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  • 8/10/2019 Survival of Vibrio Cholerae And

    1/8

    1982, 43(3):578.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

    M A Hood and G E Nesswaters and sediments.

    Escherichia coli in estuarineSurvival of Vibrio cholerae and

    http://aem.asm.org/content/43/3/578

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  • 8/10/2019 Survival of Vibrio Cholerae And

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    V o l .

    4 3 ,

    N o .

    3

    P P L I E D

    AND

    ENVIRONMENTAL

    M I C R O B I O L O G Y ,

    M a r . 1 9 8 2 ,

    p .

    5 7 8 - 5 8 4

    0 0 9 9 - 2 2 4 0 / 8 2 / 0 3 0 5 7 8 - 0 7 0 2 . 0 0 / 0

    S u r v i v a l o f

    V i b r i o c h o l e r a e a n d E s c h e r i c h i a

    c o l i i n

    E s t u a r i n e

    W a t e r s

    a n d

    S e d i m e n t s

    MARY A . HOOD* A N D

    G R E G O R Y E . N E S S

    D e p a r t m e n t o f

    B i o l o g y ,

    T h e

    U n i v e r s i t y

    o f

    W e s t

    F l o r i d a ,

    P e n s a c o l a ,

    F l o r i d a

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    1 9 8 1 / A c c e p t e d

    3 0 N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 1

    I n i n

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    V i b r i o

    c h o l e r a e a n d

    E s c h e r i c h i a c o l i w a s d e t e r m i n e d

    b y

    p l a t e

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    a n d

    d i r e c t

    c o u n t i n g

    t e c h n i q u e s .

    V . c h o l e r a e s t r a i n s

    i n c l u d e d

    e n v i r o n m e n t a l ,

    c l i n i c a l ,

    a n d

    s e r o t y p e

    0 1 a n d

    n o n - O 1

    i s o l a t e s ,

    w h e r e a s

    E . c o l i

    s t r a i n s

    i n c l u d e d

    A T C C 2 5 9 2 2

    a n d

    a

    f r e s h l y c u l t u r e d human

    i s o l a t e . R e c o v e r y o f V . c h o l e r a e

    v a r i e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y

    w i t h

    i n c u b a t i o n

    t e m p e r a t u r e .

    G r o w t h

    a n d e x t e n d e d p e r i o d s

    o f

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    c h o l e r a e ,

    v i a b l e

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    c o l i

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    i n

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    w a t e r s .

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    r e v e a l e d

    t h a t E .

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    V .

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    E . c o l i . T h e r e s u l t s

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    t h a t V .

    c h o l e r a e

    l e v e l s d o

    n o t c o r r e l a t e

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    w i t h f e c a l c o l i f o r m

    c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

    i n

    e s t u a r i n e w a t e r s .

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    t h e

    r e s u l t s

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    i n c r e a s i n g

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    t o

    s u p p o r t

    t h e

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    t h a t V .

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    a n a u t o c h t h o n o u s

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    common

    o c c u r r e n c e o f

    V i b r i o

    c h o l e r a e

    i n

    t h e

    e s t u a r y

    ( 7 , 8 , 1 3 , 1 4 ,

    1 8 )

    h a s l e d

    t o

    t h e

    c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e

    o r g a n i s m

    i s

    a n

    i n d i g e n o u s

    r e s i d e n t

    o f

    t h e

    e s t u a r y 8 ,

    1 4 ) .

    F u r t h e r m o r e ,

    t h e r e i s

    i n c r e a s i n g

    e v i d e n c e

    s u g g e s t i n g

    t h a t t h e

    p r e s e n c e

    o f V . c h o l e r a e

    d o e s n o t

    c o r r e l a t e

    w e l l

    w i t h l e v e l s

    o f f e c a l c o l i f o r m s

    ( 8 ,

    1 3 ,

    1 4 ) .

    T h e

    p o s s i b i l i t y

    t h a t

    f e c a l c o l i f o r m s

    ma y

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    t h e p r e s e n c e

    o f V . c h o l e r a e

    i n e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s

    i s

    e s p e c i a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t f r o m

    a

    p u b l i c

    h e a l t h

    s t a n d p o i n t ,

    s i n c e

    f e c a l c o l i f o r m s h a v e h i s t o r i c a l -

    l y

    b e e n

    u s e d a s

    i n d i c a t o r s o f w a t e r a n d s h e l l f i s h

    q u a l i t y .

