WHAP Review #1WHAP Review #1Time Period 1 and 2Time Period 1 and 2

Foundations Period: Foundations Period: 8,000 BCE – 600 BCE8,000 BCE – 600 BCE

600 BCE – 600 CE600 BCE – 600 CE

Nomads: Follow the FoodNomads: Follow the Food

Foragers: Hunt & Foragers: Hunt & GatherGather

Tied to natureTied to nature Few possessionsFew possessions Egalitarian natureEgalitarian nature

Pastoralists: Pastoralists: Domestication of Domestication of AnimalsAnimals

Mtns./low rainfall Mtns./low rainfall areasareas

Male-dominatedMale-dominated Stratified as size of Stratified as size of

herds grewherds grew Leads to…Leads to…

The Neolithic Revolution:The Neolithic Revolution: 8000-3000 BCE 8000-3000 BCE

Agriculturalists: Plant Agriculturalists: Plant DomesticationDomestication

Agricultural SurplusAgricultural Surplus Permanent Permanent

settlementssettlements Idea of land Idea of land

ownership: World View ownership: World View ShiftShift

MORE PATRIARCHYMORE PATRIARCHY

Consequences of a Food SurplusConsequences of a Food Surplus

Specialization of laborSpecialization of labor Improved technology: metal working, irrigationImproved technology: metal working, irrigation Stratification of societyStratification of society PossessionsPossessions ArmiesArmies ReligionReligion WritingWriting GovernmentGovernment Population density increasesPopulation density increases Voila!…CivilizationVoila!…Civilization

Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact Use of water Use of water

resourcesresources Clearing of landClearing of land ErosionErosion DeforestationDeforestation Animals & people Animals & people

living together = living together = diseasedisease

MiningMining

River Valley CivsRiver Valley Civs MesopotamiaMesopotamia

– Tigris, Euphrates = Tigris, Euphrates = Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent

– Sumer, BabylonSumer, Babylon– Unpredictable Unpredictable

floodingflooding– Open geographyOpen geography

Sumer: The First CivilizationSumer: The First Civilization Successful agriculture, river Successful agriculture, river

managementmanagement Writing (cuneiform)Writing (cuneiform) Use of wheelUse of wheel 12 month calendar, base 60, 12 month calendar, base 60,

geometrygeometry PolytheisticPolytheistic ZigguratsZiggurats Ur, Uruk; 3000 BCEUr, Uruk; 3000 BCE

Walk Like an EgyptianWalk Like an EgyptianRich soil, gentle flooding

•3 Kingdoms

•water management, pyramids, astronomy, hieroglyphs, calendar, gold, spices

•Polytheistic

•Women ruler = Hapshepsut, buy, sell property, inherit, will property, dissolve marriages, still subservient to men

• Hierarchy: pharaoh, priest, nobles, merchants, artisans, peasants, slaves

Indus ValleyIndus Valley

Indus Valley: 2500-1500 BCEIndus Valley: 2500-1500 BCE

Connected with Mespotamia via tradeConnected with Mespotamia via trade Harrappa, Mohenjo-Daro 100,000+ eachHarrappa, Mohenjo-Daro 100,000+ each Master-planned, water system, strong Master-planned, water system, strong

central gov’t, polytheistic, written central gov’t, polytheistic, written languagelanguage

Pottery, cotton, clothPottery, cotton, cloth Cities abandoned, reason unknownCities abandoned, reason unknown Aryans arrive 1700 BCEAryans arrive 1700 BCE

AryansAryans

From Caucasus Mtns. Black/Caspian SeaFrom Caucasus Mtns. Black/Caspian Sea Nomads who settledNomads who settled Vedas, Upanashads Vedas, Upanashads basis for Hinduismbasis for Hinduism Caste systemCaste system warriors, priests, peasantswarriors, priests, peasants later re-ordered: Brahmins (priests), later re-ordered: Brahmins (priests),

warriors, landowners-merchants, peasants, warriors, landowners-merchants, peasants, untouchables (out castes)untouchables (out castes)

