colonization of the americas. england, france, & the netherlands became involved in overseas...
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Spanish empire by the 1600’s
consisted of New Spain Southern
part of North America, Caribbean
Islands New GranadaMost of Northern South America
PeruWestern South
AmericaLa Plata
Southern South America
The Spanish Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Spanish ancestry
CreolesSpanish and
Black mixture.
MestizosSpanish
and Indian mixture
MulattosWhite
American and Black mixture
Native Indians
Black Slaves
Father Bartolomé de Las Casas• Believed Native
Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish.
• Indians could be educated and converted to Christianity.
• Believed Indian culture was as advanced as European but in different ways.
1. Spaniards received a grant of land, including all people living on that land• Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands• Indians often provided personal services as well.
2. In return the conquistador was obligated to• protect his wards• instruct them in the Christian faith• defend their right to live off the land
4. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population. 5. The King proclaimed the New Laws (1542) supported by de Las Casas, the system gradually died out.
Samuel de Champlain founded the French colony of QuebecFrench carved out a large colony along the Mississippi River from Canada to New Orleans
New France• Settled along the St. Lawrence River• Hunters and trappers (coureurs de bois –
“runners of the woods”)• Voyageurs were people transported furs
by canoe • Established friendly relations with the
Indians• Expanded down the Mississippi River• Most largely free of government control
The Netherlands (the Dutch) allowed private companies to fund explorationThe Dutch had colonies in America & Africa, but the Dutch East India Company dominated trade in Asia
• The Dutch focused on the fur trade
• Dutch and French became rivals in the fur trade.
• Dutch & French form alliances with Native Americans—increase warfare & Iroquois (Dutch ally) defeat Hurons
New Netherland
New NetherlandSettled along the Hudson River
around what is now New YorkEstablished a busy port - New Amsterdam.Sent only a few men to settlements
–Founded Albany (New York, 1614) on the Hudson River
–New Netherland was an extension of the Dutch global trade system
The SwedishIn 1637, Sweden formed the
New Sweden Company, to set up a colony in Delaware Bay.
Their first fort was called Fort Christina, named after their queen.
The Swedish colonies were set up along the Delaware River, on land purchased from the local Native American tribes.
The Swedish were originally looking for copper, but most of their trade was for fur and tobacco.
The Swedish bought furs and tobacco from local Native American tribes, & then sent it by ship back to Sweden.
The Swedish were the first colonists in North America to build log cabins.
The Swedish
Swedish colonies in America only lasted from 1638-1655!
They realized that colonies in the New World simply weren’t worth fighting for.
Their colonies were first handed over the Dutch.
Eventually they became part of the English colonies.
The SwedishThe Swedish
English Colonies
English colonies were paid for by citizens who formed joint-stock companies
English colonies formed along the Atlantic Coast of North America by colonists motivated either by religion or wealth
The first English attempt was by Sir Walter Raleigh on the Outer Banksof North Carolina. This ended infailure and the “Lost Colony.”Colonies led by individuals failed miserably.
Jamestown1st permanent English settlement founded at
Jamestown in 1607 Had a disastrous startThanks to the Indians, they survived
Jamestown1st permanent English
settlement founded at Jamestown in 1607
Problems:
Land chosen was swampy, unfit for farming, and full of disease.
Colonists were "gentlemen", rather than farmers and workers.
Colonists spent too much time searching for gold
and silver.
JamestownWhen colonists started growing tobacco, the
colony got better. By 1620, England was importing more than 30,000 lbs of tobacco a year.
Events:1618-headright system gave colonists 50 acres
and increased immigration. Most immigrants were indentured servants. 1619-First Africans arrived, most likely as
indentured servants.
PlymouthPlymouth Colony
established in 1620Separatists(Pilgrims) -wanted to separate from the Anglican Church.
Signing the Mayflower Compact
Mayflower Compact*-since they were out of the Virginia Company's territory, 41 men drew up this agreement to outline "just and equal laws...for the general good of the colony."
Massachusetts Bay ColonyPuritans-wanted to purify & reform the Anglican Church.Beliefs: -Humans were naturally sinful-original sin
-Your fate was predetermined-predestination-Harsh punishment for drunkenness,
theft, swearing, and idleness-Ministers led congregations, not bishops
Established Massachusetts Bay Colony (Boston) in 1630
Very successful and well supplied, the colony eventually absorbed the Plymouth Colony.
English explorer James Cook was the first European to make contact with Australia, New Zealand, & Hawaii
Country Reason Method
Spain God, Gold, Glory
Encomienda system to enslave native people
to provide gold and silver to the Spanish
King
France TradeFur
Trade with native people to provide
resources for French merchants
England“Mercantilism”
Land, Resources, Markets
Attract colonists to create new markets for
English merchants
Three Approaches to Colonization
Slave Trade1. First slaves were Indian captives or prisoners of war.
2. By 1700, the African slave trade flourished. Slaves came mostly from West Africa and Central Africa
3. The voyage across the Atlantic, called the Middle Passage, killed many before they arrived in America.
4. 12 million Africans taken to the Americas
5. Slavery became widespread in the Southern colonies
a. Labor intensive crops required a large workforce
b. Slaves worked on tobacco, cotton, sugar, & rice plantations with white overseers.
c. Many became artisans skilled in a trade such as blacksmithing or carpentry.
IV. Diverse Colonial Life North=CommerceA.. Port Cities-these cities grew quickly as
a result of trade. Largest colonial cities were Boston,
Philadelphia, New York, Charles Town. Most people were still small farmers who relied on barter.
B. Triangle of Trade-Trade Routes between the colonies, Europe, and the West Indies.
MercantilismA. Mercantilism-theory that a nation
becomes powerful through trade
1. England used colonies to provide products/resources they needed
2. Naval power developed to protect trade interests
3. Shipbuilding and fishing became important industries
4. Colonies created to serve as new markets for English goods
MercantilismA. English Colonists were required to purchase
mostly English products
B. Goods purchased from other countries had to be transported to England – Then shipped to the colonies on English ships
C. Goods purchased from colonies in the Caribbean had to be shipped on English ships
D. Trade was so profitable that England seldom enforced the rules – Salutary Neglect
Self-Government and the Colonies
• John Locke (1632-1704)
– Two Treatises on Government (1690)• Natural rights: life, liberty, property• Can’t morally be taken away by government• Social contract theory
– Implied contract between government and citizens– People submit themselves to follow the law for the
common good and to cultivate civic virtue– Government fails= replace government