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    o f c h o l e r a

    a n d

    g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l

    d i s o r d e r s c a u s e d

    b y

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    l e r a e

    2 , 4 - 6 , 2 0 )

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    t h e

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    b e c o m e s

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    m o r e

    r e l e v a n t .

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    many

    s t u d i e s

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    o f

    t h e c o l i f o r m E s c h e r i c h i a

    c o l i

    i n

    s e a w a t e r

    ( 1 0 ,

    1 9 )

    a n d

    a

    n u m b e r o f

    e a r l y

    w o r k s o n

    t h e

    s u r v i v a l

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    c h o l e r a e

    i n

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    r e v i e w e d

    b y P o l -

    l i t z e r

    ( 1 6 ) .

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    o f

    c o l i f o r m s i n

    m a r i n e

    w a -

    t e r s

    w a s

    c o n c l u d e d

    t o b e

    a f u n c t i o n o f

    s a l t

    c o n c e n t r a t i o n , p r e d a t i o n ,

    c o m p e t i t i o n b y

    n a t i v e

    m i c r o f l o r a ,

    h e a v y

    m e t a l s , a n d

    n u t r i e n t s ( 3 , 1 1 ,

    1 5 ) .

    V .

    c h o l e r a e

    s u r v i v a l

    i n s e a w a t e r w a s f o u n d

    t o

    b e

    r e l a t e d

    t o t e m p e r a t u r e , p H , s a l t c o n c e n t r a -

    t i o n ,

    t h e

    a m o u n t

    o f o r g a n i c

    m a t e r i a l , a n d t h e

    d e g r e e o f

    b a c t e r i a l

    c o n t a m i n a t i o n ( 1 6 ) .

    A l t h o u g h

    t h e s e s t u d i e s

    h a v e

    r e p o r t e d

    t h e

    s u r v i v a l

    r a t e s

    o f

    E .

    c o l i a n d V .

    c h o l e r a e , t h e r e i s

    n o c o m p a r a t i v e

    i n f o r m a t i o n

    o n t h e s u r v i v a l o f t h e s e

    t w o

    o r g a n -

    i s m s

    i n

    e s t u a r i n e

    e n v i r o n m e n t s .

    T h u s , i t w a s t h e

    p u r p o s e

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    t h e s u r v i v a l

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    s t r a i n s

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    s e d i m e n t s

    a n d

    t o

    c o m p a r e

    t h e i r

    s u r v i v a l

    t o

    t h a t

    o f E s c h e r i c h i a

    c o l i .

    M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S

    S u r v i v a l

    c h a m b e r s . W a t e r

    a n d

    s e d i m e n t

    w e r e

    c o l -

    l e c t e d

    f r o m

    A p a l a c h i c o l a B a y , F l a . ,

    w i t h a

    P o n a r

    g r a b

    ( W i l d l i f e

    S u p p l y

    C o . ,

    S a g i n a w ,

    M i c h . )

    a n d

    s t e r i l e

    w a t e r

    b o t t l e s . T h e s e d i m e n t s a m p l e s

    w e r e p l a c e d

    o n

    i c e ,

    r e t u r n e d t o t h e

    l a b o r a t o r y ,

    a n d

    k e p t

    a t

    4 C

    u n t i l

    t h e

    s u r v i v a l c h a m b e r s

    w e r e

    e s t a b l i s h e d

    ( w i t h i n

    5

    d a y s

    a f t e r

    c o l l e c t i o n ) .

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    s a m p l e s

    w e r e

    s t o r e d

    a t

    a m b i -

    e n t

    t e m p e r a t u r e

    a n d f i l t e r e d

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    a

    Whatman

    n o . 1

    f i l t e r

    t o

    r e m o v e

    l a r g e

    d e t r i t a l

    p a r t i c l e s .

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    t h e

    w a t e r s r a n g e d f r o m 6 t o

    2 0 I / o I .

    I n t o

    s t e r i l e

    g l a s s

    c o n t a i n e r s

    ( 2 0 0

    m l ) d e s i g n a t e d

    t h e

    s u r v i v a l

    c h a m b e r s ,

    1 0 0

    m l

    o f

    t h e

    c o l l e c t e d

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r

    w a s a d d e d .

