vol 1 - water,air and soil pollution.(2010)

8/7/2019 Vol 1 - Water,Air and Soil Pollution.(2010)

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Continental J. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 1: 1 - 5, 2010

Wilolud Journals, 2010 http://www.wiloludjournal.com

SEASONAL VARIATION IN DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND ORGANIC POLLUTION INLDICATORS OF

LAKE CHAD BASIN AREA OF BORNO STATE, NIGERIA

1Kolo, B.G;

1Ogugbuaja V.O, and

2Dauda, M

1Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria and

2Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri.

ABSTRACT

Surface water and sediment samples from six (6) sampling stations of Lake Chad were

monitored for seasonal variations in Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and some organic pollution

indicators (BOD, COD and TOC). Sampling points were on the basis of human and aquatic

activities around the lake. Determinations were conducted on-sites with Jenway portable

meters for DO; while Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand

(COD) were determined by standard methods, respectively. Results show variations in values

with season with DO value ranging between (5.70+0.29 6.66+0.30) with Baga wet season

having highest DO (6.66+0.30mg/l) and low BOD value of 3.20+0.21. The BOD was higherduring the wet season than the dry season. In conclusion, the results of the pollution indicators

obtained in this study area show that Lake Chad is less polluted and could support aquatic

process. However, further monitoring is needed to evaluate the extent of pollution in terms of

toxic heavy metals, pesticides, and biological activities.

KEYWORDS: Surface water, Aqueous sediment, Dissolved oxygen, Season pollution

indicators, Lake Chad, Borno.

INTRODUCTIONOrganic pollution indication study is an important way of ascertaining the level of pollution of a given river, lake or

pond. The measurement of dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen

Demand (COD) could indicate the level of pollution of a given stream or river (Manahan, 2005). Lake Chad has a

water surface area exposure, fluctuating in size between 25, 000 and 15,000 Km2

and up to 2,000 Km2

during severe

drought. This corresponds to a water volume of 20 100 x 109

m3. The average water depth is 2 m, with depth of as

much as 7 m in the northern part of the basin and 11 12 m in the southern part (SATTEC, 1992). The highest water

level of the Lake in recent times is 283 m above msl (Durand, 1995) while during the Sahel drought its level is as

low as 277 m msl. The Lakes highest water level is attained between Nov. and Jan. within a year. Thereafter,

evaporation exceeds river inflow and the Lake level gradually declines until July. The water level is completely

dependent on the amount of inflow from the Chari and Lagoon Rivers, as the effect of evaporation can beconsidered as relatively constant. 90 95% of the Lakes inflow (41 x 10

9m

3/year) is derived from these two rivers.

The Nigerian sector of the Chad basin falls within the Sahel belt of Africa characterized by low rainfall (~ 500 mm

a-1

) and high evapotranspiration (> 2000 mm a-1

). Perennial water source is from groundwater, although rivers and

streams supplement seasonally. This region has experienced climatic variability recorded in different natural

archives, from the late Pleistocene to the present day. This has significantly affected the landforms and soils, surface


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Kolo, B.G et al.,: Continental J. Applied Sciences 1: 1 - 5, 2010

that the matrix conditions in the unsaturated zone, sometimes very subtle ones that are not immediately obvious

from the samples taken, have a profound influence on detailed soil water movement.

The Chad Formation, the youngest stratigraphic sequence in the basin, which slopes gently east and northeast

towards Lake Chad, underlies the Nigerian sector of the Chad basin. This Formation is overlain by superficial

Lacustrine, Fluvial and Aeolian deposits, which break the featureless plain of the area. These superficial deposits

create lacustrine clay flats locally known as firki at the eastern part and in the interdunal swells, fluvial sands andgravel along river channels, and active and stabilized sand dunes in the northern part.

The present climatic regime in this area is simple, consisting of a long dry season (October to May) and a shorter rainy

season (June to September), which are related to seasonal winds. During the winter months the cool, dry, dust-laden

harmattam blows from the Sahara in the north, bringing low humidity, cool nights and warm days. In the summer

months, moisture-laden winds blows from the Gulf of Guinea in the south, bringing higher humidity, rains, and more

uniform diurnal temperature. The monsoon advances from the south so that the rains start earlier, are heavier and last

longer southwards, although in general there is high spatial and temporal variability over the entire area. The present day

rainfall at the Maiduguri station for the 2001 season is 670 mm, very much similar to the long-term average and thussome 20% higher than the average for the Sahel drought period. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the seasonal

variations in some critical pollution indicators of the lake with a view to drawing a baseline data necessary for effective

monitoring of the region.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sample and sampling

A total of 4 samples were collected monthly from each of the six different sampling points to constitute

representative samples of a particular region. Pre-cleaned plastic containers were first rinsed with the water sample

before final collection. For all the samples collected, the containers were dipped well below the surface of the waterand allowed to over flow for sometime before they were covered and labeled appropriately.

