climate change, global warming, greenhouse effect & energy efficency

REG 521 : BUILDING SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT

Introduction

DEFINITION OF CLIMATE• From World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (2013)

defined climate as, ‘nature forces of “average weather”, driven by sun over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years’.

• The classical period – 30 years.• Influenced by :

a) Temperature

b) Precipitation

c) Shifting of season and wind

REG 521 BUILDING SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT

Classification of climate zones


Global Climatic Factors

1) The location of earth facing the sun directly or indirectly. Earth getting sun ray in solar radiation quantity form :

Ultraviolet radiation - it produce photochemical like sunburn and skin radiation.

Visible light – produce glare that if it over 380nm Violet, prone to blindness.

Short infra-red radiation – not all the radiation can penetrate into the earth. 35% of the radiation may change due to the changes of the sun distance from earth.


Legends: A – Long Wave RadiationB – Evaporation C - Convection

Distribution of solar radiation to Earth

Heat released from Earth


2) Location of Earth Latitude Closely related to earth rotation through its orbit in

elliptical orbit. A full whole orbit take 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46

seconds.

3) Location of Longitude, North Hemisphere, and South Hemisphere

Existing of the season on north hemisphere and south hemisphere.

Climat change because of the orbit rotation. The earth rotate 23.5 degree on inclined plane.


Scientific Evidence of Climate Change

From the website ‘Climate Change : Impacts and Responses’ (2013) stated that the evidence of climate change are :

• Ice cap reduction and glacial melt

• Sea level change

• Floods, drought, forest fires, hurricanes


Elements of ChangeTemperature• Higher maximum temperatures and more hot days in nearly all land

areas

Precipitation • More intense precipitation events over many northern hemisphere

middle to high latitude land areas

Ice and snow• Higher minimum temperatures and fewer cold days and frost over

virtually all land areas

Sea level rise• Reduced diurnal(daily) temperature range across most land areas• Summer continental drying in some areas and associated drought

risks


Causes of Climate Change


DEFINITION OF Global Warming : ‘Global warming is defined as an increase in the average

temperature of the Earth's atmosphere, especially a sustained increase great enough to cause changes in the global climate’.

Detailed researches of climatic events of the past 150 years have revealed that the temperatures have risen all over the

globe, with the warming occurring in two phases. The first phase was from 1919 to 1940, with an average

temperature gain of 0.35°C.The second phase was from 1970 to the present, exhibiting

temperature gains of 0.55°C. Records show that the past 25 years have been the warmest

time of the past 5 centuries. The global warming has resulted in the warming of the oceans,

rising of the sea levels, melting of glaciers, and diminished snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere

Hayanah Husain 2006,What is Global Warming, Bob De Waay 2008, Global Warming and the Definition

Mark Marlin 2004, Global Warming

Global Warming


Explanation the Causes of Global Warming

Popular usage definition: Warming caused by human activity.

Technical term for this: Anthropogenic global warming.

Definition of Greenhouse Gas: A gas, like CO2, which traps the sun's heat.

Human Causes: Carbon dioxide (CO2), e.g. exhaust from cars and power plants.

Natural causes: Some claim the sun is getting hotter.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warmingwww.sciencedaily.com/global warming


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?• Carbon dioxide + other air pollution• like a thickening blanket, trapping the sun's

heat

Source:• Coal-burning power plants are the largest

U.S. -- they produce 2.5 billion tons CO2 every year.

• Automobiles, the second largest source, create nearly 1.5 billion tons of CO2 annually.

From household: • Vehicles• Home Heating• Electricity

http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1841125,00.html


• Impact of Global Warming• 2009 Indian floods • The 2009 India floods affected various states

of India in July 2009. The most affected states were Karnataka, Orissa, Kerala, Gujarat and North-East Indian states, with over 200 people reported dead, and a million homes destroyed.

