The Colonization of the Americas

I. Spanish ColonizationA. the conquistadores: Spanish soldiers who led military expeditions to the Americas

1. Hernan Cortez: 1519, defeated Aztecs at Tenochtitlan and King Montezuma was killed

2. Ponce de Leon: 1513, 1521, Florida

3. Francisco Pizarro: 1531, conquered the Inca of Peru

4. Hernando de Soto: 1539, crossed Mississippi River

5. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado: 1542, explored North American West, including the Grand Canyon

6. Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo: 1542, explored California

II. The Governing of New SpainA. Council of the Indies:

1. 1524, oversaw the government in Spanish America

2. wrote laws3. appointed officials and oversaw

their conduct4. judged legal cases

B. Viceroys:1. Peru2. New Spain

C. Settlements1.Pueblos: small

villages2.Presidios: military

forts3 Missions: religious

settlements

D. The Encomienda System1. encomenderos: Spanish

settlers given the right given to the Spanish settlers to tax and to demand labor from Indians in exchange for converting them to Christianity, protecting them from attack, and teaching

them various skills2. in the Caribbean, however,

the system did not work so plantations began to

import African slaves

E.Social Classes1. peninsulares:

European Born2. criollos:

Europeans born in New Spain

3. mestizos: mixed ancestry

4. Indians

F. Expanding the borders1.the Southeast

a. St. Augustine, Florida: 1565, became the first permanent European

settlement in North America b.Georgia missions

Castillo de San Marcos

Castillo de San Marcos

2. the Southwesta. Santa Fe, New Mexico:

1609- 1610, b. El Paso, Texas: 1659

3. California4. El Camino Real, the King’s

Road: connected communities in New Spain

III. Religious and Political Changes in EuropeA. The Protestant Reformation

1. began in German towns in the 1520s

2. violence occurred in many countries, i.e. the French Huguenots

3. Henry VIII: founded the Anglican Church in England

4. Queen Elizabeth: his daughtera. promoted peace and

tolerance between religions.b. sea dogs: English pirates

encouraged to attack Spanish treasure ships

c. Sir Francis Drake: most successful sea dog; raided New Spain; first Englishman to circumnavigate the world

d. the Spanish Armada: 1588,

1. 130 ships and 30,000 soldiers to invade

England and overthrow Elizabeth and the Anglican Church.

2. defeated by the smaller English navy aided by sea dogs, merchants, and fisherman

B. The Decline of Spain1. the defeat of the Spanish Armada2. high inflation caused by large

amounts of silver from the New World

3. purchasing cheaper foreign goods and food

4. as the country grew less wealthy, Spaniards could no longer

afford to purchase goods from other countries nor could they produce their own

IV. New FranceA. Florida: 1565, destroyed by the SpanishB. Acadia: 1604C. Quebec: 1608, founded by Samuel de ChamplainD. Montreal: 1642, became a center for the Great Lakes fur trade

E. Louisiana: 1650s

1. Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet: explored the Mississippi River

2. Robert de La Salle: Claimed Louisiana for Louis XIV

3. New Orleans: 1718

F. by the mid 1700s, France

claimed territory which included Canada and the interior of north America from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains

G. Claims aided by1. French settlers such

as fur traders and farmers

2. widely separated communities,

fortresses (Detroit, St. Louis, New Orleans) missions and

trading posts

H. Relations with Native Americans:

1. tolerated Indian social customs2. intermarried3. converted them to Catholicism

4. Allied with the Algonquian and Huron

I. Problems:1. Had trouble attracting settlers2. hated by the Iroquois

GRAPHIC ORGANIZERV. New Netherland

A. land between the Delaware and Connecticut Rivers (present-day Connecticut, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York)B. the Dutch West India Company: 1624, sent 30 families to settle the areaC. New Amsterdam: 1626, purchased Manhattan from a local tribe

D. patroon system: a wealthy landlord received a large grant of land to rent to other settlers and in return helped them surviveE. practiced religious tolerance and allowed other European nationalities to settle

VI. New Sweden: A. located along the Delaware RiverB. built log cabinsC. established farms and traded with natives for furs

