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Global Climate / Greenhouse Effect
• What determines the temperature on earth?
• What is the greenhouse effect?
• How can the climate be disturbed?
• What are the consequences of increased
temperatures?
• What is going to happen in the future?
The Equilibrium Temperature of the Earth
41
4)1(
σε−
=Be
es
e
AFT
Te = 255 K = -18°C = -81°F
Variation of Sun-Earth Distance
Eccentricity of Earth’s Orbit
Current N.H.
summer (June)
N N
SS
152 million km 147 million km Current S.H.
summer (January)
11 year cycle of solar radiation11-yr sun spot cycle
Sun spots
The bright regions on the Sun that surround sunspots are called faculae. (Image courtesy Big Bear Solar Observatory) Change of solar
intensity ~0.1% - too weak to be noticed
The Greenhouse Effectno atmosphere
Heat
infr
ared
visi
ble
with atmosphereoutgoing IR radiation is absorbedand emitted back to the ground
Heat
visi
ble
infr
aredEarth IR radiation
Hydrological Cycle
from http://www.watersystems.co.nz/images/hydrologicalcycle.jpg
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Source: http://www.esd.ornl.gov/iab/iab2-2.htm
Methane (CH4)Termites Rice Paddies Natural Gas
Leakage
RuminantsWetlands
Nitrous Oxide, N2O“laughing gas”
Biomass burningIndustrial processes
SoilsNitrogen fertilizer
Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs), Hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs),
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
Aluminum smelting
Refrigeration
Propellant
Insulator for electrical equipment
Tropospheric Ozone (O3)
CO + OH + O2 CO2 + HO2
NO + HO2 NO2
NO2 + hv NO + O
O + O2 O3
Percent Absorption of IR by Greenhouse Gases
Atmosphericwindow
Figure 12.4
Climate HistoryOcean Floor Sediment Analysis
Foraminifera “sea creatures”
GeologicTime Scale
Holocene
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Miocene
Oligocene
Eocene
Paleocene
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
Tertiary
Quaternary
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian
Permian
Pennsyl-vanianMissis-sippian
Proterozoic
Archean
0.1
2
5
26
37
53
65
136
190
225
280
320
345
395
430
500
570
2300-2800
4600-4700
Oldest recorded rocks (3800)Earliest recorded life (3500)
First shelled invertebrates (570)
Primitive fish (430-500)
First land plants (395-430)
Coal formation (280-320)
Oxygen-producing photosynthesis (2300)
Formation of Pangea (220)
Meteorite bombardment (4600-4100)
Earliest Eukaryotes (1400)
Era Period Epoch Age(mya)
Antarctic ice (40)
Greenland ice sheet (2.4-4)Arctic sea ice/ Alaskan glaciers (5-6)
Homo habilis (2.0)
Cenozoic
Phanerozoic
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Precambrian
Age ofmammals
Age ofdinosaurs
Carboniferous
Figure 12.13
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
(~55 million years ago)
Rapid warming (10,000 years) lasting 100,000 years
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
(~55 million years ago)
Climate HistoryMid-Pliocene (~3.5 million years ago)
Configuration of continents and ocean basins close to present
CO2 concentrations: 360 – 400 ppm
Sea level: 15 – 25 m higher than modern
Global mean temperatures: 2 – 3°C above preindustrial
Estimated mid-Pliocene sea-levelhttp://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/sea_level/
The light blue color shows an estimate of the coastline of the eastern United States during the last glacial maximum, about 20,000 years ago. The dark green shows the modern coastline, and the lighter shades of green show the coastlines that may have existed during the warm climatic interval of the middle Pliocene epoch, about 3 million years ago.
