematic land resettlement program and public land

distribution and

6.*o ma(e the small farmers more independent, self'reliant and responsible citi/ens, and asource of genuine strength in our democratic society.

and, in pursuance of those policies, established the following

!.%n agricultural leasehold system to replace all e9isting share tenancy systems in

agriculture

2.% declaration of rights for agricultural labor

.% )udicial system to decide issues arising under this Code and other related laws and

regulations.

Maphilindo[edit]

Main article: Maphilin$o

Maphilindowas a proposed nonpolitical confederation of Malaya, the 3hilippines, and-ndonesia. -t was based on concepts developed during the Commonwealth government in the3hilippines by @enceslao in/onsand by &duardo 4. Martelino in his !>> boo( ,o%e$ayMalaysia;.!6"

-n 5uly !>6


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*he leaders of the &%*Fnations in front of the Congress 1uilding in Manila,hosted by 3hilippine 3resident

8erdinand Marcos on Fctober 2, !>66. E4'LG 3rime Minister #guyen Cao y Eouth ietnamG, 3rime Minister

arold olt E%ustraliaG, 3resident 3ar( Chung'hee Eouth oreaG, 3resident 8erdinand Marcos E3hilippinesG,

3rime Minister eith olyoa(e E#ew IealandG, 4t. $en. #guy]n ^n *hi_u Eouth ietnamG, 3rime Minister

*hanom itti(achorn E*hailandG, 3resident 4yndon 1. 5ohnson EAnited tatesG

Macapagal ran for re'election in !>6, but was defeated by his former party'mate, enate3resident 8erdinand Marcos, who had switched to the #acionalista 3arty. &arly in hispresidency, Marcos initiated ambitious public wor(s pro)ects and intensied ta9 collectionwhich brought the country economic prosperity throughout the !>70s. is administration builtmore roads Eincluding a substantial portion of the 3an'3hilippine ighwayG than all hispredecessors combined, and more schools than any previous administration. !66"Marcos wasre'elected president in !>6>, becoming the rst president of the 3hilippines to achieve asecond term. Fpponents of Marcos, however, bloc(ed the necessary legislation to furtherimplement his e9pansive agenda. 1ecause of this, optimism faded early in his second termand economic growth slowed.!67"Crime and civil disobedience increased. *he Communist3arty of the 3hilippinesformed the #ew 3eople;s %rmyin response to his sha(y hold over thenation and the Moro #ational 4iberation 8rontcontinued to ght for an independent Muslim

nation in Mindanao. %n e9plosion during the proclamation rally of the senatorial slate ofthe 4iberal 3artyon %ugust 2!, !>7! prompted Marcos to suspend the writ of habeas corpus,which he restored on 5anuary !!, !>72 after public protests.

Martial la;[edit]

%midst the rising wave of lawlessness and the conveniently timed threat of a loomingCommunist insurgency, Marcos declared martial lawon eptember 2!, !>72 by virtueof 3roclamation #o. !0=!. *he #acionalista president, ruling by decree, curtailed pressfreedom and other civil liberties, abolished Congress, closed down ma)or mediaestablishments, ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including hisstaunchest criticsL senators 1enigno %Duino, 5r.,5ovito alongaand5ose Bio(no.!6="*hedeclaration of martial law was initially well received, given the social turmoil the 3hilippines

was e9periencing.!6>"Crime rates plunged dramatically after a curfew was implemented.!70"Many political opponents were forced to go into e9ile.citation nee$e$"

% constitutional convention, which had been called for in !>70 to replace the colonial !>77


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wife, -melda omualde/'Marcos, willfully engaged in rampant corruption.!72"

@ourth #epu$lic[edit]