D. battled with New Netherland over the regionE. Peter Stuyvesant: 1655, governor of New

Netherland who seized New Sweden from the Swedish

VII. Early English Settlements

A. Sir Humphrey Gilbert: 1578, obtained a charter for a colony in Newfoundland but drowned

B. Sir Walter Raleigh1. named Virginia2. Roanoke: 1586,

colony in Virginia which did not succeed

C. John White: 1. 1587, resettled

Roanoke2. Virginia Dare: his

granddaughter, the first English child born in the colonies

3. 1590, White returned from England to find the buildings still standing but no colonists

VIII. The Virginia ColonyA. Attracting settlers

1. economic hardship in England2. enclosure3. population increase4. unemployment rose

B. The London Company

1. Jamestown: April 26, 1607, 105 ill-prepared male

settlers arrived2. 2/3’s of the

settlers died

3. Capt. John Smith: gained control of the settlement and forced them to grow crops4. Powhatan: exchanged goods with the English and taught them how to grow crops5. starving time: 1610, only sixty colonists remained

6. Sir Thomas Gates: 1611, new governor who established

strict laws7. John Rolfe:

1612, introduced a sweeter West

Indian tobacco

8. headright system: 1618, each colonist who paid his/her own way to Virginia received 50 acres of land plus 50 acres for each additional person

9. Daily life:a. men outnumbered womenb. focused on shelter, foodc. produced homemade

productsd. reading and religion taught

at home

10. Powhatan wars: 1622-1646

a. English population growth led to settlers claiming land reserved for Native Americans

b. conflicts continued even after treaty

11. Labor issues:a. indentured servants: four

to seven year labor contractb. Africans:

1. arrived aboard a Dutch ship in 1619

2. some were indentured; others slaves

3. More slaves purchased once death rates and prices

declined

12. House of Burgesses: Virginia’s elected

assemblya. 1619, all men aged 17

and older could voteb. Sir William Berkeley:

1642-late 1670s, governorc. by 1670,

1. vote restricted to landowners

2. elections were rare3. backcountry settlers

had no representation

13. Bacon’s Rebellion:a. tensions grew between Natives

Americans and settlers over the land b. Native Americans killed a servantc. settlers retaliatedd. Berkeley responded cautiously to

the violencee. the settlers responded by rebelling

against the colonial governmentf. slaves, freed slaves, and former

servants led by wealthy landowner Nathaniel Bacon

g burned Jamestown and drove the governor into exile

h. then Bacon died; twenty-three of his followers were hanged

f. Berkeley regained control and negotiated with the Native Americans to open more land for settlement

IX. The Pilgrim’s ExperienceA. Pilgrims: a sect of Puritans B. Immigrated from England to the Netherlands in 1607C. returned to England to apply for permission to settle in VirginiaD. William Bradford: governorE. left aboard the Mayflower on September 16, 1620.F. Mayflower Compact: self-governmentG. landed on Plymouth Rock, MassachusettsH. Samoset: a Pemaquid Indian who gave

information about the peoples and places surrounding PlymouthI. Squanto: A Pawtuxet Indian who showed them how to farm and helped them established peaceful relations with the Wampanoag Indians

X. The Great MigrationA. Problems in England

1. economic repression2. King Charles I raised taxes3. Charles then dissolved

Parliament4. the Anglican Church became

less tolerant of religious dissentersB. between 1629-1640, 40,000 English men, women, and children migrated to the colonies

XI. The New England ColoniesA. The Massachusetts Bay Colony

1. 1630, company colony2. established by Puritans for

religious freedom3. John Winthrop: the governor4. seventeen ships and 1,000

people (mostly families)5. several settlements quickly 6. General Court: legislative body

which became a bicameral legislature in 1644

7. white male church members could vote

8. town meeting: discussion of issues of local interest

9. daily life:a. Religion: structured with

weekly church gatheringsb. economy: skilled laborers,

successful farmers of food crops; also fishing and trading

c. family: married with five to seven children

d. education: 1. 1647, first public law

regulating education 2. schools established in all

towns with fifty or more households

3. Harvard College founded in 1636

4. literacy high: 70% men, 45% women

10. Salem Witch Trialsa. Tituba: b. over 100 colonists

accusedc. 19 people executedd. one year later, many

people involved in the trials publicly apologized for their participation

in the prosecution

B. New Hampshire/Maine1. 1623, 1629 proprietary colony2. established for farming3. few settlers until Hutchinson’s

followers began to settle in the area

4. New Hampshire became a separate colony in 1679

5. Maine remained part of Massachusetts until 1820

C. Connecticut1. 1633, 1662 royal colony2. established for trade; farming;

religious freedom3. Thomas Hooker: led

Massachusetts settlers to form a new colony

4. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: created a government similar to Massachusetts Bay but a larger

proportion of men are given the right to vote and hold office

D. Rhode Island1. 1636, 1644 royal colony2. established for religious

freedom 3. Roger Williams:

a. banished from Massachusetts

b. supported the separation of the church from politics, religious tolerance for all members of the community, and fair dealing with Indians