Sample Preparation and Analysis

100cm3

of the water sample were transferred into a beaker and 5cm3

of aqua regia (HNO3: HCI, in the ratio of 3:1)

were added. The beaker with its content was placed on a hot plate and evaporated in a fume chamber. The beaker

was cooled and another 5cm3

of aqua regia were added again. This time, the beaker was covered with a watch glass

and returned to the hot plate. The heating was continued and a small amount of aqua regia was added intermittently

in order to complete the digestion. Another 5cm3

of aqua regia were added, the beaker was warmed slightly so as to

dissolve the residue (Skoog and West, 1975; Radojeric and Baskin, 1999). Procedure was performed for every water

sample analysed.

DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO) IN WATER SAMPLE

200cm3

of water sample was collected unto a beaker and a probe of the DO meter was inserted. The DO meter was

switched ON and DO value (mg/l) was recorded after 2 minutes of automated value adjustment.

DETERMINATION OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) IN WATER SAMPLE


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DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) IN WATER SAMPLE

20cm3

of sample, 0.4g HgSO4, and 2mg of sulphanilic acid, 10 cm3

of standard K2Cr2O7 solution and several dry

glass beads were transferred into a reflux flask. With gentle swirling, 30cm3

of Ag2SO4/H2SO4 solution were added.

The content of the flask was thoroughly mixed and refluxed for two hours. The refluxed samples were cooled and

diluted to 150cm3

with distilled water. This volume was transferred to a conical flask and 2 drops of ferroin

indicator were added and titrated against standard ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) solution until a color change

from blue to reddish brown was observed. The volume of standard FAS used was recorded as V s (cm3). The sameprocedure was repeated for the rest of the sample. (Ademoroti, 1996).

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC) IN SEDIMENT SAMPLE

The different sediment samples were dried to a constant weight in an oven. The samples were ground to fine powder

in mortar and sieved through a 0.24mm sieve. 0.3g of the sample was weighed into 500cm3

conical flask. 10cm3

of

0.5M K2 Cr2 O7 were added and the suspension was swirled gently. 20cm3

of conc. H2SO4 added into the

suspension. The mixture was swirled immediately and allowed to stand for 30 minutes. Then 200cm3

of distilled

water were added into the content of the flask followed by 10cm3

of conc. H3PO4 cautiously. This was cooled and 3

drops of ferroin indicator solution were added. This reagent was titrated against standard (0.25M) FAS solution towine-red colour end-point. The standard FAS titre values were recorded as Vs cm

3.

A blank determination using the above procedure was carried out but without the sample sediment. The FAS titre

value for blank titration was recorded as Vbcm3. The total organic carbon of the sediment sample (TOC) were

obtained using the following expression, (Ademoroti, 1996)

% Total organic carbon =sample(g)ofweight

KM)V(V sb

Where,

Vb = cm3 FAS used for blank

Vs = cm3FAS used for sample

M = Molarity of FAS

K = 1.38

RESULTS

Fig. 1 represents a plot of DO against temperature ( C) with concentration coefficient (r=0.61) Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6,

respectively showed the plots of DO against BOD5; COD against BOD5; BOD5 against TOC; COD against TOCand DO against TDS. The lowest concentration coefficient was recorded in Fig. 3 with a value of r=0.70.

10


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Fig. 3: Scatterplot of COD and BOD5 of Lake Chad Basin (2004)

r = 0.55

120.0

130.0

140.0

150.0

160.0

170.0

180.0

190.0

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

BOD5, mg/l

C

O

D

,m

g/L

Fig. 3: Scatterplot of COD and BOD5 of Lake Chad Basin (2004)

r = 0.55

120.0

130.0

140.0

150.0

160.0

170.0

180.0

190.0

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

BOD5, mg/l

C

OD,m

g/L

Fig. 4: Scatterplot of BOD5 and TOC of Lake Chad Basin (2004)

r = 0.70

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

TOC, ug/g

BOD5,m

g/L

Fig. 5: Scatterplot of COD and TOC profile of Lake Chad Basin (2004)

r = 0.50

120.0

125.0

130.0

135.0

140.0

145.0

150.0

155.0

160.0

165.0

170.0

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

TOC, ug/g

C

O

D

,m

g/L

DISCUSSION


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oxygen in the water, which consequently pollutes the water for domestic and household use. Low DO concentration

hinders lives of aquatic insects and other smaller animals, which feed on and may lead to depletion of fish in such

region. DO is important in protecting the aesthetic qualities of water. Water bodies required simple DO to avoid

onset of conditions that results in release of foul smelling, odor (Symonds, et al 1981).