China: Shang on the HwangChina: Shang on the Hwang

Shang: 1600-1100 BCEShang: 1600-1100 BCE

N. China, walled cities, strong army, N. China, walled cities, strong army, chariotschariots

““The Middle Kingdom” World ViewThe Middle Kingdom” World View Bronze = power, pottery, silk,, Bronze = power, pottery, silk,,

calendarcalendar Patriarchal, ancestors as advocates Patriarchal, ancestors as advocates

w/the godsw/the gods Character writing; ancestor Character writing; ancestor

veneration, Oracle bonesveneration, Oracle bones

It’s Zhou TimeIt’s Zhou Time

Replaced Shang around 1100 BCEReplaced Shang around 1100 BCE Ruled 900 years, kept customs, Ruled 900 years, kept customs,

traditions of Shangtraditions of Shang Developed political ideology of Developed political ideology of

Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven Feudal system, nobles gained power, Feudal system, nobles gained power,

war amongst feudal kingdoms, war amongst feudal kingdoms, collapse 256 BCE collapse 256 BCE

Led to the Warring States PeriodLed to the Warring States Period

Exceptions to the RuleExceptions to the Rule

Olmecs (Mexico), Chavin (Andes) Olmecs (Mexico), Chavin (Andes) developed similarly to others: urban, developed similarly to others: urban, polytheistic, irrigation, calendar, polytheistic, irrigation, calendar, monumental buildingmonumental building

The point: Similar pattern of development The point: Similar pattern of development in different part of earth, no contactin different part of earth, no contact

The difference: Not River Valley Civs. Only The difference: Not River Valley Civs. Only Olmecs had writing; Chavin used quipuOlmecs had writing; Chavin used quipu

Americas = CULTURALLY NOT POLITICALLY Americas = CULTURALLY NOT POLITICALLY UNIFIEDUNIFIED

Persia: 1Persia: 1stst Empire Empire

Multi-cultural Empire, ToleranceMulti-cultural Empire, Tolerance Run by local governors (satraps)Run by local governors (satraps) By 500 BCE Nile to Turkey/Greece to By 500 BCE Nile to Turkey/Greece to

AfghanistanAfghanistan Great Royal Road, 1700 milesGreat Royal Road, 1700 miles Zoroastrian – links to monotheistic religions Zoroastrian – links to monotheistic religions

(judgment day, God v. Satan set up)(judgment day, God v. Satan set up) Smaller Civs co-existedSmaller Civs co-existed

– Lydians-coined moneyLydians-coined money– Phoenicians-22-letter alphabet, naval powerPhoenicians-22-letter alphabet, naval power– Hebrews-Judaism, monotheismHebrews-Judaism, monotheism

The Classical Period Empires: India The Classical Period Empires: India & China& China

4 key empires 300 BCE-500 CE4 key empires 300 BCE-500 CE IndiaIndia

– MauryaMaurya– GuptaGupta

ChinaChina– Q’inQ’in– HanHan

Mauryan Empire 321-180 BCEMauryan Empire 321-180 BCE

Mauryan EmpireMauryan Empire

Founded by Chandragupta MauryaFounded by Chandragupta Maurya– Unified smaller Hindu kingdomsUnified smaller Hindu kingdoms

Greatest extent under Ashoka who Greatest extent under Ashoka who sponsored BUDDHISM sponsored BUDDHISM

Big time traders: silk, cotton, Big time traders: silk, cotton, elephants (much more) to the westelephants (much more) to the west

Strong militaryStrong military Ashoka’s Rock & Pillar edicts, Ashoka’s Rock & Pillar edicts,

Buddhism spreadBuddhism spread

Gupta Dynasty 320-467 CEGupta Dynasty 320-467 CE

Rise of GuptaRise of Gupta

Ashoka dies 232 BCE, Mauryan’s rapidly declineAshoka dies 232 BCE, Mauryan’s rapidly decline 400s to 600 CE, revival of empire but 400s to 600 CE, revival of empire but

REASSERTED HINDUISM as primary religionREASSERTED HINDUISM as primary religion Smaller, more decentralized: Golden Age of Smaller, more decentralized: Golden Age of

culture & learningculture & learning Arts & Sciences; pi, zeroArts & Sciences; pi, zero Hinduism resurgent – spreads to S.E. AsiaHinduism resurgent – spreads to S.E. Asia Women lost rights b/c of shift away from Women lost rights b/c of shift away from

Buddhism; child marriages common & Sati Buddhism; child marriages common & Sati (widow-burning) encouraged(widow-burning) encouraged

Collapsed 600 CE (White Huns)Collapsed 600 CE (White Huns)

Qin EmpireQin Empire

Q’in Ups in China 221-209 BCEQ’in Ups in China 221-209 BCE strong agri-econ, strong army, iron, strong agri-econ, strong army, iron,

expansion…only lasted 15 yearsexpansion…only lasted 15 years GREAT WALL…so what?GREAT WALL…so what?

