WHAP Review #1WHAP Review #1

Foundations Period: Foundations Period: 10,000 BCE- 600 CE10,000 BCE- 600 CE

Nomads: Follow the FoodNomads: Follow the Food

Foragers: Hunt & Foragers: Hunt & GatherGather

Tied to natureTied to nature Few possessionsFew possessions Egalitarian natureEgalitarian nature

Pastoralists: Pastoralists: Domestication of Domestication of AnimalsAnimals

Mtns./low rainfall Mtns./low rainfall areasareas

Male-dominatedMale-dominated Stratified as size of Stratified as size of

herds grewherds grew Leads to…Leads to…

The Neolithic Revolution:The Neolithic Revolution: 8000-3000 BCE 8000-3000 BCE

Agriculturalists: Plant Agriculturalists: Plant DomesticationDomestication

Community Community DevelopmentDevelopment

Permanent Permanent settlementssettlements

Idea of land Idea of land ownership: World View ownership: World View ShiftShift

Sustained cultureSustained culture Sense of identitySense of identity

Consequences of a Food SurplusConsequences of a Food Surplus

Specialization of laborSpecialization of labor Improved technology: metal working, irrigationImproved technology: metal working, irrigation Stratification of societyStratification of society PossessionsPossessions ArmiesArmies ReligionReligion WritingWriting GovernmentGovernment Population density increasesPopulation density increases Voila…CivilizationVoila…Civilization

Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact

Use of water Use of water resourcesresources

Clearing of landClearing of land Use of building Use of building

materialsmaterials RoadsRoads Use of fuel Use of fuel

materialsmaterials Animals, diseaseAnimals, disease MiningMining

River Valley CivsRiver Valley Civs

MesopotamiaMesopotamia– Tigris, Euphrates = Tigris, Euphrates =

Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent– Sumer, Babylon, Sumer, Babylon,

PersiaPersia– Unpredictable Unpredictable

floodingflooding

Sumer: The firstSumer: The first

Successful agriculture, river Successful agriculture, river managementmanagement

Writing, cuneiformsWriting, cuneiforms Use of wheelUse of wheel 12 month calendar, base 60, geometry12 month calendar, base 60, geometry PolytheisticPolytheistic ZigguratsZiggurats Ur, Erech, Kish 3000 BCEUr, Erech, Kish 3000 BCE Overthrown by Akkadians 1700 BCEOverthrown by Akkadians 1700 BCE

Sumer to Babylon to Nineveh to Sumer to Babylon to Nineveh to BabylonBabylon

Overthrew Akkadians 1700 BCEOverthrew Akkadians 1700 BCE Hammurabi, Code of LawHammurabi, Code of Law Fell to Kassites, then Hittites 1500 BCEFell to Kassites, then Hittites 1500 BCE Hittites-iron, then fell to Hittites-iron, then fell to Assyrians-organized, cruel, Nineveh, Assyrians-organized, cruel, Nineveh,

exiles, cultural diffusionexiles, cultural diffusion Conquered by Medes, Chaldeans, Conquered by Medes, Chaldeans,

rebuilt Babylonrebuilt Babylon

Persian ImmersionPersian Immersion

By 500 BCE Nile to Turkey/Greece to By 500 BCE Nile to Turkey/Greece to AfghanistanAfghanistan

Great Royal Road, 1600 milesGreat Royal Road, 1600 miles Transportation, CommunicationTransportation, Communication Multi-cultural Empire, ToleranceMulti-cultural Empire, Tolerance Smaller Civs co-existedSmaller Civs co-existed

– Lydians-coined moneyLydians-coined money– Phoenicians-22-letter alphabet, naval powerPhoenicians-22-letter alphabet, naval power– Hebrews-Judaism, monotheismHebrews-Judaism, monotheism

Walk Like an EgyptianWalk Like an EgyptianRich soil, gentle flooding

•3 Kingdoms

•water management, pyramids, astronomy, hieroglyphs, calendar, gold, spices

•Polytheistic

•Women rulers, buy, sell property, inherit, will property, dissolve marriages, still subservient to men

