The Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change

Before commencing the activities in this booklet you should watch the video ‘An Inconvenient Truth’, which can be accessed by clicking on the following link: An Inconvenient Truth

What is the Greenhouse Effect?

The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, for example) trap energy from the sun. Without these gases, heat would escape back into space and the Earth’s average temperature would be about 15°C colder than it is currently. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases, as they work in very much the same way as a greenhouse.

Have you ever seen a greenhouse? Most greenhouses look like a small glass house. Greenhouses are used to grow plants, especially in the winter. Greenhouses work by trapping heat from the sun. The glass panels of the greenhouse let in light but keep heat from escaping. This causes the greenhouse to heat up, much like the inside of a car parked in sunlight, and keeps the plants warm enough to live in the winter.

Activity 1 – You can type in the box, which will expand as you type

Define “The Greenhouse Effect”.

How does the Greenhouse Effect work?

The Earth’s atmosphere is all around us. It is the air that we breathe. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere behave much like the glass panes in a greenhouse. Sunlight enters the Earth's atmosphere, passing through the blanket of greenhouse gases. As it reaches the Earth's surface, land, water, and biosphere absorb the sunlight’s energy. Once absorbed, this energy is sent back into the atmosphere. Some of the energy passes back into space, but much of it remains trapped in the atmosphere by the greenhouse gases, causing our world to heat up.

The greenhouse effect is important. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would not be warm enough for humans to live. But if the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, it could make the Earth warmer than usual. Even a little extra warming may cause problems for humans, plants, and animals.

Activity 2

Explain how the Greenhouse Effect Works. You may use your textbook and the video, ‘An Inconvenient Truth to help you’

Activity 3

Describe what would happen to the Earth if the Greenhouse Effect did not exist

The Greenhouse Gases

Many gases exhibit “greenhouse” properties and are therefore referred to as greenhouse gases. Some of them occur naturally (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide), while others are exclusively human-made (like Chlorofluorocarbon gases, CFC’s, used for aerosols).

Levels of several important greenhouse gases have increased by about 25% since large-scale industrialization began around 150 years ago. During the past 20 years, about three-quarters of anthropogenic (human-made) carbon dioxide emissions were from burning fossil fuels.

Can humans change climate?

It may seem hard to believe that people can actually change the Earth’s climate. But scientists think that the things people do that send greenhouse gases into the air are making our planet warmer.

Once, all climate changes occurred naturally. However, during the Industrial Revolution, we began altering our climate and environment through agricultural and industrial practices. The Industrial Revolution was a time when people began using machines to make life easier. It started more than 200 years ago and changed the way humans live. Before the Industrial Revolution, human activity released very few gases into the atmosphere, but now through population growth, fossil fuel burning, and deforestation, we are affecting the mixture of gases in the atmosphere.

Since the Industrial Revolution, the need for energy to run machines has steadily increased. Some energy, like the energy you need to do your homework, comes from the food you eat. But other energy, like the energy that makes cars run and much of the energy used to light and heat our homes, comes from fuels like coal and oil – fossil fuels. Burning these fuels releases greenhouse gases.

Major sources of greenhouse gases

So what is Global Warming?

Global warming is an increase in average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. It is thought that the increase in greenhouse gases owing to human activity such as the burning of fossil fuels is directly responsible for increasing the Earth’s average temperature over the last 100 years.

When Do You Send Greenhouse Gases into the Air?

Whenever you ...

Watch TV Use an air conditioner Turn on a Light Use a hair dryer Ride in a Car Play a Video Game Listen to a Stereo Wash or Dry Clothes Use a Dish Washer Microwave a Meal

... you are helping to send greenhouse gas into the air.

To perform many of these functions, you need to use electricity. Electricity comes from power plants. Most power plants use coal and oil to make electricity. Burning coal and oil produces greenhouse gases.

Other things we do send greenhouse gases into the air too;

The trash that we send to landfills produces a greenhouse gas called methane. Methane is also produced by the animals we raise for dairy and meat products and when we take coal out of the ground. Whenever we drive or ride in a car, we are adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. And, when factories make the things that we buy and use everyday, they too are sending greenhouse gases into the air.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Australia

Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Gigagrams of CO2 equivalents (CO2-e).)