– Strong centralized, brutal gov’tStrong centralized, brutal gov’t– Qin Shihuangdi emperorQin Shihuangdi emperor– Unified kingdom, standardized Unified kingdom, standardized

weights, measures, laws, written weights, measures, laws, written lang, patriarchal lang, patriarchal

– LegalismLegalism– Peasant rebellion brings down 209 Peasant rebellion brings down 209

BCEBCE

A big hand for the Han! A big hand for the Han!

Han Dynasty 200 BCE-200 CEHan Dynasty 200 BCE-200 CE Strength decreases power of pastoralists to Strength decreases power of pastoralists to

interfereinterfere Expanded into Central AsiaExpanded into Central Asia Silk Road to the MediterraneanSilk Road to the Mediterranean Buddhism spread at END of EmpireBuddhism spread at END of Empire Civil Service system, bureaucracies, resulting in Civil Service system, bureaucracies, resulting in

stable gov’t.stable gov’t. sundials, calendars, metallurgysundials, calendars, metallurgy Confucianism = awesomeConfucianism = awesome Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven Yellow Turban Rebellion of peasant at end & Yellow Turban Rebellion of peasant at end &

Wang Mang’s Reforms indicate weakness at Wang Mang’s Reforms indicate weakness at endend

Classical Civs in the MedClassical Civs in the Med

It’s Greek to me!It’s Greek to me!

Impact of Impact of geography =geography =

Trade, not Trade, not agricultureagriculture

Est. coloniesEst. colonies Governance in new Governance in new

waysways

The PolisThe Polis

City-statesCity-states UNIFED CULTURAL identity, culture in UNIFED CULTURAL identity, culture in

each but politically DISUNIFIEDeach but politically DISUNIFIED AthensAthens

– Political, commercial, cultural centerPolitical, commercial, cultural center SpartaSparta

– militaristic, equality w/o individualitymilitaristic, equality w/o individuality

HierarchyHierarchy

Citizens-adult males w/ property born in Citizens-adult males w/ property born in AthensAthens

Free people w/ no political rightsFree people w/ no political rights Non-citizens (included slaves 1/3 of the Non-citizens (included slaves 1/3 of the

Athenian pop!)Athenian pop!) All citizens expected to participate in All citizens expected to participate in

public lifepublic life Monarchy to aristocracy to democracyMonarchy to aristocracy to democracy Solon/Draco: aristocrats who worked to Solon/Draco: aristocrats who worked to

ensure fair, =, open participationensure fair, =, open participation

ReligionReligion

PolytheisticPolytheistic Had human failings: got drunk, Had human failings: got drunk,

cheated on spouses, jealous, angry, cheated on spouses, jealous, angry, took sides, etc.took sides, etc.

Greek mythology remains a large Greek mythology remains a large part of Western heritage and part of Western heritage and languagelanguage

War with PersiaWar with Persia

Persia invades Greece twice. Despite Persia invades Greece twice. Despite great odds, Greece survives. Key great odds, Greece survives. Key battles: Marathon 490 BCE (land), battles: Marathon 490 BCE (land), Salamis 480 BCE (sea)Salamis 480 BCE (sea)

Greece controls AegeanGreece controls Aegean Period of peace and prosperityPeriod of peace and prosperity

Golden Age of PericlesGolden Age of Pericles

Athenian culture excelsAthenian culture excels Democracy for all adult males Democracy for all adult males

(citizens)(citizens) Delian League-city-state allianceDelian League-city-state alliance Socrates, Plato, AristotleSocrates, Plato, Aristotle

– Truth through rational thought and Truth through rational thought and observationobservation

Math, Science, Architecture, Math, Science, Architecture, LiteratureLiterature

Super-power, super mistakeSuper-power, super mistake

Athens dominated the Delian LeagueAthens dominated the Delian League Peloponnesian War with Sparta (431 Peloponnesian War with Sparta (431

BCE)BCE) Weakened, Macedonian conquest Weakened, Macedonian conquest Philip encouraged Greek culturePhilip encouraged Greek culture Followed by son, Alexander, unified Followed by son, Alexander, unified

Greece, invaded PersiaGreece, invaded Persia

Alexander the Great?Alexander the Great?

