land, water, and air resources conserving land and soil waste disposal and recycling water pollution...

Land, Water, and Air Resources

Conserving Land and Soil

Waste Disposal and Recycling

Water Pollution and Solutions

Air Pollution and Solutions

Global Changes in the Atmosphere

Table of Contents


Main Idea

Detail Detail Detail

Identifying Main IdeasAs you read the section “Types of Land Use,” write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that give examples of the main idea.

Three uses that change the land are…

Agriculture Mining Development

ConservingLand and Soil


Conserving Land and SoilTypes of Land Use Pg. 633

1. Concept Map: •Agriculture•Mining•Development

2. Why can less than a third of Earth’s land be farmed?

The rest is too dry, wet, salty, or mountainous

3. List three ways that new farmland can be created.

A.Clearing forests

B.Draining wetlands

C.Irrigating deserts

4. The construction of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, and other structures is called _____.

development


Conserving Land and Soil5. Choices that is are a result of development.

•Decrease in farmland

•Decrease in wildlife habitats

6. the removal of nonrenewable resources from the land is called ____.

mining

7. Venn Diagram:

•Strip Mining

•Underground Mining

8. Strip mining involves carrying minerals up through shafts dug in the ground.

False


Conserving Land and SoilThe Structure of Soil Pg. 634

9. The way people depend on soil.•To provide plants with nutrients•To store and filter water• to break down wastes• to recycle chemical substances needed for life

10. Part of the structure of fertile soil.•Litter•Topsoil•Subsoil•Bedrock


Conserving Land and Soil11. Litter

B- Dead leaves and grass.

12. Topsoil

C- Rock fragments, nutrients, water, air, and decaying animal and plant matter.

13. Subsoil

A- Rock fragments, water, and air

14. The rock that makes up Earth’s crust is called ____.

bedrock


Conserving Land and Soil15. It takes about ten years to form a few centimeters of new soil.

False

16. How is bedrock broken down to form soil?

Freezing and thawing break apart the bedrock. Both plant roots wedged between rocks and chemicals released by lichens break the rocks into smaller pieces. Animals such as earthworms and moles help grind the rock into even smaller particles.

Land, Water, and Air Resources ConservingLand and Soil

Soil ManagementPoor soil management can result in erosion, nutrient depletion, and desertification. The advance of desert-like conditions into areas that previously were fertile is called desertification.


Conserving Land and SoilSoil Management Pg. 635-637

17. List three problems that can result from poor soil management.

A.Erosion

B.Nutrient depletion

C.Desertification

18. The process by which water, wind, or ice moves particles of rocks or soil is ____.

erosion

19. List the soil conservation practice that is shown in the drawing.

Terracing


Conserving Land and Soil20. The process of soil becoming less fertile is called ____.

nutrient depletion

21. Leaving fields fallow

C- Leaving fields unplanted

22. Applying fertilizer

A- Adding nutrients that help crops grow better

23. Crop rotation

B- Planting different crops in a field each year


Conserving Land and Soil24. What is desertification?

It is the advanced of desert-like conditions into areas that previously were fertile.

25. In the past 50 years, a large amount of land is undergone desertification.

true

26. Flowchart:

Drought occurs

Crops fail

Soil blows away


Conserving Land and Soil27. The process of restoring land to a more natural, productive state is called _____.

land reclamation

28. Land reclamation is currently underway all over the world.

True

29. It is easier to restore damaged land and soil than it is to protect them.

False


Conserving Land and Soil30. How can an open mine be restored to agricultural land?

The mining cuts are smoothed out, then the subsoil and topsoil that had been removed before mining are replaced. Finally, grass and trees are planted.


Soil

Click the Video button to watch a movie about soil.



Links on Erosion

Click the SciLinks button for links on erosion.



End of Section:Conserving

Land and Soil


Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a why, what, or how question for each heading. As you read, write the answers to your questions.Question Answer

Asking Questions

What is the problem with waste disposal?

Each disposal method has advantages and disadvantages.

What is recycling? Reclaiming raw materials and reusing them to create new products

How can people help control the solid waste problem?

Reduce, reuse, and recycle.

Why are some wastes hazardous?

Some are explosive, flammable, corrosive, or radioactive.

Waste Disposaland Recycling

Land, Water, and Air Resources Waste Disposaland Recycling

The Problem of Waste DisposalBillions of tons of municipal solid waste are created in the United States each year. More than one third of that waste is paper.


The Problem of Waste DisposalA sanitary landfill holds municipal solid waste, construction debris, and some types of agricultural and industrial waste.



Waste Disposal and RecyclingThe Problem of Waste Disposal Pg. 639-640

1.What is municipal solid waste?