• Hierarchy: pharaoh, priest, nobles, merchants, artisans, peasants, slaves

•Conquered by (1100 BCE) Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Islam, Ottomans, Euros

Indus ValleyIndus Valley

Indus Valley: 2500-1500 BCEIndus Valley: 2500-1500 BCE

Outside contact more limitedOutside contact more limited Kyber Pass connection to outsideKyber Pass connection to outside Harrappa, Mohenjo-Daro 100,000+ eachHarrappa, Mohenjo-Daro 100,000+ each Master-planned, water system, strong Master-planned, water system, strong

central gov’t, polytheistic, written central gov’t, polytheistic, written languagelanguage

Pottery, cotton, clothPottery, cotton, cloth Cities abandoned, reason unknownCities abandoned, reason unknown Aryans arrive 1500 BCEAryans arrive 1500 BCE

AryansAryans

From Caucasus Mtns. Black/Caspian SeaFrom Caucasus Mtns. Black/Caspian Sea Nomads who settledNomads who settled Vedas, Upanashads Vedas, Upanashads basis for Hinduismbasis for Hinduism Caste systemCaste system warriors, priests, peasantswarriors, priests, peasants later re-ordered: Brahmins (priests), later re-ordered: Brahmins (priests),

warriors, landowners-merchants, peasants, warriors, landowners-merchants, peasants, untouchables (out castes)untouchables (out castes)

China: Shang on the HwangChina: Shang on the Hwang

Shang: 1600-1100 BCEShang: 1600-1100 BCE

Stable agri-surplus, trade-centeredStable agri-surplus, trade-centered N. China, walled cities, strong army, N. China, walled cities, strong army,

chariotschariots ““The Middle Kingdom” World ViewThe Middle Kingdom” World View Trade with MesopotamiaTrade with Mesopotamia Bronze, pottery, silk, decimal system, Bronze, pottery, silk, decimal system,

calendarcalendar Patriarchal, ancestors as advocates Patriarchal, ancestors as advocates

w/the godsw/the gods

It’s Zhou TimeIt’s Zhou Time

Replaced Shang around 1100 BCEReplaced Shang around 1100 BCE Ruled 900 years, kept customs, Ruled 900 years, kept customs,

traditionstraditions Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven Feudal system, nobles gained, Feudal system, nobles gained,

bureaucracies, war amongst feudal bureaucracies, war amongst feudal kingdoms, collapse 256 BCEkingdoms, collapse 256 BCE

Exceptions to the RuleExceptions to the Rule

Olmecs (Mexico), Chavin (Andes) Olmecs (Mexico), Chavin (Andes) developed similarly to others: urban, developed similarly to others: urban, polytheistic, irrigation, writing, calendar, polytheistic, irrigation, writing, calendar, monumental buildingmonumental building

The point: Similar pattern of development The point: Similar pattern of development in different part of earth, no contactin different part of earth, no contact

The difference: Not River Valley Civs. No The difference: Not River Valley Civs. No major river to use as transportation or major river to use as transportation or generator of agri-productiongenerator of agri-production

The Classics: India-ChinaThe Classics: India-China

4 key empires 300 BCE-500 CE4 key empires 300 BCE-500 CE IndiaIndia

– MauryaMaurya– GuptaGupta

ChinaChina– Q’inQ’in– HanHan

Mauryan Empire 321-180 BCEMauryan Empire 321-180 BCE

Mauryan EmpireMauryan Empire

Founded by Chandragupta MauryaFounded by Chandragupta Maurya– Unified smaller Aryan kingdomsUnified smaller Aryan kingdoms

Greatest extent under Ashoka Greatest extent under Ashoka Big time traders: silk, cotton, Big time traders: silk, cotton,

elephants (much more) to the westelephants (much more) to the west Strong military, Ashoka converts to Strong military, Ashoka converts to