Percentage Share of Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Agriculture; hunting & trapping; forestry & fishing

7,188

Mining 15,136Manufacturing 57,166Electricity and gas 169,562Construction 4,958Transport 30,939Services 9,063Household production 9,063Total 339,597

Activity 4

Complete the above table and draw a pie chart using Microsoft Excel to show the source of greenhouse gas emissions in Australia.

How do fossil fuels contain carbon?

Coal, oil and gas are the three fossil fuels that we burn, which in turn sends several tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere every day. But why do these fuels contain so much carbon? If you think back to your understanding of the carbon cycle, CO2 is removed from the atmosphere through plant respiration. It is this intake of carbon by plants that led to the development of fossil fuels several thousand years ago. The diagram below, explains it simply:

Activity 5

When humans add more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere it often causes “The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect”. Describe what is meant by the term “The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect”.

Activity 6

Make a large copy of the table below and complete it with the details on how humans contribute to the Greenhouse Effect. Use your textbook to help you.

Greenhouse Gas

Source of the Greenhouse Gas

Ways in which humans add this Greenhouse Gas into the Atmosphere

What is the evidence of global warming?

The graph below shows the variation from the global average temperature over the past 130 years. It is possible to see from the graph that year temperatures were below the world average up until about 1960, with the exception of a small period above average around 1940. Since 1960, on the whole the yearly global average temperature has risen significantly above the average temperature for the past 130 years. It has risen to nearly 0.5 °C above the world average over the last five years, which is concerning.

Similarly, if we look at carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere since 1960 in the graph below, we see a continued rise. This has led scientists to believe that humans increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particularly CO2, is leading to global warming and climate change.

Activity 7

Study the graphs below. Describe the trends in global temperatures and greenhouse gas emissions since 1960.

The future influence of the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect on the World’s Climate and Human Lives

What Might Happen? It is important to understand that scientists don't know for sure what global warming will bring. Some changes brought about by global warming will be good. If you live in a very cool climate, warmer temperatures might be welcome. Days and nights could be more comfortable and people in the area may be able to grow different and better crops than they could before. But it is also true that changes in some places will not be very good at all.

Human HealthClimate change may affect people's health both directly and indirectly. For example, heat stress and other heat related health problems are caused directly by very warm temperatures and high humidity. Untreated, heat stress can be a very serious medical problem. Scientists suspect that, in many places, global warming will increase the number of very hot days that occur during the year. More hot days increases the possibility of heat related health problems.

Indirectly, ecological disturbances, air pollution, changes in food and water supplies, and coastal flooding are all examples of possible impacts that might affect human health.

How people and nature adapt to climate change will determine how seriously it impacts human health. Some people and places are likely to be affected more than others. Generally, poor people and poor countries are less likely to have the money and resources they need to cope with preventing and treating health problems. Very young children and the elderly adults will run the highest risks.

Ecological SystemsClimate change may alter the world's habitats and ecosystems – all living things are included in and rely on these places. Many of these places depend on a delicate balance of rainfall, temperature, and soil type. A rapid change in climate could upset this balance and seriously endanger many living things.

Most past climate changes occurred slowly, allowing plants and animals to adapt to the new environment or move somewhere else. However, if future climate changes occur as rapidly as some scientists predict, plants and animals may not be able to react quickly enough to survive. The ocean's ecosystems also could be affected for the same reasons.

Sea Level Rise

Global warming may make the sea level become higher. Why? Well, warmer weather makes glaciers melt. A glacier is a large sheet of ice that moves very, very slowly. Some melting glaciers add more water to the ocean. Warmer temperatures also make water expand. When water expands in the ocean, it takes up more space and the level of the sea rises.

Sea level may rise between several inches and as much as 3 feet during the next century. This will effect both natural systems and manmade structures along coastlines. Coastal flooding could cause saltwater to flow into areas where salt is harmful, threatening plants and animals in those areas. For example, an increase in the salt content of the Delaware and Chesapeake bays is thought to have decreased the number of oysters able to live in those waters.

