WHAP REVIEW

ALL PERIODS

PERIOD 1: 8000 BCE - 600 BCE

KEY CONCEPT 1.1: Early Humans & Migration

“Out of Africa” theory

Foragers → egalitarian, small kinship groups, no private wealth

Human use of fire → increased brain size, led to socialization / language

PERIOD 1: 8000 BCE - 600 BCE

KEY CONCEPT 1.2: Neolithic Revolution & Early Agricultural Societies

Neolithic Rev → pastoralism, domestication, irrigation, pop. increase, specialization

of labor, trade/transportation improvements, social stratification

First permanent settlements → Catal Huyuk (first city)

All different times

All around the world

All near rivers / water source

PERIOD 1: 8000 BCE - 600 BCE

KEY CONCEPT 1.3: Early Societies

Characteristics of Civilizations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Shang, Indus River Valley)

• Large, powerful states that had cities w/ complex bureaucracies, armies

• Agricultural surplus allowed for specialization // wealth

• Monumental architecture (ziggurats, pyramids, walls)

• Writing → cuneiform, hieroglyphics, quipu → legal codes

• Leaders used DIVINE right to rule / support of army

• Competition for resources between civs, some had more (Hittites = iron)

• Pastoral innovation → new weapons

PERIOD 2: 600 BCE - 600 CEKEY CONCEPT 2.1: Religion & Culture

Judaism & Hinduism (India, Vedic, polytheistic, CASTE) continue from U1

New religions from this time:

Buddhism → India (500 BCE), end suffering by ending desires, Ashoka

Daoism → China (500 BCE), live in harmony with nature, balance

Confucianism → China, 5 relationships, filial piety, education, patriarchal

Christianity → M.E. (30 CE), Jesus = son of god, Judaism 2.0, Rome

Greco-Roman Philosophy → reason/logic, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Animism → spirits within natural world, outside of core civs (Native American)

Ancestor veneration → worship of ancestors

PERIOD 2: 600 BCE - 600 CEKEY CONCEPT 2.2: States & Empires

Persia → Achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanid, Alex the Great

China → Qin (legalism, centralized), Han (silk road, chang’an, paper)

India → Mauryan (Ashoka, buddhism, rock & pillar), Gupta (peace = sci. / tech)

Greece / Hellenistic → democracy, wars, conquered by Alex the Great

Rome → Kingdom, Republic (Caesar), Empire (Augustus / Constantine)

Meso-American → Teotihuacan (Mexico), Mayan (calendar), Moche (Peru)

RISE = bureaucratic, coded laws (12 tables / Justinian), roads, military, slavery

FALL = environ. damage (deforest.), outside invaders, internal revolt, disease

PERIOD 2: 600 BCE - 600 CE

KEY CONCEPT 2.3: TRADE

PERIOD 2: 600 BCE - 600 CE

KEY CONCEPT 2.3: TRADE

SILK, SEA, SAND routes

New technology = Yokes (tied animals together), Saddles, Stirrups, Lateen Sails, Dhows

Things traded:

• Rice, Cotton

• Qanat technology (irrigation system, Persia → Asia)

• Disease→ (Plague of Galen [165 CE], Plague of Justinian [541 CE], Plague of Cyprian [250 CE]) all smallpox

• Religion: Christianity (to Eur.), Buddhism (E & SE Asia), Hinduism (SE Asia)

PERIOD 3: 600 CE - 1450 CEKEY CONCEPT 3.1: TRADE CONTINUED

KEY CONCEPT 3.1: TRADE CONTINUED

ISLAMIC EMPIRES, MONGOLS, VIKINGS

New cities on routes → Timbuktu, Huangzhou, Baghdad, Venice, Malacca

New/more luxury goods → spices, silk, porcelain, gems, exotic animals

New tech → camel saddles, Caravanserai (Roadside Inns)

New navigations → compass (China), Astrolabe (Hellenistic), big ships

New econ tools → paper money, credit/loans (flying cash), trading orgs (Hanseatic League)

Migrations → Bantu & Polynesian

Diasporas → Muslims (I.O.), Chinese (SE Asia), Jews (Mediterranean)

Explorers → Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, Zheng He

PERIOD 3: 600 CE - 1450 CE

KEY CONCEPT 3.2: POLITICS & STATE BUILDING

ISLAMIC CALIPHATES (661-1258)