Buddhism: non-violence, moderationBuddhism: non-violence, moderation Rock & Pillar edicts, Buddhism Rock & Pillar edicts, Buddhism

spreadspread

Gupta Dynasty 320-467 CEGupta Dynasty 320-467 CE

Rise of GuptaRise of Gupta Ashoka dies 232 BCE, Mauryan’s rapidly Ashoka dies 232 BCE, Mauryan’s rapidly

decline; econ problems, attacks from NEdecline; econ problems, attacks from NE 375-415 CE, revival under Chandra Gupta375-415 CE, revival under Chandra Gupta Smaller, more decentralized: Golden Age, Smaller, more decentralized: Golden Age,

peace, Arts & Sciences; pi, zero, 0-9, peace, Arts & Sciences; pi, zero, 0-9, skilled iron workersskilled iron workers

Hinduism resurgentHinduism resurgent Women lost rights; own property, study Women lost rights; own property, study

religion, child marriages common religion, child marriages common (6-7 years-old)(6-7 years-old) Collapsed 550 CE (White Huns)Collapsed 550 CE (White Huns)

Q’in EmpireQ’in Empire

Q’in Ups in China 221-209 BCEQ’in Ups in China 221-209 BCE Same same: strong agri-Same same: strong agri-

econ, strong army, iron, econ, strong army, iron, expansion…only lasted 10 expansion…only lasted 10 years. Significance?years. Significance?

GREAT WALL…so what?GREAT WALL…so what?– Strong centralized, brutal gov’tStrong centralized, brutal gov’t– Qin Shihuangdi emperorQin Shihuangdi emperor– Unified kingdom, standardized Unified kingdom, standardized

weights, measures, laws, weights, measures, laws, written lang., zero dissent written lang., zero dissent policy, patriarchal societypolicy, patriarchal society

– LegalismLegalism– Peasant rebellion brings down Peasant rebellion brings down

209 BCE209 BCE

A big hand for the Han! A big hand for the Han!

Han Dynasty 200 BCE-200 CEHan Dynasty 200 BCE-200 CE

Resisted the HunsResisted the Huns Expanded into Central AsiaExpanded into Central Asia Silk Road to the MediterraneanSilk Road to the Mediterranean Buddhism spread, culture spreadBuddhism spread, culture spread Civil Service system, bureaucracies, Civil Service system, bureaucracies,

resulting in stable gov’t.resulting in stable gov’t. paper money, sundials, calendars, paper money, sundials, calendars,

metallurgymetallurgy

Classical Civs in the MedClassical Civs in the Med

Greece and Rome: Roots of Greece and Rome: Roots of Western CivilizationWestern Civilization

Simply: they put it all togetherSimply: they put it all together Representative gov’tRepresentative gov’t ArtArt ArchitectureArchitecture LiteratureLiterature ScienceScience PhilosophyPhilosophy

It’s Greek to me!It’s Greek to me!

Impact of Impact of geographygeography

Trade, not agri.Trade, not agri. Est. colonies, Est. colonies,

strong militarystrong military CommunicationsCommunications TransportationTransportation GovernanceGovernance

The PolisThe Polis

City-statesCity-states Common identity, culture in eachCommon identity, culture in each AthensAthens

– Political, commercial, cultural centerPolitical, commercial, cultural center SpartaSparta

– Agricultural, militaristic, equality w/o Agricultural, militaristic, equality w/o individualityindividuality

HierarchyHierarchy

Citizens-adult males, business-commerceCitizens-adult males, business-commerce Free people w/ no political rightsFree people w/ no political rights Non-citizens (included slaves 1/3 of the Non-citizens (included slaves 1/3 of the

Athenian pop!)Athenian pop!) All citizens expected to participate in All citizens expected to participate in

public lifepublic life Monarchy to aristocracy to democracyMonarchy to aristocracy to democracy Solon/Draco: aristocrats who worked to Solon/Draco: aristocrats who worked to

ensure fair, =, open participationensure fair, =, open participation

ReligionReligion

PolytheisticPolytheistic Had human failings: got drunk, Had human failings: got drunk,

cheated on spouses, jealous, angry, cheated on spouses, jealous, angry, took sides, etc.took sides, etc.