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    w e r e p r e p a r e d

    w i t h 5 0 g o f s e d i m e n t

    a n d

    5 0 m l

    o f

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r . T h e

    s t e r i l e

    w a t e r a n d s e d i m e n t

    c h a m b e r s w e r e a u t o c l a v e d

    a t s t a n d a r d

    c o n d i t i o n s .

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    c h a m b e r s w e r e

    a l l o w e d

    t o

    e q u i l i b r a t e

    a t

    2 0 C

    f o r 4 8

    h

    b e f o r e

    i n o c u l a t i o n ,

    a n d t w o

    o r

    t h r e e

    r e p l i c a c h a m b e r s w e r e

    p r e p a r e d

    f o r

    e a c h

    e x p e r i m e n t .

    C u l t u r e

    p r e p a r a t i o n .

    E n v i r o n m e n t a l

    V .

    c h o l e r a e

    s t r a i n s

    w e r e i s o l a t e d

    f r o m

    o y s t e r s

    c o l l e c t e d

    f r o m A p a -

    l a c h i c o l a

    B a y

    b y

    t h e

    m e t h o d s

    o f

    Hood

    e t a l .

    ( 1 3 ) a n d

    K a p e r e t a l .

    ( 1 4 )

    a n d

    w e r e m a i n t a i n e d o n T r y p t i c a s e

    s o y

    (BBL M i c r o b i o l o g y S y s t e m s ,

    C o c k e y s v i l l e , M d . ) -

    1

    N a C l

    a g a r .

    V .

    c h o l e r a e

    s t r a i n s

    i n c l u d e d a n

    e n v i -

    r o n m e n t a l

    0 1

    I n a b a ,

    W F / 1

    ( 1 3 ) ,

    a n

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r -

    a d a p t e d

    0 1

    s t r a i n ,

    f i v e

    e n v i r o n m e n t a l

    n o n - O 1 s t r a i n s ,

    W F / 2 3 , W F / 5 4 ,

    W F / 1 0 3 ,

    W F / 1 0 8 ,

    a n d

    W F / 1 1 1 ,

    a n d a

    c l i n i c a l

    0 1

    s t r a i n

    ( 6 ) .

    N o n - O 1

    V .

    c h o l e r a e s t r a i n s w e r e

    t y p e d b y

    Ron

    S i e b e l i n g ,

    L o u i s i a n a S t a t e

    U n i v e r s i t y ,

    B a t o n

    R o u g e , a s

    T T

    ( W F / 2 3 ) , Un k ( W F / 5 4 , W F / 1 0 8 ,

    5 7 8

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  • 8/10/2019 Survival of Vibrio Cholerae And

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    V . C H O L E R A E

    AND

    E .

    COLI I N

    E S T U A R I E S

    5 7 9

    o

    7

    10

    10 5

    1 0 4

    1 0 2

    1 0 1

    1

    2 3

    4

    5

    6 7

    8 9

    1 0 1 n 1 2

    Days

    F I G . 1 . E f f e c t

    o f i n o c u l u m

    s i z e on t h e s u r v i v a l o f

    V .

    c h o l e r a e

    0 1

    ( W F / 1 ) i n e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s a n d

    s e d i -

    m e n t s i n c u b a t e d a t 2 0 C . T h e v a l u e s

    a re

    e x p r e s s e d a s

    c o l o n y - f o r m i n g

    u n i t s .

    a n d

    W F / 1 0 3 ) ,

    a n d

    B B

    ( W F / 1 1 1 ) . T h e e s t u a r y - a d a p t e d

    i s o l a t e

    was s t r a i n

    W F / 1

    p l a c e d

    i n

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s .

    T h e

    o r g a n i s m

    was

    r e c o v e r e d

    f r o m

    t h e

    w a t e r

    a f t e r

    6

    w e e k s a n d

    r e v i t a l i z e d

    o n

    T r y p t i c a s e s oy b r o t h

    ( B B L ) .

    T h e

    E .

    c o l i

    s t r a i n s

    i n c l u d e d

    A TCC

    2 5 9 2 2

    a n d a

    f r e s h l y

    i s o l a t e d

    s t r a i n f r o m human

    f e c e s .

    E .

    c o l i s t r a i n s

    were

    b i o c h e m i c a l l y

    c o n f i r m e d

    w i t h

    t h e A P I 2 0 E

    s y s t e m

    ( A n a l y t a b

    P r o d u c t s , P l a i n v i e w ,

    N . Y . ) .