In conclusion, From above, the level of pollution of the sample area is low and water is chemically suitable to

support aquatic and agricultural activities.

REFERENCES

Adermoroti, C. M. A. (1996) Standard methods for water and effluent Analysis. 1st edition, Foludex Press Ltd.

Ibadan; Nigeria. Pp. 38 84.

Durand, A. (1995).Quaternary sediments and climates in the central sahel. African geosciences review, 2: pp323-

614.

Edmunds, W. M., Fellman, E., Goni, I. B., McNeil, G., and Harkness, D. D. (1988). Groundwater palaeoclimate and

palaeocharge in SW Chad basin, Borno state, Nigeria . In: Isotope technique in the study of past and currentenvironmental changes in the hydrosphere and the atmosphere, IAEA, Vienna, pp. 693-707.

Hammer, J.M. (1997) Water Quality, Pollution Waste and Water Technology 2nd Edition John Wiley & Sons New

York PP 143-168

Manahan, S. E. (1992): Toxicological Chemistry 2nd

edition Lewis Publishing, U. S. A., pp 50 55

Radojeric, M and Baskin, V. N. (1999). Practical Environmental Analysis, Royal Society of Chemistry,

Cambridge, UK; pp 140 150.

SATTEC, 1992. Hydrogeological Mapping of Nigeria sheets 4,5,14,15,16,26,27&28. Final report prepared for

Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nigeria.

Skoog, D. A. and West, D. M. (1975) Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry. 2nd

Edition, Holt Richard and

Winston Inc. New York. Pp 112 26.

Received for Publication: 02/09/10

Accepted for Publication: 28/09/10

Corresponding author

Kolo, B.G

Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria


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HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN A TROPICAL LAGOON CHILIKA LAKE, ORISSA, INDIA

1Sagarika Nayak,

2Gayatri Nahak,

3Debyani Samantray and

2Rajani Kanta Sahu

1Kalinga Institute of Social Science, K.I.T. Campus, Bhubaneswar, Orissa,

2Botany Department, B.J.B. (A) College,

Bhubaneswar, Orissa,3Bioinformatics Department, B.J.B. (A) College, Bhubaneswar, Orissa

ABSTRACT

Chilika lake, the largest costal lagoon of Asia is one of the most dynamic ecosystems along the

Indian coast. The lagoon has undergone a considerable reduction in surface area due to input

from natural process and human activities. The purpose of this investigation is to document the

heavy metal concentration in sediment, surface water and possible entry to food chain.

Concentration of all elements increase in the sediments in comparison to surface water. Metal

ions are in the following order Mn> Mg> Ni> Cu>Zn> Cu> Pb> Cr. In the sediments heavy

metals like Pb, Cd, Mn, Ni, Zn, Co are present in surface water and Mg was below detection

limits. Metal concentrations in the sediment indicate an increase in the pollution load due tomovement of fertilizers, agricultural water, prawn cultivation and Motor Boat operations. An

immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required in order to protect the lake from

further pollution.

KEYWORDS: Physico-chemical parameters, Heavy metal, Sediment, Chilika Lake.

INTRODUCTION

As the human population increased exponentially the supply of water became scarce and limited because all human

activities impair the natural quality of water. Human activities often change them so completely that they become of

minimal use or unusable (Fig-3,5). They are perturbed not because they are used for some specific purpose, but

rather because they serve as the sinks for by-products such as waste and waste water and other types of contaminants

of various activities of human society (Clapham, 1981). The discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated

domestic or industrial wastewater is one of the most important causes of pollution of these water bodies. The

worlds lakes are in crisis to day, because of increasing pressure caused by population growth, accelerated

eutrophication, invasive species, over fishing, toxic contamination and climate change. All these factors seriously

undermine the sustainability of many lake ecosystems both in the developing and developed countries.

Location of Chilika Lake

Chilika, the largest brackish water lake in Asia is situated between 19028' and 19054' N latitude and 85005' and85

038' E, longitude along the east coast of India. It extends from the South-west corner of Puri and Khurda district

to the adjoining Ganjam district. It is pear shaped and broader in North-East and tappers down towards South-West.