Greek mythology remains a large Greek mythology remains a large part of Western heritage and part of Western heritage and languagelanguage

War with PersiaWar with Persia

Persia invades Greece twice. Despite Persia invades Greece twice. Despite great odds, Greece survives. Key great odds, Greece survives. Key battles: Marathon 490 BCE (land), battles: Marathon 490 BCE (land), Salamis 480 BCE (sea)Salamis 480 BCE (sea)

Greece controls AegeanGreece controls Aegean Period of peace and prosperityPeriod of peace and prosperity

Golden Age of PericlesGolden Age of Pericles

Athenian culture excelsAthenian culture excels Democracy for all adult males Democracy for all adult males

(citizens)(citizens) Delian League-city-state allianceDelian League-city-state alliance Socrates, Plato, AristotleSocrates, Plato, Aristotle

– Truth through rational thought and Truth through rational thought and observationobservation

Math, Science, Architecture, Math, Science, Architecture, LiteratureLiterature

Super-power, super mistakeSuper-power, super mistake

Athens dominated the Delian LeagueAthens dominated the Delian League Peloponnesian War with Sparta (431 Peloponnesian War with Sparta (431

BCE)BCE) Weakened, Macedonian conquest Weakened, Macedonian conquest Philip encouraged Greek culturePhilip encouraged Greek culture Followed by son, Alexander, unified Followed by son, Alexander, unified

Greece, invaded PersiaGreece, invaded Persia

Alexander the Great?Alexander the Great?

Live fast, die young…Live fast, die young…

Alexander conquered PersiaAlexander conquered Persia Pushed to EgyptPushed to Egypt Stopped at IndiaStopped at India Empire divided into three: Empire divided into three:

– Antigonid (Greece/Macedonia)Antigonid (Greece/Macedonia)– Ptolemaic (Egypt), Ptolemaic (Egypt), – Seleucid (Bactria/Anatolia)Seleucid (Bactria/Anatolia)

Hellenistic EraHellenistic Era

Greek Culture and ideas flourished Greek Culture and ideas flourished and spreadand spread

Alexandria (Egypt) became wealthy, Alexandria (Egypt) became wealthy, center for learningcenter for learning

After death (323 BCE), empire After death (323 BCE), empire crumbledcrumbled

Macedonian focus on the east and Macedonian focus on the east and Egypt left the door open for…Egypt left the door open for…

The Romans: 509 BCE-476 CEThe Romans: 509 BCE-476 CE

RomeRome

Good Geographic positionGood Geographic position– Protected by mtns in northProtected by mtns in north– PeninsulaPeninsula– Cross-roads in the Mediterranean Cross-roads in the Mediterranean

Polytheistic, borrowed many Greek Polytheistic, borrowed many Greek gods, mythology still evident in Westgods, mythology still evident in West

Social-Political StructureSocial-Political Structure PatriciansPatricians

– Senate, AssemblySenate, Assembly PlebiansPlebians

– AssemblyAssembly ConsulsConsuls Representative (as opposed to Direct in Greece)Representative (as opposed to Direct in Greece) 12 Tables (innocent until proven guilty)12 Tables (innocent until proven guilty) Patriarchal/PaterfamiliasPatriarchal/Paterfamilias Women influential in family, own property, still Women influential in family, own property, still

considered inferiorconsidered inferior Slaves (up to 1/3) city better than countrySlaves (up to 1/3) city better than country

Military DominationMilitary Domination

All Directions, all the timeAll Directions, all the time Punic Wars 264-146 BCEPunic Wars 264-146 BCE Gained control of W. MedGained control of W. Med Defeated MacedoniansDefeated Macedonians GaulGaul SpainSpain Road net, navy, aqueductsRoad net, navy, aqueducts Cultural diffusionCultural diffusion

Republic, no-Imperialism, yesRepublic, no-Imperialism, yes

Increased slavery, displaced Increased slavery, displaced plebians, inflation= social unrestplebians, inflation= social unrest

Senate weakened, Triumvirate, Senate weakened, Triumvirate, Caesar, Pompey, Crassus, Civil WarCaesar, Pompey, Crassus, Civil War

Caesar assassinated 44 BCECaesar assassinated 44 BCE 22ndnd Triumvirate, civil war Triumvirate, civil war Imperial RomeImperial Rome Pax RomanaPax Romana