Climate HistoryPolar Ice Cores
Limited to ~ 1 million years ago
Antarctica Greenland
Climate HistoryTropical Ice Cores
Prof. Lonnie Thompson –Ohio State University
Climate HistoryTemperature and Greenhouse Gases
Today: CO2 = 370 ppm
CH4 = 1800 ppbPetit et al., 1999
Carbon dioxide (CO2) variability over the past 400,000 years
Proxies for more recent climate variability
Tree Rings Corals
Lake sediment cores
Local temperature variability in the Holocene
Climate HistoryTemperature and Greenhouse Gases
Today: CO2 = 370 ppm
CH4 = 1800 ppbPetit et al., 1999
Reconstructed Temperature over the Past 2,000 Years
Tambora, IndonesiaFrom space shuttle
April 5, 1815 - Moderate eruptionApril 10-11, 1815 - Most powerful eruption in recorded historyTook off 1400 m from the top of the mountain1 billion tonnes of TNT (60,000 atomic bombs)150 times more ash than Mt. St. Helens.82,000 deaths, most local. Reduced temperatures hemispherically by up to 2-3oC for one yearIn Europe and North America, 1816 was “Year without a summer”
Year Without a Summer - 1816Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great
Western Railway
The Fighting Temeraire
Mary Shelley - “Frankenstein”J.M.W Turner (1775-1851)
Instrumental Temperature Record since 1860
Instrumental Temperature Record since 1980
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/cag3/cag3.html
Recent Temperature Anomalies
compared to Jan. 1940 – Dec. 1980 average
Atmospheric CO2concentrations since 1750
CO2 emissions since 1800
CO2 Balance
Change in CH4(g) Mixing Ratio
0.60.8
11.21.41.61.8
2
1840 1880 1920 1960 2000
CH 4
Year
CH
4(g)
mix
ing
ratio
(ppm
v)
Figure 12.7
Methane Emission (1860-1994)
Figure 12.10, Stern and Kaufman (1998)
1
10
100
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000CH 4
Year
Total
Rice farming
Livestock
Landfills
Gas flaring Gas supply
Coal miningBiomass burning
CH
4(g)
em
issi
ons
(Tg
of m
etha
ne p
er y
r)
Change in N2O(g) Mixing Ratio
Figure 12.7
300
305
310
315
320
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
N 2
Year
N2O
(g) m
ixin
g ra
tio (p
pbv)
Global Trends in CFCs
Estimated Global Warming Due to Different Gases and Particles
Percent Natural Percent Global Greenhouse Effect Warming
Chemical Due to Chemical Due to ChemicalH2O(g) 88.9 0CO2 (g) 7.5 46.6CH4(g) 0.5 14.0O3(g) 1.1 11.9N2O(g) 1.5 4.2CFCL3(g) 0 1.8CF2Cl2(g) 0 4.2CF2ClH(g) 0 0.6
Table 12.3
Positive Feedback“Runaway climate”
Cause Effect
enhance
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50Temperature (oC)
Over liquidwater
Vap
or p
ress
ure
(mb)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50Temperature (oC)
Over liquidwater
Vap
or p
ress
ure
(mb)
Vap
or p
ress
ure
(mb)
Example:
Water vapor
(greenhouse gas)
Negative FeedbackCause Effect
“self-regulation”
suppress
Example:
Low clouds
(reflect visible light to space)
Influence of Clouds
cooling
albedothermalradiation
Negative Feedback: Low Clouds (warm and dense)
→ high albedo⇒ block off solar radiation
→ warm⇒ emit IR radiation at the
temp. of the cloud top
⇒ planetary cooling
Low Clouds
Influence of CloudsPositive Feedback:
High Clouds (cold and thin)
warming
albedothermalradiation → small albedo
⇒ solar radiation is only weakly reflected
→ cold⇒ emit less IR radiation
at the their top
⇒ planetary warming
High Clouds
Permafrost – CH4 hydratesPositive Feedback
Location of sedimentary basins in the Northern Hemisphere that may
contain gas hydrate.Source: Collett and Dallimore, 2000.
Permafrost and gas hydrates are commonly found together
http://whyfiles.org/119nat_gas/5.html
Marine Phytoplankton DMS Sulfate Aerosol
Negative Feedback
Melting Glaciers
Glacier Ururashraju,Peru in 1986
1999Glacier retreated around 500m
Glacier National Park - 1911
2000
Mt. Kilimanjaro Ice Area
Island of Fualopa, Tuvulu
Highest point is 4 m above sea level
Many people on Tuvalu are now looking at migrating; indeed New Zealand has offered to take in 75 Tuvaluans every year.
Extreme Weather Events
Human Health - Malaria
Prediction of Malaria Transmission rates in 2002 relative to theaverage risks between 1961-1990
Epstein, 2000
Percent World CO2(g) Emissions by Country or Continent (1997)
Oceania (5.0)
China (13.9)
Russia (5.9)
Japan (4.8)
India (4.2)
Germany (3.4)
Africa (3.3)
Central+South America (5.5)
U.K. (2.2)Canada (2.0)
Italy (1.7)
Other (19.6)
U.S. (22.6)
South Korea (1.8)
Poland (1.4) France (1.4)Australia (1.3)
Figure 12.22
Per Capita and National Emissions of Carbon (C) in CO2(g) in 1997
Figure 12.230 5 10 15 20
QatarUnited Arab Emirates
KuwaitSingapore
United StatesAustralia
CanadaSaudi Arabia
Czech RepublicNorth Korea
DenmarkNetherlands
BelgiumGermany
RussiaSouth Korea
JapanPolandTaiwan
United Kingdom
Bar 1: National emissions (hundred-million tons of C per year)Bar 2: Per capita emissions (tons of C per person per year)
UNFCCC nations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:UNFCCCcountries.png
Green: UNFCCC member
Peach: UNFCCC observer
Gray: not party to the UNFCCC
Percent Change in 1990 Emissions Required Under
Kyoto ProtocolPercent Change
Country in EmissionSwitzerland, central Europe, European Union -8United States -7Canada, Hungary, Japan, Poland -6Russia, New Zealand, Ukraine 0Norway +1Australia +8Iceland +10
Table 12.5
Kyoto: Country by country
Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and
ClimateJuly 28, 2005