Oceanfront property would be affected by flooding, and beach erosion could leave structures even more vulnerable to storm waves. Whether we move back from the water or build barricades in the face of a rising sea, it could cost billions of dollars to adapt to such change. Coastal flooding also may reduce the quality of drinking water in coastal areas.

Crops and Food SupplyGlobal warming may make the Earth warmer in cold places. People living in these places may have a chance to grow crops in new areas. But global warming also might bring droughts to other places where we grow crops. In some parts of the world, people may not have enough to eat because they cannot grow the food that they need.

Activity 8Use the table on the next page to prepare notes to discuss the effects of global warming for various places around the world. You should clearly show the possible effects of different climatic scenarios on the environment, the economy and society. Use the ‘An Inconvenient Truth’ video and your textbook to support your notes.

Impacts of global warming owing to the effects of the enhanced greenhouse effect

Positive impacts Negative impacts

Environmental impacts

Economic impacts

Social impacts

Countries and Regions producing the most CO2 Emissions

Region/Country CO2 Emissions Region/Country

CO2 Emissions Per Capita (Million Metric

Tonnes)World Total 25,162.07 United States 19.95

Asia & Oceania 8,173.74 Australia 19.10North America 6,808.20 Canada 19.05United States 5,802.08 Netherlands 16.07

Western Europe 3,895.76 Brunei 14.97China 3,540.97 Seychelles 14.55

Eastern Europe & Former U.S.S.R. 3,099.33 Estonia 13.89

Russia 1,606.42 Belgium 13.66Japan 1,205.54 Saudi Arabia 13.52

Middle East 1,203.21 Taiwan 12.40India 1,024.83 Bahamas, The 11.26

Central & South America 1,023.97 Russia 11.21Africa 957.85 Czech Republic 10.94

Germany 842.03 Denmark 10.94Canada 600.18 Israel 10.56

United Kingdom 564.56 Iceland 10.41Korea, South 469.53 Finland 10.41

Italy 465.48 Cyprus 10.26South Africa 411.25 Ireland 10.26

France 409.18 Germany 10.21Mexico 404.72 Norway 9.93

Australia 376.83 New Zealand 9.91Iran 372.00 Korea, South 9.84

Brazil 351.46 Puerto Rico 9.80Ukraine 345.87 Kazakhstan 9.72Spain 339.71 United Kingdom 9.53

Saudi Arabia 327.41 Greece 9.50Indonesia 318.35 Japan 9.44

Poland 286.17 South Africa 9.13Taiwan 280.32 Hong Kong 9.08

Netherlands 259.58 Libya 8.96Turkey 204.17 Austria 8.92

.Activity 9Using the figures and countries in the table, comment on the relationship between the population of a country and its total greenhouse gas emissions.

Activity 10Using the figures and countries in the table, comment on the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions per capita and the level of development of a country.

Facing up to the possible problem of global climate change

The problem of Global Warming, which is though to be causing Global Climate Change was first discussed at the first ever Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Discussion centred around a cry from scientists and environmentalists to cut back on greenhouse gas emissions. There was, however, much argument surrounding who is responsible for the problem and whether we can really cut back on our greenhouse gas emissions. Countries struggle to agree on how much they should cut back on their greenhouse gas emissions. In 1997 the Kyoto Protocol was formed that has since become a Treaty that has the commitment of many countries to cut back on their greenhouse gas emissions.

The Kyoto Protocol - now the Kyoto Treaty

The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement between countries to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases their countries produce. The wording of this agreement was written and voted on in Kyoto, Japan on 11th December 1997 and came into force on February 16th 2005 when Russia joined.

They agreed to reduce greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2); methane (CH4); and nitrous dioxide (N2O), by a percentage of the levels produced in 1990, before 2012. They also agreed to reduce hydrofluorocarbons (HFC’s), perfluorocarbons (PFC’s) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Each country has a different target based on their industrialisation and economic health (level of development).