Pax RomanaPax Romana

Peace and ProsperityPeace and Prosperity

Rome, capital of western worldRome, capital of western world Military expansionMilitary expansion Rule of law, common coinage. Civil Rule of law, common coinage. Civil

service, secure travel for merchantsservice, secure travel for merchants 200 years of stability200 years of stability Uniform laws, but traditional cultures Uniform laws, but traditional cultures

in territories survived ie Egyptians, in territories survived ie Egyptians, HebrewsHebrews

Growth of arts and sciencesGrowth of arts and sciences

A New ReligionA New Religion

Christianity competes with paganismChristianity competes with paganism Christians persecutedChristians persecuted Conversion of Constantine ended Conversion of Constantine ended

persecution 312 CEpersecution 312 CE Edict of Milan-Christianity official Edict of Milan-Christianity official

religion of Romereligion of Rome

COMPARECOMPARE

Golden Ages of Rome, Greece, Golden Ages of Rome, Greece, Gupta, OthersGupta, Others

Expansion of Territory, flourishing of Expansion of Territory, flourishing of art and scienceart and science

Wealth flows in due to military Wealth flows in due to military expansion, confidenceexpansion, confidence

““What goes up…”What goes up…”

Empires fallEmpires fall Late Classical Period 200-600 CELate Classical Period 200-600 CE Steppe People on the move, Steppe People on the move,

dominoes falldominoes fall Han, Gupta, Roman Empires fallHan, Gupta, Roman Empires fall

Collapse of the HanCollapse of the Han

Wang Mang 9-23 CE, “Socialist Wang Mang 9-23 CE, “Socialist Emperor”Emperor”

EconomicEconomic– Military drained budgetMilitary drained budget– Confiscate land, raise taxesConfiscate land, raise taxes– Actions discouraged manufacture and Actions discouraged manufacture and

tradetrade

Collapse of the HanCollapse of the Han

SocialSocial– Rising tensions between rich and poorRising tensions between rich and poor– Poorly conceived land reform programPoorly conceived land reform program– FamineFamine– Revolt, murder of Wang MangRevolt, murder of Wang Mang– Han Dynasty briefly restored, full Han Dynasty briefly restored, full

recovery impossible, collapse in 220 CErecovery impossible, collapse in 220 CE– 400 years of regional kingdoms400 years of regional kingdoms

Collapse of the GuptaCollapse of the Gupta

Huns 24/7Huns 24/7 Gupta able to hold off for a while, at Gupta able to hold off for a while, at

great costgreat cost Hun kingdoms emerged in western Hun kingdoms emerged in western

& northern India& northern India Culture survived, Hinduism, caste Culture survived, Hinduism, caste

system, Gupta Empire did notsystem, Gupta Empire did not

““Western Rome, you are the Western Rome, you are the weakest link, good-bye”weakest link, good-bye”

284 CE, Diocletian 284 CE, Diocletian splits W-E Empiresplits W-E Empire

Why?Why?

Attempt to re-gain control ofAttempt to re-gain control of– Military under imperial controlMilitary under imperial control– Co-emperorsCo-emperors– EconomyEconomy

Gov’t budgetGov’t budgetPrice caps to control inflationPrice caps to control inflationStrengthen currencyStrengthen currency

CollapseCollapse

No singular reasonNo singular reason Rome sacked 410 CE, 476 CERome sacked 410 CE, 476 CE Internal decayInternal decay

– Weak or bad leadersWeak or bad leaders– Expense of empireExpense of empire– EpidemicsEpidemics

External pressuresExternal pressures– Huns, VisigothsHuns, Visigoths– Sheer sizeSheer size

CONTRAST: Fall of Han, Gupta, CONTRAST: Fall of Han, Gupta, RomeRome

Two major causes threaten all Two major causes threaten all empiresempires

Internal: economic depression, Internal: economic depression, natural catastrophes, social unrestnatural catastrophes, social unrest

External: Invading ArmiesExternal: Invading Armies Internal: HanInternal: Han External: GuptaExternal: Gupta Combo Meal: RomeCombo Meal: Rome

Cultural Diffusion via the Silk RoadCultural Diffusion via the Silk Road

Ideas, Culture, InventionIdeas, Culture, Invention

Trade routes brought various peoples in Trade routes brought various peoples in contactcontact