It is the waste produced in homes, businesses, schools, and other places in a community.

2. What are other sources of solid waste?

Other sources include construction debris and certain agricultural and industrial wastes.

3. List three methods of handling solid waste.

A.Burning

B.Burying

C.Recycling


Waste Disposal and Recycling4. Sentences that are true about incineration.

•It refers to the burning of solid waste.

•It can be used to generate electricity.

5. A place where solid waste is buried is called a(n) ____.

landfill

6. A polluted liquid that forms when rain water dissolves chemicals in landfill waste is referred to as _____.

leachate


Waste Disposal and Recycling7. How does a sanitary landfill differ from an open dump?

Unlike an open dump, a sanitary landfill is constructed to safely hold solid waste.

8. Venn Diagram:

•Landfills

•IncineratorsRecycling Pg. 641-642

9. What is recycling?

It is the process of reclaiming raw materials and reusing them.

10. Recycling reduces the volume of solid waste.

True


Waste Disposal and Recycling11. A substance that can be broken down and recycled by bacteria and other decomposers is said to be ____.

biodegradable

12. List the four major categories of products that are recycled.

A.Metal

B.Plastic

C.Glass

D.Paper

13. What are some common metal objects that can be recycled?

Objects include metal desks, scissors, staples, paper clips, soda cans, house siding, and window screens.


Waste Disposal and Recycling

14. What products can be made from recycled plastic milk jugs and soda bottles?

Products include fiber filling for sleeping bags, fleece jackets, carpeting, park benches, shower stalls, floor tiles, trash cans, and dock pilings.

15. Glass is one of the most difficult products to recycle.

False

16. Why can paper be recycled only a few times?

Each time paper is recycled, the new paper is rough.

17. Sentences that are true about recycling.

•It conserves resources.

•It saves energy.


Waste Disposal and Recycling18. Concept Map:

•Reduce

•Reuse

•Recycle

19. Helping natural decomposition processes break down waste is called ____.

composting

20. How can compost be used?

It can be used as a natural fertilizer for plants.


Waste Disposal and RecyclingHazardous Wastes Pg. 644-645

21. Hazardous waste is any material that can harm human health or the environment.

True

22. Toxic

C- waste that poisonous

23. Explosive

A- waste that reacts very quickly

24. Flammable

D- waste that easily catches fire

25. Corrosive

B- waste that dissolves many materials


Waste Disposal and Recycling26. Some radioactive waste can remain dangerous for

thousands of years.

True

27. A person can be exposed to hazardous wastes only by eating or drinking them.

False

28. Long-term exposure to hazardous wastes can be life threatening.

True


Waste Disposal and Recycling29. List the methods of hazardous waste disposal.

A. Burial in landfills

B. Incineration

C. Breakdown by living organisms

D. Storage in deep rock layers

30. Scientists have been able to develop completely safe and permanent methods for disposing of radioactive wastes.

False


Waste Disposal and Recycling31. How are some radioactive wastes currently stored?

They are stored in vaults dug hundreds of meters underground or in concrete and steel containers above ground. Liquid radioactive wastes may be stored in deep rock layers.

32. The best way to manage hazardous wastes is to produce less of them in the first place.

True

33. What can you do at home to reduce hazardous wastes?

You can find substitutes for some hazardous household chemicals such as insect sprays.


Sanitary Landfill Activity

Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about sanitary landfills.



End of Section:Waste Disposal and Recycling


Before you read, preview Figure 13. Then write two questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions.

Q. What are some household causes of water pollution?

A. Water and human wastes that are washed down sinks, toilets, and showers

Q. What is sediment?

A. Rock and sand that has been eroded by water

Water Pollution

Water Pollutionand Solutions

Previewing Visuals


Water Pollution

Wastes produced by households, agriculture, industry, mining, and other human activities can end up in water.



Water Pollution and SolutionsWater-A Limited Supply Pg. 648-649

1. Sentences that are true about Earth’s water supply.• Water is a scarce resource• Salt water cannot be used for drinking or watering crops.• About three quarters of Earth’s fresh water is in the form

of ice.

2. Water stored in layers of soil and rock beneath Earth’s surface is called _____.

groundwater

3. How does the water cycle purify water?

During the water cycle, water evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers. As it evaporates any dissolved substances are left behind. The pure water vapor condenses into droplets that fall as precipitation.


Waste Disposal and Recycling4. What is a drought?

A period when less rain than normal falls in an area.

Water Pollution Pg. 649-651

5. Substances that cause pollution are called ____.

pollutants

6. How can pollution affect water in areas far from its source?

Pollutants dissolve and move throughout a body of water.