General Description of Lake Environment

Geographically the lagoon is separated from the Bay of Bengal by a 60 KM long sandy barrier with an average

width of 150mts (Venkatratnam, 1970) in the Eastern side and rocky hills of Eastern Ghats in the Western and


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Sagarika Nayaket al.,: Continental J. Applied Sciences 1: 6 - 12, 2010

Barakuda, Chadeihaga, Honeymoon and Nalabana. Krishnaprasad is a bigger island having human settlement and

cultivable lands. The other Islands namely Barunikuda, Malatikuda, Badakuda, Sanakuda are covered with sand

dunes without any settlement. The lake is fed with fresh water by the distributaries of the river Mahanadi, namely

Daya, Bhargavi and Nuna opening into its northern most region and many rivulets and local stream merging with

lake on western region. The lake is connected with Rushikulya river estuary through a man made Palur Canal or

French Canal. The amount of fresh water entering the lake has been estimated as 3,75,000 cusec bringing about 13

million tones of suspended sediments (Mohanty 1988). It has been established that about one million tones of sandsmoves along with the east coast of India per year in a northernly direction during south west monsoon periods. The

net literal drift along the Chilika shore being northwards, the Chilika mouth shifts northeasternly. Survey of India

report (1929-30) shows existence of three mouths, two to the north and one to the south of Arakhakuda. Locations

of inlets relative to village Arakhakuda are 1914- 6km NE, 1965- 8km NE, 1986- 4km NE, 1991- 5km NE. As a

consequence of the repeated changes in location of mouth, the topography of the lake has altered ultimately

affecting on the water quality and biota of the lake system. For all practical purposes the lake is divided into four

sectors; the Southern Sector, Central Sector, Northern Sector and Outer Channel Area. Jhighran and Natarajan

(1979) divided the Central zone as central-I & II on the basis of capturing fisheries. This lake plays an important

role in the social, economic, political and cultural activities of the people living around it. The fisher folk more thanone lakh from 122 villages in and around the lake primarily depend on fisheries of the lake (Fig-2). The State

Government collects a revenue of about 10 cores of rupees annually from this lake. The lake is well known of the

rich prawn fisheries, which are the main sources of dollar earning item in Orissa. The lake is known all over the

world for its residents and migratory birds (Fig-5) (more than 20 lakhs) comprising of 165 species. The rich Flora

and Fauna, scenic beauty and the famous "Kalijai" temple attract people from all walks of life (Fig-3). Thus Chilika

is considered as one of the Ramsarsite wetland and unique pride of India.

An enormous increase in pollution due to discharge of effluents from industrial units into rivers and lakes is a matter

of great concern in developing countries. Both the developed and developing countries are suffering from different

forms of water pollution. Developed countries which have water pollution problem due to industrial proliferation

and modernized agricultural technologies are now on the way of combating the problems through improved waste

water treatment technique. But developing countries with lack of technical known how, weak implementation of

environmental policies and with limited financial resources is still facing problems. In India different lakes receives

a heavy flux of sewage, industrial effluent, domestic and agricultural wastes (Galloway, 1979 and Gross, 1978)

which consists of varying hazardous chemicals and causing deleterious effects on fish and other aquatic

organisms(Helz, 1976). In addition fishing (Fig-4) and recreational activities in lakes also pollute its water. Coastal

lagoons receive a variety of pollutants from land drainage. Information on the distribution of heavy metals in coastal

lagoon water is essential to assess the accumulation levels in the organism and their possible transfer to food chain,

which governs the fishery potential. The primary sources of heavy metal pollutions in coastal lagoon are input fromrivers, sediments and atmosphere. They may be removed by biological uptake, separation into sedimentary particles

both organic and inorganic and flushing with ocean water (Kremling and Hydes, 1988).

Measurements of metal in aquatic environments are an important monitoring tool to assess the degree of pollution of

the aquatic biotopes (Kumar and Mahadeven, 1995). In aquatic environment metals can be termed as conservative

pollutant, which are added to the environment and persist forever without being broken down to harmless substances


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homogenous sample. The processed samples were digested and analyzed in AAS, (APHA, 1995). Following

Vogels Quantities analysis method.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Observations on physico-chemical parameters during the study period are presented in Table-1. The temperature of

the lake varied with seasons. The pH of water is alkaline. Dissolved oxygen (DO) of the water varied with

temperature, illumination and different photosynthetic activity of the producers. Parameters viz. conductivity totalalkalinity, total hardness, ionic concentration of calcium, magnesium sulfate, silica, iron, sodium and potassium did

not vary much suggesting the significant influx of organic and inorganic matters from outside. The concentrations of

major parameter related to pollution like BOD, COD, Nitrates, Phosphate varied with seasons and were with

standards prescribed.

The survey of heavy metal content in the water and sediments is of great concern because of its high potential

toxicity to the various biological forms. The results of heavy metal analysis of both sediment and water are given in

Tables-2 & 3. Metal ions and their complex exhibit a wide of the toxicity to the organism that ranges from sub lethal

to lethal depending upon the time of exposure and the prevailing conditions in the ambient water (Goel, 1997).Some metal such as Cu, Zn and Fe are essential for biological system while Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, As & Hg are highly

toxic even in low concentration.