Pastoralists provided protection, services, Pastoralists provided protection, services, suppliessupplies

Disease and armies also traveled the Disease and armies also traveled the routes, plague, small pox, Mongolsroutes, plague, small pox, Mongols

Religion-Buddhism to China, SE AsiaReligion-Buddhism to China, SE Asia Christianity through Med, Europe, BritainChristianity through Med, Europe, Britain Peoples: Anglo-Saxons to Britain, Huns to Peoples: Anglo-Saxons to Britain, Huns to

India, Germanic Tribes to ItalyIndia, Germanic Tribes to Italy

Religion: to 600 CEReligion: to 600 CE

Belief Systems through 600 CEBelief Systems through 600 CE

PolytheismPolytheism ConfucianismConfucianism DaoismDaoism LegalismLegalism HinduismHinduism BuddhismBuddhism JudaismJudaism ChristianityChristianity

CommonalitiesCommonalities

Schisms-Divisions resulting in Schisms-Divisions resulting in subgroups, sectssubgroups, sects

Consider social, political, cultural, Consider social, political, cultural, military impacts as well as military impacts as well as theological and philosophicaltheological and philosophical

Where did it start? Where did he Where did it start? Where did he spread? How?spread? How?

PolytheismPolytheism

Majority of ancient civsMajority of ancient civs Through 600 CE all Med and Mesop Through 600 CE all Med and Mesop

Civs were poly. Exceptions were Civs were poly. Exceptions were Hebrews and ChristiansHebrews and Christians

In the East, all were poly; Aryans, In the East, all were poly; Aryans, Hindus, traditional Chinese, Daoists, Hindus, traditional Chinese, Daoists, some Buddhists, Americas, Africasome Buddhists, Americas, Africa

The Deity DetailsThe Deity Details

Multiple gods, may be good or badMultiple gods, may be good or bad Deities impact daily lifeDeities impact daily life Human attributes (Grk-Rom)Human attributes (Grk-Rom) Egypt: Benevolent and kindEgypt: Benevolent and kind Sumer, Aztec: Feared, to be Sumer, Aztec: Feared, to be

appeasedappeased

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

major impact on civ developmentmajor impact on civ development Art & architectureArt & architecture Ritual basedRitual based Rise of priestly classRise of priestly class Rigid social structuresRigid social structures Gods for culture as whole, city-state Gods for culture as whole, city-state

as well: rise and fall seen as battle of as well: rise and fall seen as battle of gods as well as city-statesgods as well as city-states

ConfucianismConfucianism

Specifically Chinese (Kong Fu Tse) Specifically Chinese (Kong Fu Tse) 400 BCE onward400 BCE onward

Political-social philosophy, not Political-social philosophy, not religionreligion

Moral, ethical, also practicalMoral, ethical, also practical How to restore political-social order?How to restore political-social order? 5 key relationships: political, 5 key relationships: political,

parental, spousal, sibling, friendsparental, spousal, sibling, friends

ConfucianismConfucianism

Right relationships = right societyRight relationships = right society Put aside personal ambition for good of Put aside personal ambition for good of

statestate Ren-Ren-humanity,humanity, benevolence, kindnessbenevolence, kindness Li-Li-propriety, courtesy, respect, deferencepropriety, courtesy, respect, deference Xiao-Xiao-filial piety, family obligation, extendedfilial piety, family obligation, extended Lead by good exampleLead by good example Women, 2nd status, honored by kidsWomen, 2nd status, honored by kids

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

As a ethical, social, political belief As a ethical, social, political belief system it was compatible with other system it was compatible with other religions, could practice Buddhism religions, could practice Buddhism and Confucianism simultaneouslyand Confucianism simultaneously

FlexibleFlexible Embraced by leaders as well, ordered Embraced by leaders as well, ordered

society, tight familiessociety, tight families Exclusively Chinese, only in context Exclusively Chinese, only in context

of Chinese cultureof Chinese culture

Daoism-TaoismDaoism-Taoism

China 500 BCE onwardChina 500 BCE onward ““The Way” (of nature/cosmos)The Way” (of nature/cosmos) Lao-tzu, philosopherLao-tzu, philosopher Eternal principles, passive, yieldingEternal principles, passive, yielding

