Exploration & Colonization of The Americas

I. The Spanish CaribbeanA. The indigenous Tainos or

Arawaks

Taino Indians, Dominican Rep., 1500 CE

B. The Encomienda system

1. subjugated by the Spanish to mine gold & silver2. Brutality & smallpox led to a decrease in the population3. By early 17th century, the Taino pop. no longer exists.

1. System provided land grants given to Spanish settlers.2. Tainos forced into labor in exchange for provisions.

II. The Conquest of Mexico and PeruA. The Aztecs (Mexico) and Incas (Peru)

1. The empires of Meso & South America were wealthier and more complex than Caribbean societies.

B. Hernan Cortes1. Conquers Aztecs 1519-21

2. Internal strife and disease allow Spanish to defeat these groups.3. Technology (steel swords, muskets, cannons and horses) gave Spanish the advantage.

C. Francisco Pizarro1. Conquers Incas 1532-33

II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru (continued)

Europeans

Technological advancements

enslavement & subjugation

III. Iberian Empires in the Americas

B. The Spanish formalize their rule1. New Spain & New Castile - each governed by viceroys2. audiencias are set up to check the power of the viceroys3. urban centers develop as a result of Spanish rule

C. Portuguese establish imperial presence in Brazil.

A. Treaty of Tordesillas1. Divides South America between Spanish and Portuguese rule.

IV. Colonization of North America

A. France & England 1. Colonization on east coast,

exploration of west coast

2. Migration patterns show more family based settlement.(laws prevented miscegenation)

3. Sought fur, fish, trade routes early 17th century

4. Suffered from isolation & food shortages

Jamestown Colony 1607

Spanish & Portuguese Colonization

Both Groups

French and English Colonization

Male-based migration with strictly econ. motives.

Both seeking opportunities

Family-based migration with resettlement focus.

Royal sponsorship with use of viceroys

Royal oversight with private investment

Mingled with the natives to create a more intricate hierarchy.

Maintain separation of cultures.

Used indigenous population as a labor source (encomineda, engenho, mita)

Both utilized African slave labor

Indentured servants

Mining of gold and silver Both cultivated cash crops

Profited from the fur trade, tobacco, and fishing

Colonization Venn Charts

Spanish & Portuguese Colonization

Both Groups

French and English Colonization

Migration dominated by males Migration more family-based

Caribbean, S. & N. America North America

Used as a source of labor (encomienda, mita, engenho)

Reliance on the indigenous pop. and eventually the African slave trade

As a means of survival, trade

Royal sponsorship and use of viceroys

Royal oversight with private investment

Imposition of power through force.

Resettlement was more of a focus.

Missionary efforts were more successful

Missionary efforts were less successful

Integration of groups was common

More segregated (us & them)

mining agriculture Fur trade, fishing

B. Relations with indigenous people1. Settlers interrupt migrations of indigenous peoples. 2. Lands seized & justified with treaties 3. Natives raided farms & villages – lead to reprisals by settlers.4. 1500 - 1800, native pop. decreases by 90%

Colonial Justice

IV. Colonization of North America (continued)

Colonization of North America

Colonial Society: S. America

Formation of multicultural societies

People of varied ancestry lived together under European rule

Social hierarchy Iberian colonies: Whites (peninsulares &

creoles) Mixed (mestizos & zambos) Africans & natives =

bottom mestizo societies emerge Brazil more mixed:

mestizos, mulattoes, zambos

Colonial Society: No. America

Greater gender balance among settlers

Allowed marriage within own groups

Relations with French traders & native women métis (Euro + native)

English frowned on interracial marriages

Cultural borrowing: plants, crops, deerskin clothes

Spanish Colonial Economy: Mining

Silver & gold basis of Spanish wealth

Two major sites of silver mining: Zacatecas (Mexico) & Potosi (Peru)

Global significance of silver 20% of silver went to royal

treasury (the quinto) Funded military & bureaucracy Went to European, then to

Asian markets for luxury goods

Potosi Silver Mine

Spanish Colonial Economy: Agriculture

Haciendas basis of Spanish Am. production Produced foodstuffs for local use Encomienda repartimientoEncomienda system seen as abusive

Repartimiento replaces conscript & slave with contract labor

free laborers by mid-17th century Native Resistance

Rebellion, indolence, retreatDifficult to register complaints

Portuguese Colonial Economy

Sugar and slavery in Brazil Dependent on sugar

production Brazilian life revolved around

the sugar mill, or engenho Combined agricultural &

industrial enterprises Sugar planters landed nobility

Brazilian Sugar Plantation

Portuguese Colonial Economy

Growth of slavery in Brazil Natives were not cultivators

resisted farm labor Disease indigenous pop. Imported African slaves for cane &

sugar production after 1530 deaths births demand for

slaves 1 ton of sugar = 1 human life

Slaves Harvesting Sugarcane

North Am. Colonial Economy

Fur traders Fur trade extremely profitable Natives trapped for & traded

with Europeans Impact of fur trade

Environmental conflicts among natives competing for resources

Fur Traders

North Am. Colonial Economy

European settlers threatened natives

Cash crops--tobacco, rice, indigo, & cotton

Indentured labor in 17th & 18th centuries

Replaced by Slaves in late 17th century

New England merchants participated in slave trade, distillation of rum

Tobacco Plantation

Colonial Religion: Christianity

Spanish missionaries Est. mission schools &

churches Some record native

languages & traditions Attracted many proselytes

French & English missionaries English not interested in

native conversion

French moderate success Indians @ Mission Ventura

Comparative Thesis

• From 1450-1750 the colonization of both North and Latin American purpose was for the exploitation of land, labor and capital known as capitalism, both became regions for European migrants, however, mostly male Iberians settled and mixed amongst African and Native populations (miscegenation) whilst the family colonist settlers developed laws to isolate African ( lower populations than Latin American sugar plantations) and Natives.

From 1450-1750, the settlement of Latin America was established through royal Patronage known as vice royalties while North America was a combination of royal patronage and private investment ( Virginia company), both brought Christianity with them ( although little attempt at conversion was done in North America) and ideas of constitutionalism ( establishment of representative legislative bodies) while all political entities in Latin America was controlled by both the Absolute monarch and Roman Catholic Church

The Pacific: Australia

British captain James Cook explored east Australia in 1770

1788, England est. 1st settlement in Australia as a penal colony Free settlers outnumbered

convicted criminal migrants after 1830s

Penal Colony: Australia

The Pacific Islands

Spanish voyages after Magellan Acapulco to Manila Indigenous Chamorro

resisted decimated by smallpox

Impact: Occasional skirmishes Whalers regularly visited

after 18th century Missionaries, merchants, and

planters follow

Chamorro Church Villiage

Politics within the Iberian Empires

Colonial American society European-style society in

cities indigenous culture persisted

in rural areas More exploitation than

settlement Still, many Iberians settled

btw. 1500-1800

Colonization—Spanish Style