Copper is widely distributed and in an essential metal required by all living organizer in some of these, enzyme

systems, but at higher connection it works essentially as pollution. In Chilika lake connection of copper showed

wide variation running 18 ppm to 90ppm. High Cu content in noticed in western region of northern sector and low to

concentration in observed in the outer channel. In all sediments samples copper contact in above desirable limit in

water samples Cu content range from 0.05 mg/1 to 0.29 mg/1 Although Cu content is below desirable limit. Lake

water never used for drinking purpose. The concentration of manganese ranged from 198 ppm to 590 ppm. The

sediments of northern sector close to river mouth and in the central portion of the northern sector contained higher

concentration of Mn. The outer channel is poor in Mn content than main body of the lake. The value of Zn and Cr

ranges from0.185 to 8.21 and 0.01 to 1.41 in surface water and 28-63 (Zn), 10-73 (Cr) in segments. Zn is an

essential metal where as chromium is due to a chlor alkali industries and fishing processing units in the shore of

Chilika lake. Lead is highly toxic metal and its concentration in natural water and sediment (Table-2 and 3). Increase

mainly through pesticide run off from the nearby agricultural lands as well as prawn cultivation areas the varying

quantity of lead is mainly responsible for the higher concentration of lead which at exceeds maximum permissible

limit (2-4 ppm presented by WHO (1984) higher concentration of lead in drinking water causes disruption of

hemoglobin synthesis, enzymes, damage to nervous system, kidney and brain (Walker, 1975). The maximum

allowable concentration of nickel in drinking water is not fixed either by W.H.O., 1971 or by ICMR. But therecommended maximum concentration of nickel in irrigation water (Kannan, 1991) fixed tobe 0.5mg/l it was found

that all the samples from sediment and water contained nickel much above the permissible level.

The maximum allowable concentration and the permissible concentration of cobalt in drinking water are not fixed

yet. The mean values of cobalt in sediment and water are given in Table-2 and 3. Mercury has been observed in the

sediments of lake Chilika at a range of 89 -228 ppm (Table-2). Mercury shows a homogenous distribution but in the


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however the surface water levels of metals are within the limit. As heavy metals are not decomposed biologically,

they may exist in the lake for a long time and may live to long term health related problems by enter into food chain.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Authors are thankful to Kalinga Institute of Social Science, K.I.T. Campous, Bhubaneswar, Orissa for providing

necessary facilities. We are also thankful to Sabitri Nahak for typing the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Annandale, N. (ed). (1915-1924). The fauna of Chilika lake. Mem. Ind. Mus. 5(1-13):1-1003.

APHA (American Public Health Association). (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and

wastewater.19th

edition, American public health Association and water pollution control federation, Washington DC.

P.1134.

Boyle, J.E., Mackay, A., W. Rose, N.L. Flower, R.J and Applety, P.G. 1998. Sediment heavy metal record in lake

Baikal: Natural and anthropogenic sources Journal of Paleolimnology 20: 135-150.

Clapham, A.K., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. (1981). Excursiion flora of the British Isles (3rd

edn) Cambridge:

University Press.

Galloway, J.N. (1979). Alteration of trace metal geochemical cycles due to the marine discharge of waste water

geochemical cosmochemical. Acta. 43:207-218

Goel, P.K. (1997). Water pollution causes, effects and control, new age int. pub. New Delhi. pp. 97-115.

Gross, M.G. (1978). Effects of waste disposal operation in estuaries and the Coastal Ocean. Annual Review For

Earth And Planetary Sciences 6:127-143

Helz, G.R. (1976). Trace element inventory for the northern Chesapeake Bay with emphasis on the influence of

man. Geochmical Cosmochimica, Acta, 40:573-580.

Jhingran, U.G. and Natarajan A.V. (1973). Fishing resources of the Chilika lake and its bearing of fisheries in

adjancent areas of Bay of Bengal. Proc. Symp. Living. Resources of the seas around India. Spl. Pub. CMFRI: 365-

372.

Kannan, K. (1991). Fundamental of environmental pollution. S.chand and Co.ltd., New Delhi.

Kremling, K. and Hydes, D. (1988). summer distribution of dissolved Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn and Ni in surface around

British isles, Continental Shelf Research. 8: 89-105.

Kumar, V. and Mahadean, A. (1995). Heavy metal pollution at Tuticoin Coast. Pollution Reaserch. 14: 227-232.


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W.H.O. (1971). International standards for drinking water. World health organization Geneva.

W.H.O., (1984). Guidelines for drinking water quality. WHO Geneva, 1984 vol.182 Recommended W.H.O.,

Geneva.