– Like water, yet strong, shapingLike water, yet strong, shaping– Opening of a pot, nothing, yet not a pot Opening of a pot, nothing, yet not a pot

without itwithout it Wu wei- Wu wei- non-doing, harmony with non-doing, harmony with

naturenature

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

Self-sufficient communitiesSelf-sufficient communities Counter to Confucian activismCounter to Confucian activism Emphasis on harmony w/ nature Emphasis on harmony w/ nature

leads gains: astronomy, botany, leads gains: astronomy, botany, chemistrychemistry

Co-existed w/Confucianism, Co-existed w/Confucianism, Buddhism, LegalismBuddhism, Legalism

Added to complexity of Chinese Added to complexity of Chinese cultureculture

Contrast: Confucianism-DaoismContrast: Confucianism-Daoism

Shared belief in spirits of the deadShared belief in spirits of the dead ConfucianismConfucianism

– creating orderly societycreating orderly society– active relationships, active gov’tactive relationships, active gov’t– To guide relationshipsTo guide relationships

DaoismDaoism– harmony with nature, internal peaceharmony with nature, internal peace– Simple, passive lifeSimple, passive life– Little gov’t interferenceLittle gov’t interference– To guide individual in meditationTo guide individual in meditation

LegalsimLegalsim

The Q’in DynastyThe Q’in Dynasty Peace & order through centralized, Peace & order through centralized,

tightly controlled statetightly controlled state Mistrust of human nature; reliance on Mistrust of human nature; reliance on

tough lawstough laws Focus on things the practical and Focus on things the practical and

sustainers of societysustainers of society 2 most worthy jobs: farmer, soldier2 most worthy jobs: farmer, soldier

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

Accomplished swift reunification of Accomplished swift reunification of ChinaChina

Completion of projects like the Great Completion of projects like the Great WallWall

Caused widespread resentment Caused widespread resentment among common people, led to wider among common people, led to wider acceptance of Confucianism-Daoismacceptance of Confucianism-Daoism

Contrast: Confucianism-LegalismContrast: Confucianism-Legalism

Social belief systems, not religionsSocial belief systems, not religions Intended to create orderly societyIntended to create orderly society Confucianism-fundamental goodnessConfucianism-fundamental goodness

– responsibilitiesresponsibilities Legalism-fundamental evilLegalism-fundamental evil

– punishmentspunishments

HinduismHinduism

Aryans, and empires of Indian Aryans, and empires of Indian subcontinentsubcontinent

Brahma-supreme forceBrahma-supreme force– Gods are manifestations of BrahmaGods are manifestations of Brahma

Vishnu-preserverVishnu-preserver Shiva-destroyerShiva-destroyer

ReincarnationReincarnation– DharmaDharma: rules and obligations: rules and obligations– KarmaKarma: fate based on how dharma was met: fate based on how dharma was met– Moshka:Moshka: highest state of being, release of soul highest state of being, release of soul

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

Religion as well as social systemReligion as well as social system Caste system, accept lot in life, next Caste system, accept lot in life, next

one will be better (if dharma met)one will be better (if dharma met) Close relationship w/Indian culture, Close relationship w/Indian culture,

caste system have limited its spreadcaste system have limited its spread Treatment of animalsTreatment of animals Hinduism spawns BuddhismHinduism spawns Buddhism

BuddhismBuddhism

India, China, SE AsiaIndia, China, SE Asia Hindu prince, Siddartha GautamaHindu prince, Siddartha Gautama Nepal 563-483 BCENepal 563-483 BCE Search for meaning of human Search for meaning of human

sufferingsuffering Buddha = enlightened oneBuddha = enlightened one No supreme beingNo supreme being

Buddhism: 4 Noble TruthsBuddhism: 4 Noble Truths

Four noble truthsFour noble truths– All Life is sufferingAll Life is suffering– Suffering caused by desireSuffering caused by desire– One can be freed of desireOne can be freed of desire– Freed by following Eightfold pathFreed by following Eightfold path