CAUSING BAD THINGS

• 2002, Colorado, Arizona and Oregon endured worst wildfire seasons ever

• dust storms in Montana, Colorado and Kansas

• floods hundreds of millions of dollars in damage in Texas, Montana and North Dakota

• snow accumulation has declined 60

• winter seasons shortened in Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington

Sunil Chauhan ,Climate Change, Disasters and Security, 2010 Michael Northcott, A Moral Climate: the ethics of global warming, 2007http://www.climatecrisis.net/


Explanation of the effects of global warming in

both MEDCs and LEDCs


HURRICANES WORSE

•the ocean is getting warmer,

tropical storms can pick up more energy and become more powerful.Country the largest source of global warming pollution.

• 1 The United States.

• produce 25 ° of the carbon dioxide pollution from fossil-fuel burning.

Michael Northcott, A Moral Climate: the ethics of global warming, 2007REG 521 BUILDING SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT

How can we cut global

warming pollutionreducing

pollution from vehicles and power plantsHybrid gas-electric engines

put existing technologies for building, cleaner cars and

more modern electricity generators into widespread use

renewable energy sources such as wind, sun and geothermal

manufacture more efficient appliances and conserve energy

DO TO HELP FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING

choose a compact fluorescent light bulb over an incandescent bulb

opting for a refrigerator with the Energy Star label

fluorescent light bulb

refrigeratorhttp://earthtrends.wri.orghttp://nl.wikipedia.org


• Turn off your computer or the TV when you're not using it.

• Take shorter showers. Heating water uses energy.

• Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds, shades, or curtains.

• • Turn off the lights when you

leave a room.

Simple Things To Do


• Dress lightly when it’s hot instead of turning up the air conditioning. Or use a fan.

• Dress warmly when it’s cold instead of turning

up the heat.

• Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on your AC

and furnace clean.

• Walk short distances instead of asking for a ride in the

car.

• Plant a tree.

http://earthtrends.wri.orghttp://nl.wikipedia.org REG 521 BUILDING SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT

• HYBRID CARS. These still cost more than they save, but not too much, and lots of people like the idea of polluting less. We will eventually switch over almost completely and the sooner the better--there's lots of room for savings here.

• NUCLEAR POWER. Nuclear power still has problems, but makes no C02. A high priority needs to be placed on solving the nuclear-waste problem.

• PUMPING C02 UNDERGROUND. It seems incredible, but they do it all the time to force oil out of oil wells. US DOE has a big project to study this. It may turn out to be too expensive, but it is considered to be one of the best options by those in the know.

• WIND POWER. Facts will be studying this option soon. It is nearly break-even but how much could be installed? Is 5% of total power realistic? Right now that seems very far off.

BESIDE THAT :


ENERGY EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

ENERGY POLICY OF MALAYSIA

The energy policy of Malaysia is determined by the Malaysian Government, which address issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption.

The Department of Electricity and Gas Supply acts as the regulator while other players in the energy sector include energy supply and service companies, research and development institutions and consumers.

Government-linked companies Petronas and Tenaga Nasional Berhad are major players in Malaysia's energy sector.

Governmental agencies that contribute to the policy are the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Energy Commission (Suruhanjaya Tenaga), and the Malaysia Energy Centre (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia).

Among the documents that the policy is based on are the 1974 Petroleum Development Act, 1975 National Petroleum Policy, 1980 National Depletion Policy, 1990 Electricity Supply Act, 1993 Gas Supply Acts, 1994 Electricity Regulations, 1997 Gas Supply Regulation and the 2001 Energy Commission Act.

1. kinetic energy - energy of a moving object.2. light energy - energy transferred through waves and light particles

(photons).3. electrical energy - energy transferred by an electric current.4. sound energy - energy transferred via sound waves.5. thermal (heat) energy - energy of an object due to its temperature.

This is partly because of the random kinetic energy of the particles of the object.

6. elastic (strain) potential energy - energy stored in an object that is being stretched, squashed, twisted.

7. chemical energy - energy stored in fuel (ie. food) which is released when chemical reactions take place.

8. gravitational potential energy (GPE) - energy an object contains due to its position.

9. nuclear energy - energy stored in an atom’s nucleus.