Fig 1: Chilika Map Fig: 2 Fishing

Fig3: Tourist using motor boat Fig 4: Fishing using boat


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Table-1: Physico-Chemical Parameters of Chilika Lake Water During Post- Monsoon Season

Stations

Parameters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Temperature(0C) 28.0 27.3 28.8 29.2 29.0 28.9 29.1 28.6 29.0 29.2

Transparntarency

(cm)

92.0 52.0 42.0 90.0 88.0 92.0 92.0 78.0 73.8 27.0

Depth (cm) 218.0 225.0 178.0 132.0 112.0 123.0 133.0 135.0 140.0 80.0

(pH) 08.0 08.1 08.9 08.0 08.6 08.6 08.5 08.5 09.0 09.0

Total alkalinity

(mg/l)

72.0 65.0 75.0 72.0 60.0 48.0 48.0 40.0 40.0 34.0

Total hardness

(mg/l)

230.1 72.5 30.0 33.0 27.3 37.5 43.0 84.0 126.0 82.0

Salinity (ppt) 07.3 04.0 02.3 02.0 01.8 02.0 03.5 04.2 04.9 06.3

DO (mg/l) 08.3 07.7 06.2 07.5 05.2 05.1 05.3 06.2 06.0 08.5

Nitrate nitrogen

(mg/l)

00.5 01.3 03.6 02.1 02.1 01.6 01.6 02.2 01.3 02.1

Ortho phosphate

(g/l)

05.6 04.0 03.1 08.0 05.1 04.1 06.7 05.2 06.2 06.0

Silicate (g/l) 22.5 48.0 49.2 68.3 68.2 80.1 66.1 46.1 37.8 44.8

1. Sea mouth 2. Dolphin site 3. Nalabana 4. Kalijai 5. Rambha 6. Badakuda 7. Sanakuda 8. Ghantisila hll 9.

Krushna prasad 10. Kaliyugeswar

Table-2: Heavy Metals in Sediments of Chilika lake (in mg/L)

Station No Mn Cu Cr Zn Pb Ni Co Hg

1 412 31 10 37 22 62 34 228

2 217 19 45 55 54 101 58 220

3 368 82 22 41 39 90 42 089

4 275 58 24 47 57 162 50 158

5 262 76 73 49 36 103 76 157

6 288 90 26 63 36 118 97 157

7 595 77 44 47 48 141 57 153


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Table-3: Heavy Metals in Surface Water of Chilika lake (in mg/L)

Station

No.

Cr Cu Co Fe Cd Pb Zn Ni Hg

1 0.07 0.29 0.177 1.1 0.132 0.385 0.247 0.827 BDL

2 0.082 0.172 0.072 1.287 0.132 0.415 0.245 0.507 BDL

3 0.06 0.287 0.072 2.35 0.062 0.21 0.515 0.412 BDL4 0.01 0.192 0.097 1.335 0.055 0.22 0.232 0.295 BDL

5 1.417 0.23 0.55 10.1 0.092 0.457 8.21 0.665 BDL

6 0.035 0.19 0.141 6.1 0.065 0.212 0.395 0.28 BDL

7 ND 0.08 0.172 2.2 0.077 0.117 0.185 0.33 BDL

8 0.04 0.017 0.065 2.35 0.065 0.14 0.317 0.272 BDL

9 0.03 0.03 0.054 5.33 0.07 0.21 0.255 0.03 BDL

10 0.01 0.05 0.055 2.91 0.08 0.165 0.337 0.01 BDL

BDL- Below Detection Level

1. Sea mouth 2. Dolphin site 3. Nalabana 4. Kalijai 5. Rambha 6. Badakuda 7. Sanakuda 8. Ghantisila hll 9.

Krushna prasad 10. Kaliyugeswar


Accepted for Publication: 28/09/10

Corresponding author

Rajani Kanta Sahu

Botany Department, B.J.B. (A) College, Bhubaneswar, [email protected]


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STUDY ON THE LEVEL OF SULPHATES, PHOSPHATES, AND NITRATES IN WATER AND AQUEOUS

SEDIMENTS OF LAKE CHAD BASIN AREA OF BORNO STATE, NIGERIA

1Kolo, B.G;

1Ogugbuaja, V. O and

2Dauda , M

1Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Borno State,

2Department of Mechanical Engineering,

University of Maiduguri, Borno State.

ABSTRACT

Aqueous water and sediment samples from six (6) sampling points of lake Chad area were

collected and analyzed for sulphates, phosphate and nitrate levels. Determinations were

conducted by titrimetry, Brucine and Ammonium molybdo vandate methods, respectively.