7. Most water pollution is the result of human activities.

True


Waste Disposal and Recycling8. List four human activities that produce wastes that can end

up in water.

A. Agriculture

B. Industry

C. Households

D. Mining

9. The water and human wastes that are washed down sinks, toilets, and showers are called ____.

sewage

10. List three kinds of agricultural wastes.

A. Animal wastes

B. Fertilizer

C. Pesticides


Waste Disposal and Recycling11. Particles of rock and sand in running water are called

_____.

sediments

12. How do sediments affect organisms in water?

They cover up food sources, nesting sites, and eggs of organisms. They also block sunlight, which prevents algae and plants from growing.

13. How can hot water cause pollution?

Heated water can change the temperature of a body of water and kill organisms living there.


Waste Disposal and RecyclingKeeping Water Clean Pg. 652-653

14. Concept Map:• Proper sewage• Reduction of Pollutants• Effective cleanup of oil and gasoline spills

15. Few communities treat wastewater before returning it to the environment.

False

16. Primary Treatment

B- Using filters to remove solid materials

17. Secondary Treatment

A- Using bacteria to break down wastes


Waste Disposal and Recycling18. What are two ways industries can reduce pollution?

They can recycle wastes to recover useful materials and they can change their processes to produce less waste or less harmful waste.

19. Oil is a pollutant that nature can handle in small amounts.

True

20. How do bacteria break down oil in the ocean?

When oil is present, the bacteria multiply quickly and feed on the oil.

21. Gasoline or oil that leaks from an underground tank is easy to clean up.

False


Waste Disposal and Recycling22. How can polluted groundwater be cleaned up?

Groundwater can be pumped to the surface, treated, and then returned underground.

23. How can individuals prevent water pollution?

They can prevent pollution by not pouring household chemicals, such as paint thinners and motor oil, down the drain.


More on Cleaning Up Oil Spills

Click the Planet Diary button for an activityabout cleaning up oil spills.



End of Section:Water Pollution and

Solutions


As you read, identify three causes of air pollution. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below.

Air pollution

Factory and power plant emissions

Emissions from automobiles and trucks

Indoor air pollutants such as toxic chemicals

Air Pollutionand Solutions

Causes

Effect

Relating Cause and Effect


Air Pollution and Solutions1. Pollutants that are released into the air are called ____.

emission

2. What is the largest source of emissions that cause air pollution today?

The largest source is motor vehicles.

3. Name one natural cause of air pollution.

One natural cause is an erupting volcano.

Smog Pg. 655

4. A thick brownish haze formed when certain gases in the air react with sunlight is called _____.

photochemical smog


Air Pollution and Solutions5. The major sources of photochemical smog are the gases

emitted by factories.

False

6. What is the major chemical found in smog?

Ozone is the major chemical found in smog.

7. What is a temperature inversion?

It is a condition in which a layer of warm air prevents cooler rising air from escaping into higher parts of the atmosphere.


Air Pollution and Solutions8. Which layer of air shown in the drawing is the warmest

during a temperature inversion?

Layer B is the warmest

9. Why does a temperature inversion make smog more concentrated and dangerous?

A temperature inversion traps polluted air and holds it closed to Earth’s surface.

10. What are the health effects of smog?

Smog can irritate people’s eyes and throats, cause breathing problems, and harm the body’s defenses against infection.


Air Pollution and SolutionsAcid Rain Pg. 656

11. Precipitation that is more acidic than normal because of air pollution is called _____.

acid rain

12. Flowchart:

Bottom: Sulfur oxides

Right: Nitric oxides

13. What are the effects of acid rain?

Acid rain kills many fish and their eggs, damages plants, destroys forests, reacts with stone and metal in buildings and statues, and makes automobiles rust more quickly.


Indoor Air PollutionSome substances that cause indoor air pollution, such as dust and pet hair, bother only those people who are allergic to them. Other indoor air pollutants, such as toxic chemicals, can affect anyone.



Air Pollution and SolutionsIndoor Air Pollution Pg. 657

14. What substances cause indoor air pollution?

It’s caused by dust, pet hair, tobacco smoke, glues, and cleaning supplies.

15. Sentences that are true about carbon monoxide.• It is colorless and odorless

16. Sentences that are true about radon.• It is colorless and odorless• It may cause cancer• It is radioactive.Reducing Air Pollution pg. 658-659

17. The key to reducing air pollution is to control ____.

emission


Air Pollution and Solutions18. Venn Diagram:• Scrubbers• Catalytic Converters

19. Why does using less energy reduce air pollution?

Using less energy reduces the amount of fuels that are burned, and this reduces air pollution.