    V .

    c h o l e r a e

    a n d

    E .

    c o l i

    i s o l a t e s were

    grown

    i n

    T r y p t i c a s e

    s o y

    b r o t h - 1

    N a C l

    f o r 2 4 h

    a t

    3 5 C .

    C u l t u r e s

    were

    c e n t r i f u g e d

    a t

    2 0 0 0 rpm f o r 2 0 m i n a n d

    w a s h e d

    i n

    p h o s p h a t e - b u f f e r e d s a l i n e . T h e

    p r o c e d u r e

    wa s r e p e a t e d

    t w i c e ,

    a n d t h e

    c e l l s were

    i n o c u l a t e d

    i n t o

    t h e s u r v i v a l

    c h a m b e r s .

    I n c u b a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e s , i n i -

    t i a l i n o c u l u m

    s i z e ,

    a n d

    t i m e a n d

    l o c a t i o n o f w a t e r a n d

    s e d i m e n t

    c o l l e c t i o n were

    v a r i e d .

    R e c o v e r y

    o f

    v i a b l e

    c e l l s .

    A t

    s e l e c t e d t i m e

    i n t e r v a l s ,

    s a m p l e s

    were

    t a k e n f r o m t h e c h a m b e r s

    a n d

    d i l u t e d i n

    p h o s p h a t e - b u f f e r e d

    s a l i n e b l a n k s . E n u m e r a t i o n was

    p e r f o r m e d b y

    t h e

    s t a n d a r d

    p l a t e

    c o u n t m e t h o d o n

    b r a i n

    h e a r t

    i n f u s i o n

    agar ( D i f c o

    L a b o r a t o r i e s , D e t r o i t ,

    M i c h . ) , T r y p t i c a s e

    s o y - 1

    NaCl

    a g a r ,

    a n d

    t h i o s u l f a t e

    c i t r a t e b i l e s a l t

    sucrose

    agar ( D i f c o )

    f o r

    V .

    c h o l e r a e .

    F o r E .

    c o l i

    recovery,

    e o s i n

    m e t h y l e n e

    b l u e

    ( E M B )

    agar ( D i f c o )

    a n d b r a i n h e a r t

    i n f u s i o n agar

    were u s e d .

    E n u m e r a t i o n

    o f

    V .

    c h o l e r a e a n d

    E .

    c o l i

    c o l o n i e s

    was

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    c o l i

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    D i r e c t

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    T h e

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    t w e e n d i r e c t

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    c o u n t s o f

    V .

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    s t r a i n s

    i n

    s t e r i l e

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r w e r e

    f a r

    l e s s

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    c o l i

    s t r a i n s .

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  • 8/10/2019 Survival of Vibrio Cholerae And

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    V .

    CH O L E R A E

    AND

    E .

    COLI IN ES TUARIES

    10 4

    1 0

    1 0 2

    0 1

    0

    4 * C

    1 0

    1 0

    1 0

    1 0 3

    1 0 2

    1 0

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5 6

    7

    8

    9 1 0 n 1 1 2 1 3

    1

    1 5

    D a y s

    F I G . 4 .

    E f f e c t

    o f

    t e m p e r a t u r e

    o n

    t h e

    s u r v i v a l

    o f V .

    c h o l e r a e

    0 1

    ( W F / 1 )

    i n

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s a n d

    s e d i m e n t s .

    T h e

    v a l u e s a r e

    e x p r e s s e d

    a s

    c o l o n y - f o r m i n g

    u n i t s .

    S y m b o l s :

    * ,

    s t e r i l e

    s e d i m e n t ;

    0 ,

    s t e r i l e

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r ;

    O ,

    n o n s t e r i l e

    s e d i m e n t ;

    0 ,

    n o n s t e r i l e

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r .

    1

    2

    3 4

    5

    6

    7

    8

    9 1 n 12

    Days

    F I G .

    3 .

    S u r v i v a l

    o f

    V .

    c h o l e r a e

    01

    ( W F / 1 )

    i n

    e s t u a -

    r i n e w a t e r s a n d

    s e d i m e n t s c o l l e c t e d

    d u r i n g

    3 d i f f e r e n t

    m o n t h s

    a n d

    i n c u b a t e d a t

    2 0 C . T he v a l u e s

    are

    ex -

    p r e s s e d as

    c o l o n y - f o r m i n g

    u n i t s .

