WHAP AP ReviewPeriod 3

600 C.E. to 1450Chapters 13-22

The Big Picture

• What makes a nation? Empire? Should we look at shared culture or geographical boundaries?

• Change: trade, migration, invasion, internal developments

• Compare: trade and economic systems • How does the environment impact human

decision making?

Islam• Monotheistic, like Judaism and Christianity• Muslims, Allah, Muhammad, Qu’ran• Five Pillars of Islam• Caliphates: theocracy in the early years, Sunni vs. Shia

– Ummayad: Capital in Damascus, Arabic official language, gold and silver coins, tax for nonbelievers, growth, spread to Spain

– Abbasid: replaced Ummayad around 750, capital at Baghdad, trade, algebra, libraries

• Sufis=mystics, missionaries• Women: (as shown in the Qu’ran) considered equal before

Allah, subservient to men, infanticide forbidden, women could have influence outside of home, men could have 4 wives, adopted veiling

• Decline of Caliphates: internal rivalries, Mongol invasions

Byzantine Empire• Centralized---theme system• Eastern part of old Roman Empire• Christianity split too in 1054 (the Great Schism):

Roman Catholicism and Orthodox Christianity• Spoke Greek, unique domes, coined money, mosaics• Rulers had absolute authority, Caesaropapism• Justinian: Justinian Code, Hagia Sophia • Effect on Russia: St. Cyril---converted Slavic

peoples, created Slavic alphabet and translated Bible, Russian princes converted

Western Europe• After Western Roman Empire fell, Europe was broken into

separate kingdoms.• Franks: Germanic tribe, under King Clovis, converted to

Catholicism, capital at Paris, created a common culture• Charles Martel: defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours, founded

Carolingian Dynasty• Pepin: succession certified by the pope• Charlemagne: Charles the Great, Holy Roman Empire, art and

education, religion, feudalism, empire divided amongst his grandsons in Treaty of Verdun in 843

• Vikings and Magyars: Scandinavia/Hungary, raided Europe, in France called Normans, over time stopped attacking and settled, converted to Christianity

Feudalism• Social, economic and political system of the Middle

Ages in Europe• King had power over a kingdom, nobles (lords) gave

military service in exchange for land, lords split up land and gave it to vassals (this could continue many times), peasants worked the land, serfs tied to the land. Everyone had obligations.

• Land was called fiefs, later manors. Self-sufficient, three-field system

• Code of Chivalry• Women: had no power, admired for beauty and

compassion, Primogeniture

High Middle Ages• Increase of trade• More merchants, middle-class emerges• Towns grow form alliances for trade like Hanseatic

League• Architecture=Gothic cathedrals• Crusades: contact with Muslim world, went to reclaim

Holy Land, failure• Scholasticism: faith and reason together, Thomas

Aquinas, universities for men---not women• Movement against heretics, Jews----Inquisition• Bubonic Plague/Black Death

Nation-States

• Nationalism• Kingdoms went away and nations/countries formed---

language (French, English)• England: William the Conqueror, Magna Carta,

Parliament with two houses• France: Capetians, Bourbons• Hundred Years’ War: between France and England

over land, Joan of Arc• Spain: Queen Isabella married Ferdinand uniting two

major kingdoms, non-Christians forced to convert to Christianity or leave

Russia

• For a time fell under Mongol rule, had to pay tribute

• Moscow princes started to gain power• Ivan III declared himself czar• Moscow=the Third Rome• Ivan the Terrible centralized power over Russia

using secret police, tyranny• Nationalism

China• Tang: 618, poetry, tribute system• Song: 960, encyclopedias and histories, printing, fell to

Mongols who establish Yuan dynasty in 1279• Both Tang and Song had bureaucracy based on merit, civil

service exams, Grand Canal, communication network, paper money, gunpowder, compass, fast-ripening rice

• Women: Wu Zhao--only empress, foot-binding• Religion: Nestorians, Manicheans, Zoroastrians, Islam,

Daoism, and Confucianism but Buddhism had most impact (Neo-Confucianism)

• Ming: 1368

Japan• Isolated• Yamato: first ruling family• Shinto religion: the way of the gods, kami---nature and all of

the forces of nature• Buddhist missionaries sent to Japan from China• Education not as important as birth• Fujiwara: golden age especially in literature• Feudalism: Shogun=chief general, daimyo=lords/nobles,

samurai=like knights, Code of Bushido (like code of chivalry), women not held in high esteem

• How is Japanese feudalism similar to or different from feudalism in Europe?