The samples were ashed and digested by standard methods before final analysis. Results show

variation in concentration of ions with respect to season and location. Higher Sulphate

concentration (2620 + 5.65g/g) was observed in Wulgo (wet season); while highest

Phosphate of 1325+8.00) g/s (dry season); and higher Nitrates of (3151+ 44.75g/g) was

equally observed in Dan Baure in dry season. The variation was statistically significant(P


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Kolo, B.G et al.,: Continental J. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 1: 13 - 18, 2010

the unsaturated zone moisture profile; where high moisture in clays corresponds to high storage and low moisture

contents in sands relates to high transport capacity (Goni, and Edmund, W.M; 2001). Anaerobic conditions of

sediments are accompanied by the release of phosphate to the water column. Also, due to the reduction of iron and

sulphate formation, the solubility of phosphate and the recycling is increased. In many cases, the release of

phosphate from the sediments coincides with a reversal of stratified zones due to temperature (Oteze and Fayose,

1988).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sample and sample preparation

Aqueous water and sediment samples were collected in a pre cleaned plastic container by scooping methods.

Samples were collected from six (6) sampling points (Fig. 1) between March-April (dry season) and August-October

(wet season), respectively. Samples were kept in a refrigerator at 4oC for preservation.

The sediment samples (3g) were placed in crucibles and oven-dried at 50oC to constant weight. The samples were

then homogenized as much as practicable using agate mortar and pestle and then stoned in acidified polythene

container and labeled. 0.3g of the dried and pulverized sediment sample was weighed into a platinum crucible and 5drops of deionized water were added to dampen the sample.

METHODOLOGY

Determination of sulphate (SO4-2

)

Gravimetric method was used. 100 ml of the water sample were taken and filtered. 1: 1 v/v HCl was added in drops

until acid to litmus, three drops was added in excess and the solution evaporated to 50 ml. The solution was boiled

and the boiling BaCl2 solution was added until all the sulphate was precipitated. The precipitate was allowed to

settle by digesting in a water bath. The precipitate was filtered through a sintered glass crucible (already dried to

constant weight). The precipitate was then oven dried at 105oC to constant weight and sulphate was determined

using the equation below.

Sampleml

MmgBaSO(mg/l)SO 4

2

4

=

Where:

mg BaSO4 = weight of BaSO4 in milligrams

ml sample = volume of sample taken for evaporation

M = 411.5

Determination of phosphate (PO43- - P)Ammonium molybdovanadate method was used. 50cm

3of the water sample was filtered using filter paper and

transferred into a flask. 25cm3

of ammonium molybdovanadate solution were added to the sample and mixed

thoroughly. This mixture was allowed to stand for 5 minutes for color development (yellow). This procedure was

carried out using only distilled water, which was to serve as blank solution intended for use as reference sample.

The absorbance of the sample solution was measured using Cecil (CE) 7200 Model; spectrophotometer at a


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A number of beakers were arranged in a row. The first five (beakers) contained 10cm3

of each of standards in an

increasing order. These were followed by the samples each containing 10cm3

of the water samples. 1cm3

of Brucine

sulphanilic acid reagent was added into each of the standard solutions and the samples. The resultant mixtures

were mixed thoroughly and allowed for 15 minutes. 10 cm3

of H2SO4 solution were carefully added to 10 cm3

of

distilled water and the resulting solution was added to each of the beakers containing both the standard nitrates

solutions and the water samples. This was allowed to stand for 20 min in the dark.

Similar treatment was performed on the blank solution except that no Brucine sulphanilic reagent was added to it.

The blank solution was used to zero the absorbance of the double beam spectrophotometer Cecil (CE) 7100 model

before the absorbencies of the standards and samples were determined at 410 nm wavelength using a DR2000

UV/Visible spectrophotometer. The resultant absorbance values were then plotted against the corresponding

concentrations of nitrate standard solutions. The actual concentrations were obtained on the calibration curve by

extrapolation. (ASTM, 1980).

RESULTS

DISCUSSIONTables 1 and 2 represent the mean concentration levels of sulphate, phosphate and nitrates in some portions of Lake

Chad area, Borno state. From this study, it was observed that there was variation in concentration with respect to

season and location. The values were statistically significant at P


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Chapman, D. (1996). Water quality Assessments. 2nd

edition, published on behalf of

Chapman, D. (1997). Water Quality Assessment. A Guide to the use of Biota, Sediments and Water in

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New Delhi.

Durand, A., (1995). Quaternary sediments and climates in the central Sahel . African geoscience review, 2, pp. 323-

614.

Edmunds, W.M., Fellman, E., Goni, I.B. and Prudhomme, C., (1998). Spatial and temporal distribution of

groundwater recharge in Northern Nigeria.Hydrogeol. J., 10 (1), pp. 205-215.