Live fast, die young…Live fast, die young…

Alexander conquered PersiaAlexander conquered Persia Pushed to EgyptPushed to Egypt Stopped at IndiaStopped at India Empire divided into three: Empire divided into three:

– Antigonid (Greece/Macedonia)Antigonid (Greece/Macedonia)– Ptolemaic (Egypt), Ptolemaic (Egypt), – Seleucid (Bactria/Anatolia)Seleucid (Bactria/Anatolia)

Hellenistic EraHellenistic Era

Greek Culture and ideas flourished Greek Culture and ideas flourished and spreadand spread

Alexandria (Egypt) became wealthy, Alexandria (Egypt) became wealthy, center for learningcenter for learning

After death (323 BCE), empire After death (323 BCE), empire crumbledcrumbled

Macedonian focus on the east and Macedonian focus on the east and Egypt left the door open for…Egypt left the door open for…

The Romans: 509 BCE-476 CEThe Romans: 509 BCE-476 CE

RomeRome

Good Geographic positionGood Geographic position– Protected by mtns in northProtected by mtns in north– PeninsulaPeninsula– Cross-roads in the Mediterranean Cross-roads in the Mediterranean

Polytheistic, borrowed many Greek Polytheistic, borrowed many Greek gods, mythology still evident in Westgods, mythology still evident in West

Social-Political StructureSocial-Political Structure PatriciansPatricians

– Senate, AssemblySenate, Assembly PlebiansPlebians

– Non-aristocratsNon-aristocrats Representative (as opposed to Direct in Representative (as opposed to Direct in

Greece)Greece) 12 Tables = importance of Laws (innocent 12 Tables = importance of Laws (innocent

until proven guilty)until proven guilty) Patriarchal/PaterfamiliasPatriarchal/Paterfamilias Women influential in family, own property, Women influential in family, own property,

still considered inferiorstill considered inferior Slaves (up to 1/3) city better than countrySlaves (up to 1/3) city better than country

Military DominationMilitary Domination

All Directions, all the timeAll Directions, all the time Punic Wars 264-146 BCEPunic Wars 264-146 BCE Gained control of W. MedGained control of W. Med Defeated MacedoniansDefeated Macedonians GaulGaul SpainSpain Road net, navy, aqueductsRoad net, navy, aqueducts Cultural diffusionCultural diffusion

Republic, no - Imperialism, yesRepublic, no - Imperialism, yes

Increased slavery, displaced plebians, Increased slavery, displaced plebians, inflation= social unrestinflation= social unrest

Senate weakened, Triumvirate, Caesar, Senate weakened, Triumvirate, Caesar, Pompey, Crassus = Civil WarPompey, Crassus = Civil War

Caesar assassinated 44 BCECaesar assassinated 44 BCE 22ndnd Triumvirate, civil war Triumvirate, civil war Octavian, I have a baby attached to my Octavian, I have a baby attached to my

Leg Augustus = Caesar (emperor)Leg Augustus = Caesar (emperor) Imperial RomeImperial Rome Pax RomanaPax Romana

Pax RomanaPax Romana

Peace and ProsperityPeace and Prosperity

Rome, capital of western worldRome, capital of western world Military expansionMilitary expansion Rule of law, common coinage. Civil Rule of law, common coinage. Civil

service, secure travel for merchantsservice, secure travel for merchants 200 years of stability200 years of stability Uniform laws, but traditional cultures Uniform laws, but traditional cultures

in territories survived ie Egyptians, in territories survived ie Egyptians, HebrewsHebrews

Growth of arts and sciencesGrowth of arts and sciences

A New ReligionA New Religion

Christianity competes with Christianity competes with polytheismpolytheism

Christians persecutedChristians persecuted Conversion of Constantine ended Conversion of Constantine ended

persecution 312 CEpersecution 312 CE Edict of Milan-Christianity official Edict of Milan-Christianity official

religion of Romereligion of Rome

““What goes up…”What goes up…”