Marcos oPcially lifted martial law on 5anuary !7, !>=!. owever, he retained much of thegovernment;s power for arrest and detention. Corruption and nepotism as well as civil unrestcontributed to a serious decline in economic growth and development under Marcos, whoseown health faced obstacles due to lupus. *he political opposition decided to boycotted

the !>=! presidential elections, which pitted Marcos against retired general %le)o antos, inprotest over his control over the results.!6="Marcos won by a margin of over !6 million votes,which constitutionally allowed him to have another si9'year term. 8inance Minister Cesariratawas eventually appointed to succeed Marcos as 3rime Minister.!7=7.!76"*he constitution crippled presidential power todeclare martial law, proposed the creation of autonomous regions in
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the Cordillerasand Muslim Mindanao, and restored the presidential form of government andthe bicameral Congress.!77"3rogress was made in revitali/ing democratic institutions andrespect for civil liberties, but %Duino;s administration was also viewed as wea( and fractious,and a return to full political stability and economic development was hampered by severalattempted coups staged by disaNected members of the 3hilippine military.!7="

&conomic growth was additionally hampered by a series of natural disasters, including the!>>! eruption of Mount 3inatubothat left 700 dead and 200,000 homeless.!7>"Buring the

%Duino presidency, Manila witnessed si9 unsuccessful coup attempts, the mostseriousoccurring in Becember !>=>.!=0"-n !>>!, the 3hilippine enate re)ected a treaty thatwould have allowed a !0'year e9tension of the A.. military bases in the country. *he Anitedtates turned over Clar( %ir 1asein 3ampangato the government in #ovember, and ubic1ay #aval 1asein Iambalesin Becember !>>2, ending almost a century of A.. militarypresence in the 3hilippines.

3dministration of @idel BaldeA #amos .22!/22,1[edit]

-n the !>>2 elections, Befense ecretary 8idel . amosEa.(.a. &ddieG, endorsed by %Duino,won the presidency with )ust 2


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voted to bloc( e9amination of the president;s ban( records. -n response, massive streetprotestserupted demanding &strada;s resignation. 8aced with street protests, cabinetresignations, and a withdrawal of support from the armed forces, &strada was forced fromoPce on 5anuary 20, 200!.

3dministration of 8loria Macapagal-3rroyo .!99/!991[edit]

ice 3resident $loria Macapagal'%rroyoEthe daughter of 3resident Biosdado MacapagalG was

sworn in as &strada;s successor on the day of his departure. er accession to power wasfurther legitimi/ed by the mid'term congressional and local elections held four months later,when her coalition won an overwhelming victory.!72"%rroyo;s initial term in oPce was mar(edby fractious coalition politics as well as a military mutiny in Manila in 5uly 200< that led her todeclare a month'long nationwide state of rebellion.!72"4ater on in Becember 2002 she saidwould not run in the 5uly >6 presidential election, but she reversed herself in Fctober200< and decided to )oin the race anyways.!72"he was re'elected and sworn in for her ownsi9'year term as president on 5une


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year,*yphoon aiyan EOolandaGstruc( the country, leading to massive rehabilitation eNorts by

foreign world powers sending aid, inevitably devolving into chaos following the revelations

that the administration and that the government had not been properly handing out the aid

pac(ages and preference for political maneuvering over the safety of the people, leading to

mass deterioration of food and medical supplies.

-n 20!, the Comprehensive %greement on the 1angsamorowas nally signed after !7 yearsof negotiation with the Moro -slamic 4iberation 8rontEM-48G, a move that is e9pected to bring

peace in Mindanaoand the ulu. Fn %pril 2=, 20!, when Anited tates 3resident 1arac(

Fbamavisited the 3hilippines, the &nhanced Befense Cooperation %greement E&BC%G,

between the Anited tates of %mericaand the 3hilippines, was signed. 8rom 5anuary ! to !>,

20!, 3ope 8rancisstayed inthe 3hilippinesfor a series of publicity tours and paid visits to

the victims of*yphoon aiyan EOolandaG. Fn 5anuary 2, 20!, members of the 3hilippine

#ational 3olice'pecial %ction 8orceE3#3'%8G were (illed during an

encounterbetween M-48and 1-88in Mamasapano, Maguindanao.

Ander his presidency, the 3hilippines has had controversial clashes with the 3eople;s epublicof Chinaon a number of issues Esuch as the standoN in carborough hoalin theouth China

eaand the dispute over the pratly islandsG. *his resulted in the proceedings of the

3hilippines to le a sovereignty case against Chinain an global arbi

wiki philippine history

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