XII. The Middle ColoniesA. Delaware

1. 1638, 1664, 1703 2. established for trade by the

Swedish3. became an English colony in

16644. was part of the Pennsylvania

colony from 1682 to 17765. operated with a separate

legislative assembly as of 1703

B. Pennsylvania1. 1643, 1682 proprietary colony2. established for religious

freedom by the Swedish3. land granted to William Penn

in 16814. first Quaker colony, 16825. Penn attracted settlers from

all across Europe6. Frame of Government:

representative assembly7. established Philadelphia

8. paid the Natives for the land and was well respected by them

9. Charter of Liberties: 1701, set up a single representative assembly with a separate representative assembly for the lower three counties

C. New York1. 1624, 1664 proprietary

colony2. established for trade by the

Dutch3. Peter Stuyvesant: gained

control of the colony in 16454. Duke of York: Charles II’s

brother took control of the colony from Stuyvesant

5. diverse colony with Dutch, Scandinavians,

Germans, French, Native Americans

6. governed by a governor and council

7. power remained concentrated in the hands of large landowners and York’s political supporters

8. tensions were high between the landed and the remainder

9. a growing a generally prosperous colony

D. New Jersey1. 1660, 16642. established by the Dutch for

religious freedom; farming3. became a proprietary English

colony in 16644. proprietors were political

supporters of James, Duke of York5. became a royal colony in 17026. also ethnically and religiously

diverse7. mainly settled by small farmers8. no natural harbor

XIII. The Southern ColoniesA. Virginia

1.1607 proprietary colony

2.established to establish a permanent colony and

search for riches

B. Maryland1. 1634; proprietary colony2. established by Catholics for religious

freedom; farming3. Lord Baltimore: granted charter as

sole proprietor4. Leonard Calvert: governor5. a significant majority of colonists

were wealthy landowners6. Catholics were quickly outnumbered7. Toleration Act of 1649: made

restricting the rights of Christians a crime8. Maryland Civil War: 1655,

temporarily unseated the proprietary government

9. eventually used a headright system to lure settlers

C. Carolinas1. 1669 proprietary colony2. established for trade; farming3. Charles Town built as capital

between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers4. in the northern region were mainly

subsistence farmers5. in the southern region an elaborate

plantation system was established

6. tensions remained between the northern and southern regions, smaller farmers and larger planters, immigrants from Barbados and those from England

7. in 1729 North and South Carolina became two separate royal colonies

D. Georgia1. 1733, proprietary2. established as a relief for poor

people and a buffer against Spanish Florida

3. James Oglethorpe: MP and military heroa. limited size of landholdingsb. prohibited Africans, rum,

and Catholics4. Savannah: fortified town at

the mouth of the Savannah River

5. the restrictions were eased over time as the colony failed to be successful

6. Became a royal colony

XIV. Caribbean ColonizationA. native populations were decimated by European epidemicsB. More than half of the English migrants settled on the islands of the Caribbean and BermudaC. claimed by SpainD. only Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto

Rico had substantial Spanish settlement

E. English colonists were always vulnerable to Spanish attack

F. economy based on exporting crops such as tobacco and cottonG. sugar was the most lucrative crop

H. planters relied on slave labor

I. by the late 1690s, Africans outnumbered white settlers four to oneJ. at least seven major slave revoltsK. little society created

because the primary concern was profit

Works CitedWorks CitedBrinkley, Alan. American History:

A Survey. Vol 1. Boston: McGraw-Hill College, 1999.

Stuckey, Sterling, and Linda Kerrigan Salvucci. Call to Freedom: Beginnings to 1914. Austin, Texas: Holt, Rinhart, and Winston,2000.