Reducing Air PollutionThe key to reducing air pollution is to control emissions. A smokestack scrubber removes pollutants such as sulfur dioxide from emissions.



More on Air Pollution

Click the Planet Diary button for an activityabout air pollution.



End of Section:Air Pollution and

Solutions


OutliningAs you read, make an outline about global atmospheric changes that you can use for review. Use the red headings for the main ideas and the blue headings for the supporting ideas.

Global Changes in the Atmosphere

I. The Thinning of the Ozone LayerA. The Source of OzoneB. The Ozone HoleC. What’s Being Done

II. Global Climate ChangeA. The Greenhouse EffectB. Global WarmingC. Possible ConsequencesD. The Difficulty of Predicting

Climate Change

Global Changesin the Atmosphere


Ozone Cycle


When ultraviolet radiation from the sun strikes an ozone molecule, the ozone molecule splits into an oxygen molecule and a free oxygen atom.


Global Changes in the AtmosphereThe Thinning of the Ozone Layer Pg.663-665

1. A layer of the upper atmosphere that protects people from the effects of too much ultraviolet radiation is the _____.

ozone layer

2. Ozone is constantly being made and destroyed.

True

3. What is the major cause of the ozone hole?

The major source is a group of gases called chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, that were used in many household products.


Air Pollution and Solutions

4. What products contained chlorofluorocarbons?

Products include refrigerators, air conditioners, fire extinguishers, and aerosol spray cans.

Global Climate Change Pg.666-667

5. What is the greenhouse effect?

It is the trapping of heat near Earth’s surface in the atmosphere

6. Drawing:


Global Climate ChangeThe trapping of heat near Earth’s surface is called the greenhouse effect.



Air Pollution and Solutions7. What is the theory of global warming?

The theory predicts that increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will cause Earth’s average temperature to continue to rise.

8. Sentences that are true about consequences of global warming.

• There might be more severe storms.• Parts of the polar ice cap would melt, causing increased

flooding.• It would affect climate patterns all over the world.


Air Pollution and SolutionsKey Terms:

1. Fertilizer

2. Development

3. Subsoil

4. Leachate

5. Groundwater

6. Pollutant

7. Pesticide

8.Erosion

9. Recycling

10.Bedrock

11. Topsoil

12. Incineration


Calculating a Concentration

Levels of pollutants are often written as concentrations. A concentration is a ratio that compares the amount of one substance to the amount of another substance. For example, suppose that the concentration of ozone in part of the atmosphere is 3 parts per million. This means that there are 3 molecules of ozone in 1,000,000 molecules of air. This ratio can be written in three other ways:

3:1,000,000

3 to 1,000,000


3

1,000,000


Calculating a ConcentrationPractice Problem

Express each of these concentrations in three different ways.

7 parts per hundred

7 : 100

7 to 100


7

100


Calculating a ConcentrationPractice Problem

Express each of these concentrations in three different ways.

25 parts per billion

25 : 1,000,000,000

25 to 1,000,000,000


25

1,000,000,000


Chlorine Levels

The line graph shows a scientist's measurements and predictions of how the ban on CFCs might affect chlorine levels in the atmosphere. The red line shows the levels of chlorine without the ban on CFCs. The blue line shows the levels with the ban on CFCs.



Chlorine Levels

Year; chlorine level

Reading Graphs:

What variable is plotted on the horizontal axis? What variable is plotted on the vertical axis?



Chlorine Levels

The red line; the blue line shows gradually diminishing chlorine levels.

Interpreting Data:

Which graphed line shows rising levels of chlorine? What trend does the other line show?



Chlorine Levels

The ban did not exist in 1985, so prediction of the levels without the ban could not be made before then.

Inferring:

Why do the two lines start at the same point?



Chlorine Levels

The difference in chlorine levels becomes greater over time.

Drawing Conclusions:

How does the relationship between the two lines change?



Ozone Hole

Click the Video button to watch a movie about

the ozone hole.



Links on Changes in Climate

Click the SciLinks button for links on changes in climate.



End of Section:Global Changes

in the Atmosphere


Graphic Organizer

Indoor

Dust

is caused by

Toxic chemicals

Radon

Carbon monoxide

Cigarette smoke

Pet hair

Ozone

Outdoor

Acid rainSmog

includes

is caused by is caused by

Sulfur oxides

Nitrogen oxides

can be can be

Air pollution


End of Section:Graphic Organizer

land, water, and air resources conserving land and soil waste disposal and recycling water pollution...

Documents

soil slide

earths land

soil types of land use

structure of soil

process of soil

form soil

structure of fertile

centimeters of new soil