The Protocol only came in to effect, and a 'Treaty', when countries accounting for 55% of greenhouse gas emissions in the world signed up to the Protocol. In practice this means it wouldn't work without the agreement of one of the two biggest countries: Russia and USA. The USA have refused to sign, but Russia have now signed meaning that the Treaty has come into force and the targets set for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by all the countries signing are now legally binding on them.

Each country's target is not totally rigid, because there are plans to allow countries who are well within their target to sell their 'carbon credits' to countries who were struggling to meet their targets. This is 'emission trading'.

UpdateThe Kyoto Protocol was further discussed at the Copenhagen Climate Conference in 2009 where a new treaty was to be signed, the link below provides you with the main facts as to what happened.

Copenhagen Climate Conference – Quick Facts

Activity 11Explain why international cooperation is required to address the problem of global warming.

Activity 12Explain why countries have found it difficult to reach agreement on cutting back greenhouse gas emissions.

Activity 13Suggest why the USA are not taking a lead in cutting back greenhouse gas emissions. Think back to the philosophy of technocentrism and refer to the cartoon above.

Activity 15Explain what is meant by ‘carbon emissions trading’. Use the following link to this short video to help you: Emissions trading video

Activity 16Evaluate the impacts of carbon emissions trading for both developed and developing countries.

Activity 17To what extent do you think the emissions reduction targets Kyoto Protocol have been successful? Use the following article to help: Emissions targets

Activity 18Create a brainstorm diagram using inspiration that outlines several ways that humans can work locally to cut down their carbon dioxide emissions. Evaluate how successful each measure could be. Use your textbook to help you.

The Earth’s Changing Climate

Earth's climate has been changing constantly over its 5-billion-year history.Sometimes, the climate has warmed so that the oceans have risen and covered much of the Earth. Each of the changes may seem extreme, but they usually occurred slowly over many thousands of years.

Ancient Climate HistoryThe first people arrived in America between 15,000 and 30,000 years ago. During that time, much of North America was covered by great ice sheets. Some 14,000 years ago, the last ice sheet began to melt very quickly. By 7,000 years ago, the ice was gone. This end to the ice ages caused big changes on the Earth. The changes caused many kinds of plants and animals to die. For example, mastodons – elephant-like animals – and other large mammals that preferred cold climates may not have been able to live in the warmer, drier conditions.

The Little Ice AgeStarting in the 14th century, Europeans lived through what is known as the "Little Ice Age." The Little Ice Age lasted for several hundred years. During the Little Ice Age, the advance of glaciers along with hard winters and famines caused some people to starve and others to leave their homes.

Recent Climate HistoryThe Earth has warmed about 1ºF in the last 100 years. And the four warmest years of the 20th century all happened in the 1990s. Periods of increased heat from the sun may have helped make the Earth warmer. But many of the world's leading climatologists think that the greenhouse gases people produce are making the Earth warmer, too.

Melting Glaciers: a glacier is a large sheet of ice that moves very, very slowly. Many glaciers in the world are now melting. For example, glaciers are melting in Montana's Glacier National Park. Some scientists think the glaciers are melting partly because the Earth is getting warmer.

Rising Sea LevelsHave you ever built a sandcastle on the beach, close to the ocean on wet sand? If you have, you probably know that the sandcastle won't last very long. Chances are the waves will wash away the sandcastle as soon as the tide comes in. The water goes higher up the beach when the tide comes in. At most shores throughout the world, two high tides and two low tides occur every day. But now the level of the sea is rising, so high tides are higher than they were before. Over the last 100 years, the level of the sea has risen about 6-8 inches worldwide. When the sea level rises, the tide goes farther up the beach.

Scientists think the sea has risen partly because of melting glaciers and sea ice. When some glaciers melt, they release water into the sea and make it higher than it was before. Scientists also think that warmer temperatures in the sea make it rise even more. Heat makes water expand. When the ocean expands, it takes up more space.

Activity 19Describe how the Earth’s climate has changed over time. (you may also use the graph in your textbook to help you)

Activity 20Using the graph below, describe the relationship between temperature and CO2 levels in the atmosphere.

Climate change Sceptics

The evidence that shows variation in temperature over time has prompted a number of people to be sceptical about global warming. These people claim that there are other factors at play responsible for temperature changes and man-made greenhouse gas emissions are not responsible for climate change.