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groundwater recharge in the semi-arid zone of Nigeria. In: Isotope based assessment of groundwater renewal inwater scarce regions,IAEA-TECDOC-1246, pp. 85-99.

Hill, D., (1984). Diffusion coefficients of Nitrate, Chloride, Sulphate and water in cracked and uncracked chalk. J.

Soil Sci., 35, pp. 27-33.

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of Nigeria J. Chemical Society of Nigeria, 13, pp. 9 14

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Edn). CRC Press LLC, USA. 21. pp 109-134.

Margaleef, R. (1996). . Limnology Now A Paradigm of Planetary Problems. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 220-222.

Oteze, G.E. and Fayose, S.A., (1988). Regional development in the Hydrogeology of Chad basin. Water resources,

1(1), pp. 9-29.

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edition

John Willey and Sons, New York pp. 336 340

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Table 1 Mean concentration of Sulphates, Phosphates and Nitrates (mg/l) of surface water samples obtained from Lake Chad basin area, Borno state,

Nigeria

Sulphates Phosphates Nitrates

LOCATION

SEASONAL MEAN CONCENTRATION SD

DRY

March

April

WET

July

September

X SD

Overall

average

DRY

March

April

WET

July -

September

X SD

Overall

average

DRY

March

April

WET

July -

September

X SD

Overall

average

Baga08.47 0.34 05.13 0.15 06.80

d

0.29

1.09 0.12 1.83 0.10 1.46c 0.11 2.36 0.18 9.88 0.41 6.12de 0.29

Marte06.00 0.29 17.87 3.07

11.94b

1.682.45 0.09 1.30 0.08 1.88

a 0.08 12.13 1.93 6.08 0.38 9.10

c 1.16

Dan Baure07.25 0.41 05.23 0.05

06.24d

0.233.46 0.06 1.83 0.05 2.65

a 0.06 7.28 0.71 6.03 0.16 6.65

d 0.49

Kirenowa07.83 0.47 20.25 0.50

14.04a

0.490.99 0.05 1.19 0.06 1.09d 0.06 3.38 0.82

26.25

1.2614.81b 1.04

Wulgo

09.48 0.32 09.63 1.1109.55

c

0.721.23 0.06 1.93 0.07 1.58

c 0.07 3.78 0.69 5.03 1.18 4.40

e 0.94

Monguno

07.25 0.25 15.08 1.2511.16

bc

0.751.43 0.03 2.70 0.04 2.06

b 0.04 3.03 0.12

32.50

5.8317.76

a 3.03

Seasonal

average 7.71 0.35 12.19 1.02 9.96 0.69 1.78 0.07 1.79 0.06 1.79 0.07 5.33 0.74 14.29 1.54

9.81 1.16

Mean with different letters are significantly different by Duncan multiple range test at 5%.


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Table2. Mean concentration of Sulphates, Phosphates and Nitrates (g/g) of sediment samples obtained from Lake Chad basin area, Borno state,

Nigeria

Sulphates Phosphates Nitrates

LOCATION

SEASONAL MEAN CONCENTRATION SD

DRY

March

April

WET

July

September

X SD

Overall

average

DRY

March -

April

WET

July -

September

X SD

Overall

average

DRY

March

April

WET

July -

September

X SD

Overall

average

Baga 1068.327.5

3

125025.00 1159.2

26.27

130.01.00 32020.5 225 15.25 537.710.78 536.033.50 536.9c

22.14

Marte 581065.57 516340.50 5486a53.04 129.06.08 2308.5 179.5 729 627.72.89 5835.026.30 232

a14.59

Dan Baure 127.72.53 582.016.30 354.9c9.41 1132.77.51 13258.0 1228.9

a7.76

3151.344.7

5

128.03.50 1639.5

24.13

Kirenowa 588513.23 532520.50 5605a16.62 117.56.61 22157.5 1166.3

a7.06 188.81.53 336.028.50 262

d15.02

Wulgo 1251.62.89 26205.65 1935.5 4.2

7

37.672.75 45.03.5 41.34c

3.13 255.05.15 133.030.50 194d

17.83

Monguno 625.33.50 5305.20 577.74.35c

120.53.50 2002.0 160.3 2.75 582.32.35 623.020.20 602.711.28c

Seasonal

average

2461.3

19.21

2578.3 18.86 1594.9

8.99

277.8 4.58 722.5 8.33 500.2 7.21 890.47

11.24

1265.2

3.75

926.02

17.49

Mean with different letters are significantly different by Duncan multiple range test at 5%.

vol 1 - water,air and soil pollution.(2010)

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