Vietnam and Korea• Korea became a vassal state of Tang (China)– Tribute, gift-giving– Schools and imperial court organized like Chinese– No bureaucracy based on merit though– Confucianism and Chan Buddhism to Korea

• Viet people resisted tributary relationship– Confucian education accepted– Active trade– Vietnamese maintained local traditions and actively

revolted against Tang

India• Birthplace of two major religions---Hinduism and

Buddhism. Now Islam comes in.• Muslims invaded and set up in Delhi under a

sultan=Delhi Sultanate• Hindu temples sometimes destroyed depending

on sultan.• Compare Hinduism and Islam? Where do these

differences take them? Think Gandhi, Jinnah and partition of India in 1947.

• Colleges, irrigation systems improved, mosques

Mongols

• Nomadic, horsemen, archers, conquerors• Genghis (Chingiss) Khan: unified the Mongol

tribes and started expansion• Hordes/small empires over China, central Asia,

India, Persia• Controlled the Silk Roads, safe• No “culture”, no “Golden Age”---How does

that compare to other civilizations?

Africa

• Swahili Coast: Bantu-speaking people, coasters/traders, east coast, traded with Muslims, stone mosques, converted to Islam

• Ghana, Mali and Songhai: west Africa, sub-Saharan, caravans across Sahara for salt at first, gold(!)– Islam: at first, fought against it, Mansa Musa made

pilgrimage to Mecca• Arts: oral literature, bronze sculptures

Americas: Aztecs

• Also known as Mexica• Central Mexico• Tenochtitlan was capital• Expansionist policy and professional army• Warriors were elite in social structure• Huge empire, but conquered areas governed

themselves• Roads• Women: ran household, could inherit property, weavers• Human sacrifices, bloodletting

Americas: Incas• Andes Mountains of Peru• Professional army• Bureaucracy• Roads and tunnels• No large animals, so human labor• Capital at Cuzco• Women: work fields, weave cloth, care for household, pass

property to daughters, play a role in religion• Polytheistic: sun god, human sacrifice, morals, mummification• Machu Picchu• No writing but quipu

Trade Networks• Mediterranean trade between western Europe, Byzantine

Empire, and Islamic Empire• Hanseatic League: city-states on Baltic and North Sea• Silk Road: porcelain, paper, military technologies, religions, food• Indian Ocean: had to understand monsoons• Land routes of the Mongols• China and Japan• India and Persia• Trans-Saharan trade between West Africa and Islamic Empire• Lines of Credit, Checks• Disease=Bubonic Plague/Black Death• Diplomats/Missionaries

Expansion of Religion and Empire• Mongol expansion into Russia, Persia, India & China• Germanic tribes into southern Europe & England• Vikings’ expansion from Scandinavia into England and

western Europe• Magyars’ push from eastern Europe into western

Europe• Islamic Empire’s push into Spain, India, & Africa• The Crusades: 1096, to reclaim Holy Land, failure but

with an impact• Buddhist missionaries to Japan• Orthodox Christian missionaries into eastern Europe

Other Reasons to Be On the Move

• Populations grew• Urbanization: people moved from countryside

to cities for more opportunities• Cities: places where people wanted to be,

new capitals established• Pilgrimages

Technology and Innovations

• See handouts

Role of Women

• Like before, restrictions on women’s freedoms depended on their socio-economic class

• We see higher class lose their rights as time goes by

• Veiling, foot binding, child marriage• Africa: matrilineal and egalitarian before

Christianity and Islam • See handout

Big Picture

• Spread and growth of religion• Centralization vs. decentralization• Do boundaries make a nation?• Cultural divisions: religions, empires vs.

feudalism• Interaction!