    S y m b o l s :

    * ,

    s t e r i l e

    s e d i m e n t ; 0

    s t e r i l e e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r ;

    0

    n o n s t e r i l e

    s e d i m e n t ;

    0

    n o n s t e r i l e

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r .

    o f

    V .

    c h o l e r a e

    s t r a i n s

    were

    1

    t o

    0 . 5

    l o g

    l e s s

    t h a n

    d i r e c t

    c o u n t s , a n d

    t h e

    d i f f e r e n c e

    r e m a i n e d

    con-

    s t a n t

    over

    t h e

    e x p e r i m e n t a l

    p e r i o d

    ( F i g .

    8

    a n d

    9 ) .

    H o w e v e r ,

    v i a b l e

    c o u n t s

    o f

    E .

    c o l i

    were

    a s

    muc h

    as

    3

    l o g s

    l o w e r

    t h a n

    d i r e c t

    c o u n t s ; o v e r

    t h e

    e x p e r i m e n t a l

    p e r i o d , b o t h

    d e c l i n e d

    a t

    d i f f e r e n t

    r a t e s

    ( F i g .

    9 ) .

    T h e

    g r e a t e s t

    d i f f e r e n c e

    b e t w e e n

    v i a b l e

    a n d

    d i r e c t

    c o u n t s

    o f

    V .

    c h o l e r a e

    was

    o b s e r v e d

    w i t h

    t h e

    a d a p t e d 01

    s t r a i n

    ( F i g . 9 ) .

    V i a b l e

    c o u n t s

    o f

    t h i s

    o r g a n i s m

    i n

    s t e r i l e

    e s t u a r i n e

    water

    were 2

    l o g s

    l o w e r t h a n

    d i r e c t

    c o u n t s

    a t

    d a y

    0 .

    H o w e v e r ,

    a f t e r 2

    d a y s ,

    t h e

    d i f f e r e n c e i n

    d i r e c t

    a n d

    v i a b l e

    c o u n t s

    was

    o n l y 0 . 5

    l o g . W h y

    t h i s

    response

    occurs i s

    u n c e r t a i n , b u t

    t h e

    i n i t i a l

    l o s s o f

    v i a b i l i -

    t y

    o f

    s u c h

    a

    l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n

    o f c e l l s

    may b e

    a

    r e f l e c t i o n

    o f

    s t r e s s

    f a c t o r s .

    T h e s e

    a d a p t e d

    01

    c e l l s

    were

    n u t r i e n t

    s t a r v e d , r e v i t a l i z e d

    on

    T r y p -

    t i c a s e

    soy

    b r o t h ,

    p l a c e d i n

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r ,

    a n d

    t h e n

    p l a t e d

    o n t o

    b r a i n

    h e a r t

    i n f u s i o n

    agar.

    E x p o -

    s u r e t o

    s u c h

    e x t r e m e

    c o n d i t i o n s

    may r e s u l t

    i n

    a n

    i n i t i a l

    l o s s

    o f

    v i a b i l i t y

    on

    b r a i n

    h e a r t

    i n f u s i o n

    a g a r .

    DISCUSSION

    S t r a i n s o f

    V .

    c h o l e r a e ,

    i n c l u d i n g

    e n v i r o n m e n -

    t a l ,

    c l i n i c a l ,

    a n d

    s e r o t y p e

    01

    a n d

    n o n - O 1

    s t r a i n s , s h o w e d

    n o d i f f e r e n c e s

    i n s u r v i v a l

    r a t e s

    i n

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s

    a n d

    s e d i m e n t s .

    T h e

    o b s e r v e d

    g r o w t h

    o f V .

    c h o l e r a e

    i n

    s t e r i l e

    s e d i m e n t

    wa s

    p r o b a b l y

    d u e

    t o

    t h e

    a b s e n c e

    o f

    c o m p e t i n g

    o r g a n -

    i s m s

    a n d

    t h e

    a b u n d a n c e

    o f

    a v a i l a b l e

    n u t r i e n t s .

    G e r b a

    a n d

    McLeod

    ( 1 0 ) h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d

    t h a t

    a u t o c l a v i n g

    r e s u l t s i n

    t h e

    r e l e a s e

    o f

    b o u n d

    n u t r i -

    e n t s

    f r o m s e d i m e n t s .

    T h e s e n u t r i e n t s

    w o u l d

    n o t

    b e

    a v a i l a b l e

    i n t h e

    n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t .