TYPES OF ENERGY:

ENERGY TYPES

1. Climate change

2. Biofuel use

3. Fossil fuel use

4. Electricity generation

5. Reservoirs

6. Nuclear power

7. Wind power

a. Bio-diesel

b. Firewooda. Coal

b. Petroleumc. Gas

ISSUES OF THE ENERGY INDUSTRY

I. Climate change and global warming happen due to human activity and caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.

II. The majority of greenhouses gas emissions are due to burning fossil fuels with most of the rest due to deforestation.

Climate change will cause shortages of food and water and increased risk of flooding that

will affect billions of people, particularly those living in poverty.

The IPCC report Climate Change 2007: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

Biofuel is defined as solid, liquid or gaseous fuel obtained from relatively recently lifeless or living

biological material.

a. Bio-diesel b. Firewood

Various plants and plant-derived materials are used for biofuel

manufacturing

There are 2 types of Biofuel use:

a. Bio-diesel

Environmental impact of biodiesel

1. Greenhouse gas emissions

2. Pollution

3. Biodegradation

4. Biodegradation in Aquatic Environments

5. Carbonyl Emissions

b. Firewood

Firewood is a renewable resource. However, demand for this fuel can outpace its ability to

regenerate on local and regional level. For example in some places in the world and through history, the demand has led to

desertification.

Unsustainable firewood harvesting can lead to loss of biodiversity and erosion

due to loss of forest cover.

3 types of fossil fuel are :

a. Coal

b. Petroleumc. Gas

In 2006 primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.8%, coal 26.6%, natural gas 22.9%, amounting to an 86% share for fossil

fuels in primary energy production in the world.

Estimated by the Energy Information Administration

Burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide per year.

Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that enhances radiative forcing and contributes to global warming, causing the average surface temperature of the Earth to rise

Malaysia‘s heavy reliance on oil and natural gas to sustain its economic growth is causing the government to emphasize fuel diversification through coal imports and to promote investments in renewable energy .

Malaysia is the second largest oil and natural gas producer in Southeast Asia, the second largest exporter of liquefied natural gas globally, and is strategically located amid important routes for seaborne energy trade.

Source from Energy Information Administration

a. Coal

Environmental impact of the coal industry

1. Water management

2. Land use management

4. Air pollution

3. Greenhouse gas emissions

5. Radiation exposure6. Dangers to miners

I. Impact to land and surroundings

II. Waste managementIII.River water pollutionIV.Wildlife

I. Air emissionsII. Mercury emissionsIII.Annual excess deathsIV.Economic costs

b. Petroleum

Environmental impact of petroleum industry

ISSUES 1. Toxicity

2. Exhaust

3. Acid rain

4. Climate change

5. Oil spills

6. Volatile organic compounds

7. Waste oil

c. GasNatural gas is often described as the cleanest

fossil fuel, producing less carbon dioxide than coal or oil and far fewer pollutants than other fossil fuels but it produced greenhouse gas to

the atmosphere.

In 2004 natural gas produced about 5,300 Mt/yr of CO2 emissions, while coal and oil produced 10,600 and 10,200 respectively.

IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

By 2030, according to an updated version of the SRES B2 emissions scenario, natural gas would be the source of 11,000 Mt/yr, with coal and oil now 8,400 and 17,200 respectively.

Electrical power is normally generated at power plants that

convert some other kind of energy.

Environmental impact of electricity generation

1. Water usage2. Fossil fuels3. Nuclear power4. Hydroelectric power5. Tidal power6. Biomass

7. Wind power8. Geothermal power9. Solar power10. Concentrated solar power 11. Negawatt power

Environmental impact of reservoirs is increasing as the world demand for water and energy increases and the number and size of reservoirs increases

Dams and the reservoirs can be used to supply drinking water generate hydroelectric power, increasing the water supply for irrigation, provide recreational opportunities and to improve certain aspects of the environment.

However, adverse environmental and sociological impacts have also been identified during and after many reservoir constructions.

Environmental impact of nuclear power results

from the nuclear fuel cycle, operation, and the effects of nuclear

accidents.