What Might Happen? Using computer models to predict the future

Scientists are not fortune-tellers. They don't know exactly what will happen in the future. But they can use special computer programs to find out how the climate may change in the years ahead. And the computer programs tell us that the Earth may continue to get warmer.

Together, the melting glaciers, rising seas, and computer models provide some good clues. They tell us that the Earth's temperature will probably continue to rise as long as we continue increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Activity 21Watch the documentary ‘The Great Global Warming Swindle’, which can be accessed by clicking on the following link: ‘The Great Global Warming Swindle’

Activity 22Use the video and your textbook to explain why some people remain sceptical about global warming. What reasons do they provide for the change in global temperatures?

Activity 23

Give your own opinion of the issue of global warming and state what should be done about it, if anything

Practice Examination Questions

Once you have completed all activities, there are three practice Paper 2 examination paper questions on the topic of Global Warming. You should do these as revision for your Trial Examination and get your teacher to give you some feedback. A mark scheme is provided for your reference. Each question should take 40 minutes to answer.

Global Warming Paper 2 Practice Questions

1. The graphs below show the top ten countries in terms of total carbon emissions and emissions per capita.

Graph A: Total carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning for the top ten emitting countries, in million tonnes (Mt).

Graph B: Total carbon emissions (tonnes) per capita for the top ten emitting countries.

[Source: Brown, L. R. et al, State of the World, 1996, Earthscan.]

(a) Comment on the significance of these data.(8)

(b) Describe the international agreements that aim to reduce the amount of carbon emissions.

(4)

(c) What technologies and what policies might reduce the amount of carbon emissions?

(5)Expression of ideas (3)

(Total 20 marks)

2. (a) As well as their direct impact on the atmosphere, the effects of fossil fuel use are widespread.Discuss the range of effects of fossil fuel use on the environment.

(8)

(b) What steps could be taken to reduce these effects?(5)

(c) The average cost of petrol (gasoline) for automobiles is four times higher in Europe than in the USA. Discuss the environmental implications of this difference.

(4)Expression of ideas (3)

(Total 20 marks)

3. The diagram below shows the carbon cycle.

(a) Describe and explain the processes by which carbon is added to, and lost from, the atmospheric storage. State examples of the organisms involved in the processes.

(8)

(b) Human activities have changed the balance of carbon dioxide. How has this balance changed and what activities have altered it?

(4)

(c) Suggest the effects these changes might have on the biosphere.(5)

Expression of ideas (3)(Total 20 marks)

Global Warming Paper 2 Practice Questions Mark Scheme

1. (a) C emissions increase carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which isa Greenhouse gas and leads to global warming [2];C emissions are from industry, transport and power stations [1];US has highest emissions by far – nearly double China [1];size of C emissions not related to size of population but to development [2];US also has most emissions per capita [1];as do other developed countries [1];Four of top ten are in Europe [1]. 8

(b) Agreements award up to [4 marks] but must have specific agreements.The material below is for information. 1990, Geneva: scientists onIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change say 60 % reduction incurrent carbon dioxide levels required. [1];1992, Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit: politicians from 150 countriessign Climate Change Convention. Its purpose is to slow down climatechange to a level at which people and ecosystems will be able to adapt.Politicians cannot agree on any cuts;instead industrialised countries agree to keep carbon dioxide levelsdown to 1990 levels by year 2000. Developing countries make nocommitments. [1];March 1995, Berlin: politicians hold climate summit. Agree thatmeasures previously agreed to meet the Convention’s goals areinadequate, but defer action on cutting emissions. Agree that legallybinding reduction targets for the early 21st century should be readyfor signing by industrialised countries by 1997. There are to be nocommitments for the developing world. [1];December 1995, Rome: scientists complete IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change second report. Agree for the first timethat humans are discernibly altering the climate. Again warn that50 to 70 % cuts in Greenhouse gases are required. [1];October 1996, Paris: International Energy Agency says the greatmajority of developed countries will fail to keep Rio Earth Summitpromises to stabilise carbon dioxide emissions. [1];December 1997, signing of Kyoto Protocol: make or break meetingfor Rio’s Climate Change Convention. New agreement needed toreduce greenhouse gas emissions from year 2000. [1];2001: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change will reporton the latest state of science. By then climate change is expectedto be well established and measurable.