Abbasids, Umayyads Delhi Sultanate, Al-Andalus (Spain), Big on trade/conq

MONGOLS (1206-1368)

Four Khanates → Golden Horde (Russia), Yuan (China), Chagatai (C. Asia), Ilkhanate (M. East) → trade, Genghis, rel. tolerant, largest empire ever

BYZANTINE → E. Rome, Justinian, Caesaropapism, Eastern Orthodox

CHINA → Sui (Grand Canal), Tang (civil service exam), Song (paper money)

AMERICAS → Maya, Aztecs, Incas

FEUDALISM → Europe (lords, serfs, Charlemagne - Franks), Japan (Samurai)

PERIOD 3: 600 CE - 1450 CE

KEY CONCEPT 3.3: ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY & CONSEQUENCES

Production → more crops (chinampas, champa rice)

Urbanization → Rise (Venice, Calicut, Baghdad) & Fall (Athens, Rome, Chang’an)

invasions, disease, agricultural decline (LITTLE ICE AGE!)

Fun new social changes:

• Free peasants, nomadic pastoralists, guilds, coerced labor, military oblig.

• Religious revolts → White Lotus (Red turban) China, became Ming dynasty

• Spread of religion → gender relations, literacy, family structure

PERIOD 3: 600 CE - 1450 CE

PERIOD 4: 1450 CE - 1750 CEKEY CONCEPT 4.1: GLOBALIZATION

Explorers → Columbus, Henry the Nav., Vasco Da Gama (India)

New tech → astrolabe, maps, wind patterns, caravels

Circulations of Goods:

• Atlantic → from NW = corn, potatoes, cacao, from OW = disease, slaves, sugar

• Asia → Silver (from Am.) to Asia (Europeans transported between countries)

Joint-Stock Companies → VOC (Dutch), British East India Company

Impact:

• Spread of religion (Islam, Christianity, Buddhism)

• Syncretic religions (Vodun, Cult of Saints, Sikhism)

• Innovations in arts → Renaissance, Wood Block Printing, Kabuki

KEY CONCEPT 4.2: NEW SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & MODES OF PRODUCTION

Global demand for goods → new labor systems / trends

Peasant labor increased (Siberia)

Coerced Labor

Spanish use of Incan Mita to mine silver)

Encomienda / Hacienda system (trade labor for religious/lang educat.)

Indentured Servitude (temp. labor to pay off debt)

Chattel Slavery (people = property, Atlantic Slave Trade)

New elites (Manchus, Creoles), Existing Elites (Euro Nobles, Zamindars, Daimyo)

Social changes = Euro men depended on SE women, smaller families in Europe

Racial = mestizo (Euro + Native), mulatto (Euro + black), Creole (Sp. in America)

PERIOD 4: 1450 CE - 1750 CE

KEY CONCEPT 4.3: STATE BUILDING & EXPANSION

ALL ABOUT POWER

Maintaining power:

Arts (archit.), Religion (divine right, human sacrifice), Bureaucracy (exam)

Who has the power:

Land Empires → Manchus, Mughals, Ottomans, Russians

Maritime Empires → Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, British

Competing for power:

For trade (Ottoman vs. Euro), State Rivalries (30 year war, Ottoman vs. Safavid), Local Resistance (Peasant uprisings, samurai revolts)

PERIOD 4: 1450 CE - 1750 CE

PERIOD 5: 1750 CE - 1900 CEKEY CONCEPT 5.1: INDUSTRIALIZATION & CAPITALISM

IR starts in GB → coal, pop growth, property rights, rivers/canals, capital

Tech advances → steam engine

New demand for raw materials & markets → Europe took over world

Capitalism → Smith, Liberalism → Mill, stock markets, gold standard

Transp. / comm. → railroads, steamships, canals (Erie, Suez, Panama), telegraph

Response to Industrialization

Workers organized in unions for better wages, hours, conditions

Alternative visions → Marxism, Anarchism

Some Resisted → Qing, Ottoman

Some tried → Meiji, Russa

KEY CONCEPT 5.2: IMPERIALISM & STATE BUILDING

CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM → markets & materials, social darwinism, WMB

HOW:

Methods used by the west → Diplomacy (Native Am. treaties, Berlin Conf.), Warfare (Belgians in Congo), Economic (Opium, Monroe Doctrine)

EFFECTS:

Colonies cont. → British India, Dutch Indonesia

States Expanded → America (manifest destiny), Russia, Meiji Japan

States Dissolved → Balkan Indep., Egyptian Semi-Ind., Euro. in N. Africa

Settler Colonies → South Africa, America, Australia

Loss of native culture

PERIOD 5: 1750 CE - 1900 CE

KEY CONCEPT 5.3: REVOLUTION

Catalyst = Enlightenment

Voltaire (rel. tol.), Rousseau (soc. con.), Locke (nat rights.), Montesq. (3 bran.)