Empires fallEmpires fall Late Classical Period 200-600 CELate Classical Period 200-600 CE Steppe People on the move, Steppe People on the move,

dominoes falldominoes fall Han, Gupta, Roman Empires fallHan, Gupta, Roman Empires fall

Collapse of the HanCollapse of the Han

SocialSocial– Rising tensions between rich and poorRising tensions between rich and poor– Poorly conceived land reform programPoorly conceived land reform program– FamineFamine– YELLOW TURBAN REVOLTYELLOW TURBAN REVOLT– Han Dynasty briefly restored, full Han Dynasty briefly restored, full

recovery impossible, collapse in 220 CErecovery impossible, collapse in 220 CE– 400 years of regional kingdoms400 years of regional kingdoms

Collapse of the GuptaCollapse of the Gupta

Huns 24/7Huns 24/7 Gupta able to hold off for a while, at Gupta able to hold off for a while, at

great costgreat cost Hun kingdoms emerged in western Hun kingdoms emerged in western

& northern India& northern India Culture survived, Hinduism, caste Culture survived, Hinduism, caste

system, Gupta Empire did notsystem, Gupta Empire did not

““Western Rome, you are the Western Rome, you are the weakest link, good-bye”weakest link, good-bye”

284 CE, Diocletian 284 CE, Diocletian splits W-E Empiresplits W-E Empire

CollapseCollapse

No singular reasonNo singular reason Rome sacked 410 CE, 476 CERome sacked 410 CE, 476 CE Internal decayInternal decay

– Weak or bad leadersWeak or bad leaders– Expense of empireExpense of empire– EpidemicsEpidemics

External pressuresExternal pressures– Huns, VisigothsHuns, Visigoths– Sheer sizeSheer size

Cultural Diffusion via the Silk RoadCultural Diffusion via the Silk Road

Ideas, Culture, InventionIdeas, Culture, Invention

Trade routes brought various peoples in Trade routes brought various peoples in contactcontact

Pastoralists provided protection, services, Pastoralists provided protection, services, suppliessupplies

Disease and armies also traveled the Disease and armies also traveled the routes, plague, small pox, Mongolsroutes, plague, small pox, Mongols

Religion-Buddhism to China, SE AsiaReligion-Buddhism to China, SE Asia Christianity through Med, Europe, BritainChristianity through Med, Europe, Britain Peoples: Huns to India, Germanic Tribes to Peoples: Huns to India, Germanic Tribes to

EuropeEurope

Religion: to 600 CEReligion: to 600 CE

Belief Systems through 600 CEBelief Systems through 600 CE

PolytheismPolytheism ConfucianismConfucianism DaoismDaoism LegalismLegalism HinduismHinduism BuddhismBuddhism JudaismJudaism ChristianityChristianity

CommonalitiesCommonalities

Schisms-Divisions resulting in Schisms-Divisions resulting in subgroups, sectssubgroups, sects

Spread through tradeSpread through trade Buddhism & Christianity = Universal Buddhism & Christianity = Universal

religions (all could join)religions (all could join) Women rose in Buddhism & Women rose in Buddhism &

ChristianityChristianity

ConfucianismConfucianism

Political-social philosophy, not as Political-social philosophy, not as religion-y as most. (just expects you religion-y as most. (just expects you to honor the gods, ancestors, etc)to honor the gods, ancestors, etc)

Moral, ethical, also practicalMoral, ethical, also practical How to restore political-social order?How to restore political-social order? = ethical behavior of the “superior = ethical behavior of the “superior

man” who leads societyman” who leads society Hierarchical – everyone know their Hierarchical – everyone know their

placeplace

ConfucianismConfucianism

Right relationships = right societyRight relationships = right societyPut aside personal ambition for Put aside personal ambition for

good of stategood of stateRen-Ren-humanity,humanity, benevolence, kindnessbenevolence, kindness Xiao-Xiao-filial piety, family obligation, filial piety, family obligation,

extendedextended Lead by good exampleLead by good example Women, 2nd statusWomen, 2nd status

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

An ethical, social, political belief An ethical, social, political belief system – not so much religioussystem – not so much religious

Embraced by leaders as well, Embraced by leaders as well, ordered society, tight families, ordered society, tight families, community harmonycommunity harmony