2020: if by this date the whole world is not locked into an

agreementto combat climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange say a series of catastrophes loom. 4

(c) Any that reduce burning of fossil fuels [1];technology: renewable energy sources for transport [1] and electricitygeneration [1]/e.g. solar HEP [1];policy: laws to clean car engines – catalytic converters/lean burn [1]/reduce car use [1]/improve public transport [1]/energy tax [1] 5

Expression of ideas [3 max][20]

2. (a) Effects due to: increased carbon dioxide levels/sulfur oxides/nitrogen oxides/unburned hydrocarbons/particulates/lead/carbon monoxide/mining/pollution of oceans.

Allow up to [2] for more than 3 effects and then up to [2] for eachcategory.Candidates are asked to review so there should be an overview ofmost effects not emphasis on one or two.

Carbon dioxide increases → global warming → climate change→ sea levels rise/disruption of ocean currents (e.g. in NorthAtlantic)/possible negative feedback effects from increased snowfall at poles/coral bleaching/ice caps melt/flooding of low-lyinglands/biomes shift/food production changes [2];sulfur dioxide → acid deposition → Al/cations leaching → treedeath/acidifies lakes/limestone buildings eroding [2];nitrogen oxides → also acid deposition/photochemical smog/CFC breakdown/pollution of oceans/effects of transportinglarge quantities of oil round the world e.g. oil spillages,Exxon Valdez (March 1989), oiling of seabirds [2].Credit up to one specific health effect correctly attributed to fossilfuel induced pollution e.g. asthma.

(Give credit also for review of other impacts.) 8 max

(b) Award marks for up to 5 strategies (e.g. carbon taxes/alternativesources of energy/energy efficiencies/liming), provided somerelevant detail is given for each example. 5 max

(c) USA uses more [1]/larger and less efficient automobiles [1];→ more gases released [1]/In North America, petrol is cheaper soNorth Americans use more gasoline per capita [1]; ecologicalfootprint high [1]/new cars – more efficient technology innewer engines – cleaner emissions [2]/pollution effects lead tostrong campaign for pollution controls [1]/more smog andother pollution effects (including lead in environment) [1]. 4 maxCandidates may approach problem from either European ‘direction’or North American ‘direction. e.g. expensive petrol in Europeencourages more use of public transport, leading to less pollution;cheap petrol in USA makes public transport unattractive and useof cars more likely, etc. Credit either approach.

Expression of ideas [3 max][20]

3. (a) Lost from atmospheric storage by fixation by photosynthesis [1];Photosynthesis by green plants/phytoplankton/producers/autotrophs [1];Takes carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and light energy to make organiccompounds/glucose and releases oxygen [1];Light energy is transformed to chemical energy [1];Release by respiration [1];By animals/heterotrophs/zooplankton/decomposers [1]; producersalso respire [1];Breakdown/oxidation of organic matter using oxygen to produce energy,carbon dioxide and water [1];Release by combustion – fast oxidation of organic matter [1];Release by diffusion of carbon dioxide from the water to theatmosphere [1]/dissolves in atmosphere (rain) [1](Award marks for reasonable points e.g. examples of the above.) 8 max

(b) More C in atmosphere as carbon dioxide [1]/less C in sink as organicmolecules [1];Due to: increased burning of fossil fuels [1]/increased use of cars [1]/increased industrialisation [1];deforestation [1];increased water temperature – gases less soluble [1](Accept any reasonable activity) 4 max

(c) Effects: global warming [1];Sea temperatures rise – plankton killed [1];Ice caps melting [1]/habitats destroyed [1];possible rise in sea levels due to thermal expansion [1]/low lyinglands flooded [1]/organisms displaced [1]/ecosystems destroyed [1];weather patterns changed [1]/crop growth patterns altered [1];(Award marks for any reasonable answers that relate changesto the biosphere.) 5 max

Expression of ideas [3 max][20]