1. Waste streams2. Radioactive waste

High-level wasteOther waste

3. Power plant emissionsI.Radioactive gases and effluents

•Risk of cancer•Comparison to coal-fired generation•Contrast of radioactive accident emissions with industrial emissions•Waste heat

4. Environmental effects of accidents

Fukushima disasterChernobyl disasterSL-1 meltdown

5. Greenhouse gas emissions6. Decommissioning

energy stored in an atom’s nucleus

The wind energy is a clean energy resource that may contribute to the usual energy production as an energy resource under suitable conditions.Energy to be obtained from wind completely depends on the speed of wind and blowing period. The wind is a reliable, continuous and determinant resource. The wind plants may require a wide area for turbines. They are noisy and cause bird deaths and make parasites on radio and TV receivers.

Environmental impact of wind

power is relatively

minor, slightly higher than the environmental

impact of hydro power on a life-

cycle basis.

1. Carbon dioxide emissions and pollution2. Net energy gain3. Ecology

Land use Impact on wildlife Birds Bats Weather and climate change

4. Impacts on people Safety Aesthetics Noise annoyance

5. Offshore

Environmental impact of wind power

CONCLUSION

Energy industry are the main cause of climate change, global warming and greenhouse effect around the world and it give a bad impact to the biodiversity.

Greenhouse Effect


What is Greenhouse?

• Is a structural building with different types of covering materials, such as a glass or plastic roof & frequently glass or plastic walls

• Receiving energy (in the form of light) from outside; the inside of greenhouse will heat & emit infrared radiation.

• It happens that glass is a material pretty opaque to these infrared radiation emitted by the interior of greenhouse.

• This prevents the energy to dissipate easily outside & leads to a temperature increase that would not happen if infrared could freely escape from greenhouse.


Greenhouse Effect

• is a natural process that warms the Earth, and, in fact, is quite necessary for our survival. Gases in the atmosphere, like water vapour (clouds), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) act as a natural blanket by preventing the sun’s heat energy from radiating back into space, much like a greenhouse traps the sun’s energy to warm someone’s plants even in the middle of winter.

• The natural greenhouse effect helps warm the Earth’s surface by as much as 33oC, and without it, our planet would be too cold for humans to survive.

http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/ClimateChange/Pages/Greenhouse%20Effect.aspx




Process of Greenhouse


• As the sun’s energy hits the Earth, some of that energy is absorbed by the earth’s crust and by the oceans, warming the planet.

• The rest of the energy is radiated back toward space as infrared energy. While some of this infrared energy does radiate back into space, some portion is absorbed and re-emitted by water vapor and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

• This absorbed energy helps to warm the planet’s surface and atmosphere just like a greenhouse.


Causes of Greenhouse Effect

• burning of fossil fuel like coal in the industries for producing electricity. Burning fossil fuel leads to high emissions of carbon dioxide gas.

• methane, which is more powerful than CO2 at trapping the heat in the atmosphere, gets released from resources such as rice paddies, bacteria in bogs and fossil fuel manufacture.

• Nitrous oxide, also a green house gas is produced during nylon and nitric acid production, cars with catalytic converters, the use of fertilizers and the burning of organic matter.


Impact of Greenhouse

Environment • Overall average annual temperatures are expected to

increase• Global Warming will decrease snow, sea ice & glacier

coverage, resulting in rising sea levels & increase coastal flooding.

• Rising temperatures will also thaw permafrost in the artic• Storm & heat waves are likely to increase in frequency &

severity.• Many wild species will have difficulty adapting to a warmer

climate & will likely experience greater stress from disease and invasive species


Human Health• Increase d temperatures and more frequent

and severe extreme weather could lead to increased risks of death from hydration and heat stroke, & injuries from intense local weather changes

• Increased risk of respiratory and cardiovascular problems and certain types of cancers, as temperatures rise and exacerbate air pollution


Economy• Agriculture, forestry, tourism & recreation

could be affected by changing weather patterns

• Human health impacts are expected to place additional economic stress on health and social support systems

• Damage to infrastructure (e.g roads and bridges) from extreme weather events is expected to increase


