WHAP Exam Review8000 B.C.E. to around 600 C.E.

Chapters 1-12

The Big Picture

• Think Themes! See AP syllabus• Think GRAPES!• Civilization---What is it? What makes a

civilization?• Change---What causes change?• Human Interaction with Environment---Where do

they live? Why they move? Defense? How do civilizations interact with others? Technology?

Nomads• Foraging societies (hunting –gathering)• Concerns were shelter and food• Language• Fire• Tools (stone)• Pastoral societies (animal herding)• Neolithic Revolution: stay put and farm, villages to cities

to civilizations, specialized workers led to class systems, used animals for farming, technology (tools for farming, pottery, weaving, wheels, carts, sails, METALLURGY, etc.)

River Valley Civilizations

• Water source• Fertile soil• Transportation

RVCs---Mesopotamia• Land between rivers---Tigris and Euphrates• Irrigation• Sumer---cuneiform, 12-month calendar, base 60 math,

polytheistic, ziggurats• Sargon of Akkad---first empire• Babylon---Hammurabi’s Code• Hittites---iron weapons• Assyrians---capital at Nineveh• Chaldeans---King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon• Persian Empire---big! Great Royal Road• Others nearby: Lydians=coined money; Phoenicians=sailors,

purple dye, alphabet; Hebrews=Judaism (monotheistic)

RVCs---Egypt

• The Nile=predictable floods• Old, Middle and New Kingdoms• Pharaohs, pyramids, hieroglyphics, trade• Polytheistic---afterlife, mummification• Women---Queen Hatshepsut, more rights than other

lands• Social Structure---Pharaoh, priests, nobles, merchants,

artisans, peasants, slaves• Conquered by Assyrians and Persians• What brings empires/civilizations down?

RVCs---Indus

• Indus River• More isolated due to mountains, still invaded• Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro---major cities• Planned cities, plumbing, potter’s wheel• Abandoned???• Aryans: nomadic tribe, horses, reincarnation,

polytheistic, Vedas and Upanishads, caste system, later becomes Hinduism

RVCs---China

• Yellow (Huang He, Hwang Ho) and Yangtze• Shang Dynasty: defensive walls, chariots,

isolated, believed they were center of the world, ethnocentric, bronze, pottery, silk, decimal system– Patriarchal, veneration of ancestors

• Zhou Dynasty: long dynasty, Mandate of Heaven, dynastic cycle, feudalism, led to period of warring states

RVCs---Bantu???

• Africa on Niger River• “Stateless society”• MIGRATED!!! South and east away from

Sahara, due to climate changes• Spread language group (Bantu)• Why do people migrate?

Early MesoAmerica/Andean S. America

• Olmec: 1200 to 1400 B.C.E., urban society, corn, beans, squash, irrigation, large-scale buildings, polytheistic, writing and calendar

• Chavin: 900-300 B.C.E., polytheistic, near coast so had seafood too, metals in tools and weapons, llamas

• They are in an entirely different part of the world with no contact of the other civilizations. So???

• Not in River Valleys! So???

Classical: Mesoamerica• Maya, 300 B.C.E. to 800 B.C.E.• Southern Mexico and other parts of Central America• Collection of city-states ruled by the same king• Pyramids, hieroglyphics, complex calendar, city planning,

Tikal, Chichen Itza, ball game• Religion: 3 world, gods made people out of maize,

sacrifices, blood-letting• Wars to acquire slaves, no beasts of burden• Social classes: most people were peasants/slaves• Cotton and maize, good agricultural practices

Classical=India

• Mauryan Empire: founded by Chandragupta Maurya, grandson Ashoka Maurya was its greatest leader (Rock and Pillar Edicts, spread Buddhism), trade!,

• Gupta Dynasty: Chandra Gupta, decentralized and smaller than Mauryan, peace and advances in arts and sciences (pi and ‘arabic’ numerals), women losing rights

Classical: China

• Qin Dynasty: short, strong economy based on agriculture, powerful army, iron weapons, grew, Great Wall of China united, legalism– Qin Shihuangdhi---emperor, standardized laws,

currencies, weights, measures, writing--- burned books, killed scholars (legalism

• Han Dynasty: WuTi—warrior emperor, enlarged China, Trade thrived on Silk Road, civil service exam based on Confucianism, invented paper, sundials, calendars, used metals

Classical= Greece

• Land=mountainous, peninsula, no major rivers, no large scale agriculture, harbors, sea, mild weather

• Athens and Sparta=city-states/polises, very different• Democracy, Aristocracy, Oligarchy• Mythology=Many gods/polytheists• Persian Wars leads to Golden Age of Pericles in Athens

and Delian League which leads to Peloponnesian War• Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle• Alexander the Great: Father conquered/united Greeks,

he conquered Persian Empire, Hellenism, land split into Antigonid, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid empires

Classical= Rome• Mythology: like the Greeks, polytheists• Patricians/Plebeians (like the Greeks too)• Twelve Tables of Rome• Social Structure: pater familias, patriarchal, slavery important• Roman Empire spread by military domination, Punic Wars• First Triumvirate= Pompey, Crassus, Ceasar• Caesar became “emperor for life”, assassinated• Second Triumvirate= Octavius, Marc Antony, Lepidus----

Octavius became dictator (Caesar Augustus)• Pax Romana---Can you compare this to other golden ages in

other empires?• Christianity!

Late Classical 200-600 c.e.

• Collapse of empires such as Han, Gupta, Roman, Maya

• Maya: ??? Disease, drought, internal unrest/warfare, expanding population too much for environment?

• Han China: Wang Mang, land redistribution unsuccessful, famines, floods, war on edge of civilization, China is divided for a time into regional kingdoms

Late Classical 200-600 c.e.

• Gupta India: invaded by the White Huns• Rome: western half, remember “Who killed

Mama Roma?”, Diocletian divided it in 284, Constantine moved capital to Byzantium, invasions brought final end.

Silk Road

• World becoming “smaller” by trade and connection

• What travels on trade routes besides goods to be traded?

• Silk Roads---over land and sea

Major Belief Systems

• Polytheism• Confucianism• Daoism• Legalism• Hinduism• Buddhism• Judaism• Christianity

Technology• Farming tools-ploughs, hoes, rakes, wheel• Irrigation-dikes, canals, plumbing, sewage systems• Metallurgy-copper, bronze, iron• Pottery• Wheeled chariots• Stirrup• Architecture-pyramids, ziggurats, temples, aqueducts,

theaters, stadiums• Crafts, jewelry• Record keeping-writing, calendars, math

Role of Women

• Women lose power when people settle, no equal share of work

• All patriarchal • Upper-class/elite women more restricted• Veiling• In Buddhism and Christianity, women were

equal in faith but not in Hinduism and Confucianism

Big Picture

• Civilizations---Key Traits• Civilizations---Fall• Change---trade, conquest, spread of belief

systems, technology (innovation vs. adaption)• Human Interaction with Geography---how did

they change their surroundings to meet their needs, human need to control/explain nature, in religion too (protection to internal peace)