Culturally specific; only works in Culturally specific; only works in context of Asian culturecontext of Asian culture

Daoism-TaoismDaoism-Taoism

China 500 BCE onwardChina 500 BCE onward ““The Way” (of nature/cosmos)The Way” (of nature/cosmos) Lao-tzu, philosopherLao-tzu, philosopher Eternal principles, passive, yieldingEternal principles, passive, yielding

– Like water, yet strong, shapingLike water, yet strong, shaping– Opening of a pot, nothing, yet not a pot Opening of a pot, nothing, yet not a pot

without itwithout it Wu wei- Wu wei- going with the flow, going with the flow,

harmony with natureharmony with nature

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

Counter to Confucian activismCounter to Confucian activism Emphasis on harmony w/ nature: Emphasis on harmony w/ nature:

Daoists focused on astronomy, Daoists focused on astronomy, botany, chemistrybotany, chemistry

Contrast: Confucianism-DaoismContrast: Confucianism-Daoism

Shared belief in spirits of the deadShared belief in spirits of the dead ConfucianismConfucianism

– creating orderly societycreating orderly society– active relationships, active gov’tactive relationships, active gov’t– To guide relationshipsTo guide relationships

DaoismDaoism– harmony with nature, internal peaceharmony with nature, internal peace– Simple, passive lifeSimple, passive life– Little gov’t interferenceLittle gov’t interference– To guide individual in meditationTo guide individual in meditation

LegalsimLegalsim

The Q’in DynastyThe Q’in Dynasty Peace & order through centralized, Peace & order through centralized,

tightly controlled statetightly controlled state Mistrust of human nature; reliance on Mistrust of human nature; reliance on

tough lawstough laws Focus on things the practical and Focus on things the practical and

sustainers of societysustainers of society 2 most worthy jobs: farmer, soldier2 most worthy jobs: farmer, soldier

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

Accomplished swift reunification of Accomplished swift reunification of ChinaChina

Big, centralized projects like the Big, centralized projects like the Great WallGreat Wall

Caused widespread resentment Caused widespread resentment among common people, led to wider among common people, led to wider acceptance of Confucianism-Daoismacceptance of Confucianism-Daoism

Contrast: Confucianism-LegalismContrast: Confucianism-Legalism

Social belief systems, not religionsSocial belief systems, not religions Intended to create orderly societyIntended to create orderly society Confucianism-fundamental goodnessConfucianism-fundamental goodness

– responsibilitiesresponsibilities Legalism-fundamental evilLegalism-fundamental evil

– punishmentspunishments

HinduismHinduism

Aryans, and empires of Indian Aryans, and empires of Indian subcontinentsubcontinent

Brahma-supreme forceBrahma-supreme force– Gods are manifestations of BrahmaGods are manifestations of Brahma

Vishnu-preserverVishnu-preserver Shiva-destroyerShiva-destroyer

ReincarnationReincarnation– DharmaDharma: rules and obligations: rules and obligations– KarmaKarma: fate based on how dharma was met: fate based on how dharma was met– Moshka:Moshka: highest state of being, release of soul highest state of being, release of soul

The Big Deal?The Big Deal?

Religion as well as social systemReligion as well as social system Caste system, accept lot in life, next Caste system, accept lot in life, next

one will be better (if dharma met)one will be better (if dharma met) Close relationship w/Indian culture, Close relationship w/Indian culture,

caste system has limited its spreadcaste system has limited its spread Treatment of animals = Treatment of animals = Hinduism spawns BuddhismHinduism spawns Buddhism

BuddhismBuddhism

India, China, SE AsiaIndia, China, SE Asia Hindu prince, Siddartha GautamaHindu prince, Siddartha Gautama Nepal 563-483 BCENepal 563-483 BCE Search for meaning of human Search for meaning of human

sufferingsuffering Buddha = enlightened oneBuddha = enlightened one No supreme beingNo supreme being

Buddhism: 4 Noble TruthsBuddhism: 4 Noble Truths

Four noble truthsFour noble truths– All Life is sufferingAll Life is suffering– Suffering caused by desireSuffering caused by desire– One can be freed of desireOne can be freed of desire– Freed by following Eightfold pathFreed by following Eightfold path