Buddhism: Eightfold PathBuddhism: Eightfold Path Eightfold PathEightfold Path

– Right viewsRight views– Right aspirationsRight aspirations– Right speechRight speech– Right conductRight conduct– Right livelihoodRight livelihood– Right endeavorRight endeavor– Right mindfulnessRight mindfulness– Right meditationRight meditation

Following the pathFollowing the path– Leads to nirvanaLeads to nirvana– State of perfect peace State of perfect peace

& harmony& harmony– May take several May take several

lifetimeslifetimes 2 forms2 forms

– Theraveda: meditation, Theraveda: meditation, harmony, Buddha not a god harmony, Buddha not a god (Lesser Vehicle)(Lesser Vehicle)

– Mahayana: more complex, Mahayana: more complex, greater ritual, reliance on greater ritual, reliance on priests. Buddha a diety, priests. Buddha a diety, bodhisattvas, nirvana bodhisattvas, nirvana “helpers”“helpers”

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

Did not recognize castesDid not recognize castes Appealed to lower classes (duh!)Appealed to lower classes (duh!) Not attached to social structure, spread Not attached to social structure, spread

rapidly to other culturesrapidly to other cultures Ashoka adopted, thrivedAshoka adopted, thrived Eventually reabsorbed into HinduismEventually reabsorbed into Hinduism Thrived in China, Japan, SE AsiaThrived in China, Japan, SE Asia Force of cultural diffusion via trade, Force of cultural diffusion via trade,

missionariesmissionaries

JudaismJudaism The HebrewsThe Hebrews Chosen by God, special statusChosen by God, special status Personal relationship with GodPersonal relationship with God Afterlife, tradition, doctrines, philosophy, Afterlife, tradition, doctrines, philosophy,

personal salvationpersonal salvation To honor, serve God, promote prophets, To honor, serve God, promote prophets,

maintain cultural identitymaintain cultural identity A religion & cultureA religion & culture The First Monotheistic Belief System:The First Monotheistic Belief System:

– ChristianityChristianity– IslamIslam

Compare: Confucianism, Hinduism, Compare: Confucianism, Hinduism, JudaismJudaism

Seem very differentSeem very different– Confucianism, not a religionConfucianism, not a religion– Hinduism, polytheisticHinduism, polytheistic– Judaism, monotheisticJudaism, monotheistic

All tied to the culture where the All tied to the culture where the came from, not evangelical, came from, not evangelical, converting othersconverting others

ChristianityChristianity Splinter group of Jews, quickly spread Splinter group of Jews, quickly spread

throughout Roman Empirethroughout Roman Empire Jesus, son of God, Messiah of Jewish Jesus, son of God, Messiah of Jewish

prophecyprophecy Devotion to God, love of fellow manDevotion to God, love of fellow man Jesus sent to redeem man from sinJesus sent to redeem man from sin Salvation by faith in divinity, death, Salvation by faith in divinity, death,

and resurrection of Jesus.and resurrection of Jesus. Crucified by Jewish leaders and Crucified by Jewish leaders and

Roman gov’t 30 CERoman gov’t 30 CE

The Big DealThe Big Deal

Emphasis on compassion, grace through Emphasis on compassion, grace through faith, salvation, eternal life after death faith, salvation, eternal life after death appealed to lower classes, womenappealed to lower classes, women

By 300 CE, most influential in Med. RegionBy 300 CE, most influential in Med. Region Spread north and west throughout EuropeSpread north and west throughout Europe Combo of religion & empire = huge impact Combo of religion & empire = huge impact

on political, social development of Europeon political, social development of Europe

Foundations: 3 ThemesFoundations: 3 Themes CivilizationsCivilizations

– Patterns, developmentsPatterns, developments– Rise-fall of empires: why? consequences?Rise-fall of empires: why? consequences?

Sources of ChangeSources of Change– TradeTrade– ConquestConquest– Invention, innovation, adaptation; iron, wheelInvention, innovation, adaptation; iron, wheel

Man vs. NatureMan vs. Nature– Interaction? Role of geography? Attempts to Interaction? Role of geography? Attempts to

measure/control?measure/control?– Change from survival (physical needs) to Change from survival (physical needs) to

internal peace (spiritual needs)internal peace (spiritual needs)