Ways to Reduce Greenhouse Effect

• Reduce, Reuse, Recycle• Use less heat and air conditioning• Drive less and drive smart• Factory install smoke filters• Plant a tree• Vehicles use unleaded petrol• Enforce the law on behalf of polluting the

environment• Environmental campaign


EARTH SUMMIT (Jun’92)• Also known as Rio Conference and United Nations

Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)• 172 Government parties, 2400 NGO’s• Aims:

– Reduce production of toxic components– Alternative source of energy to replace fossil fuels– Reliance on public transportation systems

• Documents produced:– Agenda21– Rio Declaration– Forest Principles


AGENDA 21• Named because it is an action agenda of the UN

with regards to sustainable development• No. 21 refers to the 21st century• Published: April 23, 1993• 300-page document with 40 chapters• Divided into 4 sections:

I. Social & Economic Dimensions:combatting povertyachieving more sustainable population

II. Conservation & Management of Resources for Development:

Conserving biodiversityPollution control management and preventing deforestation


III. Strengthening the Role of Major Groups: Including roles of youth, NGO’s and local

authorities

IV. Means of implementation: In education, technology research, etc.

Development & Revolution•Rio+10 (2002): Introducing World Summit on Sustainable Development as UN’s commitment to full implementation of Agenda 21

•Rio+20 (2012): Members reaffirmed their commitment to Agenda 21, produced a document called “The Future We Want"


RIO DECLARATION• Consisted of 27 Principles intended to guide future sustainable

development around the world


FOREST PRINCIPLES• A non-legally-binding authoritative statement of

principles for a global agreement on the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forest

• Divided into 5 program areas:1. Securing multiple roles for trees, forest

and forest lands2. Protecting forests and promoting

afforestation and reforestation3. Promoting better utilization and value of

trees, forests and forest lands4. Assessment and monitoring of forest-

related programs and processes5. International and regional cooperation


UNFCCC

• An agreement signed by 154 parties in 1992, as up to 195 parties recorded in 2011

• Main objective: to stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous interference with the climate system

• Participating countries have decided on meeting annually since 1995 in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change


Lists of COP’s (1995-2012)


• Protocol prepared during the

3rd COP held in Kyoto, Japan in 1997• Decisions decided upon:

i. Emission-reduction targets of greenhouse gasses (GHG) for 37 industrialized countries

ii. Recognizing which developed country responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere

iii. Hold future meetings to set penalties for violators of the established targets

Kyoto Protocol (COP3)


Copenhagen Summit (COP15)• 2009 Conference held in Copenhagen,

Denmark• Adopting the Kyoto Protocol (COP3)

successfully• Aims:

– Limit temperature rises to 1.5°C and cut CO2 emissions by 80% in 2050

– Agreement pledges US$30 billion to help poor countries to adapt to climate change

– Reduce deforestation in return for cash for developed countries


THE ENDThank You


References • World Meteorogical Organization. (n.d.) Climate Change. [Online] Available from :

http://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/causes_of_climate_change.php

[Accessed 4th October 2013]• United Nations Environment Programme. (n.d.) Helping Communities and Ecosystems

Adapt to Climate Change. [Online] Available from : http://www.unep.org/climatechange/adaptation/ScienceandAssessments/tabid/29573/Default.aspx

[Accessed 5th October 2013]• Michael Pirdwirny. (2010) Causes of Climatic Change. Available from :

http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/150960/[Accessed 4th October 2013]

• The University of Cambridge. (1996) Climate Change 1995 : The Science of Climate Change. Available from : http://books.google.com.my/books?hl=en&lr=&id=k9n8v_7foQkC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=causes+of+climate+change&ots=Oy_FQClSq2&sig=bfzMU7qIdpCqfhIDRdYwn4XwU58&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=causes%20of%20climate%20change&f=false

[Accessed 5th October 2013]


References

• Government of Canada. (2012) Canada’s Action on Climate Change. [Online] Available from : http://www.climatechange.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=65CD73F4-1

[Accessed 4th October 2013]• Climate Change : Impact and Responses. (n.d.) Scientific Evidence. [Online]

Available from : http://on-climate.com/our-focus/theme

[Accessed 4th October 2013]

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