Buddhism: Eightfold PathBuddhism: Eightfold Path Eightfold PathEightfold Path

– Right viewsRight views– Right aspirationsRight aspirations– Right speechRight speech– Right conductRight conduct– Right livelihoodRight livelihood– Right endeavorRight endeavor– Right mindfulnessRight mindfulness– Right meditationRight meditation

Following the pathFollowing the path– Leads to nirvanaLeads to nirvana– State of perfect peace State of perfect peace

& harmony& harmony– May take several May take several

lifetimeslifetimes 2 forms2 forms

– Theraveda: Buddha not a Theraveda: Buddha not a god lots of monksgod lots of monks

– Mahayana: more ritual, Mahayana: more ritual, reliance on priests. reliance on priests. Buddha a diety, Buddha a diety, bodhisattvas, nirvana bodhisattvas, nirvana “helpers”“helpers”

The Big Deal?The Big Deal? Did not recognize castesDid not recognize castes Appealed to lower classes (duh!)Appealed to lower classes (duh!) Not attached to social structure, spread Not attached to social structure, spread

rapidly to other culturesrapidly to other cultures Ashoka adopted, thrivedAshoka adopted, thrived Eventually reabsorbed into HinduismEventually reabsorbed into Hinduism Thrived in China, Japan, SE AsiaThrived in China, Japan, SE Asia Force of cultural diffusion via trade, Force of cultural diffusion via trade,

missionaries; SYNCRETISMmissionaries; SYNCRETISM Comparable to Christianity in saints, Comparable to Christianity in saints,

missionaries, role of womenmissionaries, role of women

JudaismJudaism The HebrewsThe Hebrews Chosen by God, special statusChosen by God, special status Personal relationship with GodPersonal relationship with God Afterlife, tradition, doctrines, philosophy, Afterlife, tradition, doctrines, philosophy,

personal salvationpersonal salvation To honor, serve God, promote prophets, To honor, serve God, promote prophets,

maintain cultural identitymaintain cultural identity A religion & cultureA religion & culture The First Monotheistic Belief System:The First Monotheistic Belief System:

– ChristianityChristianity– IslamIslam

Compare: Confucianism, Hinduism, Compare: Confucianism, Hinduism, JudaismJudaism

Seem very differentSeem very different– Confucianism, not a religionConfucianism, not a religion– Hinduism, polytheisticHinduism, polytheistic– Judaism, monotheisticJudaism, monotheistic

All tied to the culture where the All tied to the culture where the came from, not evangelical, came from, not evangelical, converting othersconverting others

ChristianityChristianity Splinter group of Jews, quickly spread Splinter group of Jews, quickly spread

throughout Roman Empirethroughout Roman Empire Jesus, son of God, Messiah of Jewish Jesus, son of God, Messiah of Jewish

prophecyprophecy Devotion to God, love of fellow manDevotion to God, love of fellow man Jesus sent to redeem man from sinJesus sent to redeem man from sin Salvation by faith in divinity, death, Salvation by faith in divinity, death,

and resurrection of Jesus.and resurrection of Jesus. Crucified by Jewish leaders and Crucified by Jewish leaders and

Roman gov’t 30 CERoman gov’t 30 CE

The Big DealThe Big Deal

Emphasis on compassion, better life after Emphasis on compassion, better life after death; appealed to lower classes, womendeath; appealed to lower classes, women

By 300 CE, most influential in Med. RegionBy 300 CE, most influential in Med. Region Spread north and west throughout Europe Spread north and west throughout Europe

and into Central Asia & Ethiopiaand into Central Asia & Ethiopia Similar to Buddhism in many waysSimilar to Buddhism in many ways

Foundations: 3 ThemesFoundations: 3 Themes CivilizationsCivilizations

– Patterns, developmentsPatterns, developments– Rise-fall of empires: why? consequences?Rise-fall of empires: why? consequences?

Sources of ChangeSources of Change– TradeTrade– ConquestConquest– Invention, innovation, adaptation; iron, wheelInvention, innovation, adaptation; iron, wheel

Man vs. NatureMan vs. Nature– Interaction? Role of geography? Attempts to Interaction? Role of geography? Attempts to

measure/control?measure/control?– Change from survival (physical needs) to Change from survival (physical needs) to

internal peace (spiritual needs)internal peace (spiritual needs)