Docs to know: Dec of Ind., Dec of Rights of man, Jamaica Letter

Revolutions → Murathan over Mughals, USA over GB, France over Louis XVI, Haiti over France, Latin America over Spain

Other movements against authority:

Slave Rebellions: Maroon societies, Haiti, Anti-Imperialism: Sepoy Rebellion, Boxer Reb., Religion: Ghost Dance, Taiping

Led to reforms (Tanzimat - Ottom., Self-Strengthening - China)

Global movements: liberalism, socialism, communism, feminism

PERIOD 5: 1750 CE - 1900 CE

KEY CONCEPT 5.4: MIGRATIONS

Causes: pop growth (improved food prod and meds), improved transport

Migrants: free will (jobs), coerced (slaves, indent serv [indian & chinese], convict

labor [australia]), temporary (seasonal [japan, italy])

Outcomes: gender (male migrants left women to fill jobs), ethnic enclaves

(chinatown), anti-immigrant policies (chinese excl act 1882)

PERIOD 5: 1750 CE - 1900 CE

PERIOD 6: 1900 CE - PresentKEY CONCEPT 6.1: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

• New transportation: cars, airplanes, space exploration

• New communication: telephone, radio, internet

• New scientific theories: relativity, quantum mechanics, big bang, psych

• New environ issues: Greenhouse effect, defor., erosion, climate ch., extinctions

• Demographic shifts: Sp. flu, AIDS, Ebola, Alzheimer's, Diabetes, cholera, TB

• Medical innovations: polio, antibiotics, artificial heart, birth control

• Energy innovations: oil, nuclear power

• Military tech: tanks, planes, atomic bomb

• Military tactics: trench warfare, firebombing (increased civ casualties)

• Green Rev: new ways to produce food for more people (chem & GMO)

KEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS

• Collapse of old empires (1910s) → Ottoman, Russia, Ming

• Decolonization → negotiated (India, Ghana), war (algeria, vietnam, angola)

• Nationalists lead → Gandhi (India), Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam), Nkrumah (Ghana)

• Regional ethnic movements → Jinnah (Pakistan), Quebecois separatist

• Transnational movements → Communism, pan-africanism, pan-arabism

• Land Redistribution → Venezuela, Cuba, Kenya, China, Russia, Vietnam

• Mvmt of people → India/Pak, Israel/Pal, S.A. to GB, Alg. to Fr., Filip. to USA

• Genocide → Armenia, Holocaust, Cambodia, Rwanda

• Global wars → WWI, WWII (militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism)

• Cold War → Cap (USA, W. Europe) vs. Comm (USSR, China, Cuba, Korea, Vietnam) non-aligned , uprisings of 1968, dictators, uprisings of 1988-89

PERIOD 6: 1900 CE - Present

KEY CONCEPT 6.3: GLOBALIZATION & ECONOMICS

Communist response → 5 year plans, great leap forward, cultural rev

Capitalist response → New Deal, liberalism, free market policies (Reagan)

Int’l pol orgs → League of Nations, UN, Int’l Criminal Court,

Int’l econ orgs → IMF, World Bank, World Trade Organization

Humanitarian orgs → UNICEF, Amnesty Int’l, Red Cross, World Health Org

Regional Trade Agreements → EU, NAFTA, SEATO

Multinational corporations → Shell, Coca-cola, Sony

Environ. Movements → Greenpeace, Earth Day

Human Rights Movements → Decl. of Human Rights, Feminism, end white aussie

Religion & Pol → Fundamentalism, Liberation Theology

Pop culture diffusion → World Cup, Olympics, cricket, reggae, Bollywood

PERIOD 6: 1900 CE - Present