    T h e r e -

    f o r e ,

    t h e

    o b s e r v e d

    g r o w t h

    o f V . c h o l e r a e

    i n

    s t e r i l e

    s e d i m e n t

    w o u l d b e

    d u e , i n

    p a r t ,

    t o

    t h e

    a v a i l a b i l i t y

    o f s e d i m e n t - b o u n d

    n u t r i e n t s .

    I

    I

    z

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  • 8/10/2019 Survival of Vibrio Cholerae And

    6/8

    s t e r i l e

    s e d i m e n t

    E

    1 0 2

    0

    n o n s t e r i l e

    water

    o 3

    1 0

    2

    10 1

    1

    2

    3

    4 5 6

    7

    8

    9

    1 0 1 1

    1 2

    D a y s

    F I G . 5 . S u r v i v a l

    o f V .

    c h o l e r a e

    0 1

    ( W F / 1 )

    a n d t w o

    n o n - 0 1

    s t r a i n s

    ( W F / 2 3

    a n d

    W F / 5 4 )

    i n

    e s t u a r i n e w a t e r s

    a n d

    s e d i m e n t s a t

    2 0 C .

    T h e

    v a l u e s a r e

    e x p r e s s e d

    a s

    c o l o n y - f o r m i n g

    u n i t s .

    S y m b o l s :

    O , 0 1 ;

    * ,

    n o n - 0 1

    ( W F / 2 3 ) ;

    * ,

    n o n - 0 1

    ( W F / 5 4 ) .

    G r o w t h

    a n d

    l o n g

    s u r v i v a l were

    a l s o n o t e d i n

    s t e r i l e

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s

    a n d a r e

    p r o b a b l y

    d u e

    t o

    t h e a b s e n c e

    o f

    c o m p e t i n g

    o r g a n i s m s .

    I n n o n s t e r -

    i l e

    w a t e r s ,

    t h e

    o r g a n i s m s e x h i b i t e d

    g r o w t h

    a n d

    s u r v i v e d

    f o r

    l o n g p e r i o d s

    o f

    t i m e ,

    b u t

    t h e y

    d i d

    n o t

    s u r v i v e

    e s p e c i a l l y

    w e l l i n

    s e d i m e n t s .

    T h e s e

    r e s u l t s

    s u g g e s t

    t h a t

    s e r o t y p e

    01

    a n d

    n o n - O 1

    o r g a n i s m s

    a re b o t h

    w e l l

    a d a p t e d

    t o a n d

    c a p a b l e

    o f

    l i v i n g

    i n

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s .

    F u r t h e r m o r e ,

    t h e

    c l i n i c a l

    i s o l a t e , e x h i b i t i n g

    t h e same s u r v i v a l

    r e -

    sponse,

    a l s o

    appears

    t o

    b e

    w e l l

    a d a p t e d

    t o

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s .

    I n

    c o n t r a s t t o

    V .

    c h o l e r a e ,

    s t r a i n s

    o f

    E .

    c o l i

    d i d

    n o t

    s u r v i v e w e l l i n

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s .

    T h e f a c t

    t h a t E .

    c o l i

    d o e s n o t s u r v i v e

    w e l l i n

    seawater

    a l o n e

    b u t

    i s

    a b l e t o

    s u r v i v e

    b e t t e r

    i n

    t h e

    pres en ce

    o f m a r i n e

    s e d i m e n t s

    h a s

    b e e n

    p r e v i o u s l y

    d e m o n -

    A P P L . E N V I R O N .

    M I C R O B I O L .

    1 0

    e

    10 4

    1 0 3

    2

    10

    l o

    1 0 3

    0 2

    10

    0

    10 7

    10 5

    O

    4

    0

    1 2

    3

    4 5 6 7

    8 9 1 0

    1 1 1 2

    1 3

    1 4

    D a y s

    F I G . 6 . S u r v i v a l o f V . c h o l e r a e

    01

    ( W F / 1 ) ,

    n o n - 0 1

    ( W F / 1 0 3 ) ,

    a n d

    E .

    c o l i

    A T CC 2 5 9 2 2

    i n

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s

    a n d

    s e d i m e n t s a t

    2 0 C .

    T h e v a l u e s are

    e x p r e s s e d

    a s

    c o l o n y - f o r m i n g

    u n i t s .

    s t r a t e d

    ( 1 0 ) .

    Our

    r e s u l t s

    c o n f i r m t h a t

    a

    s i m i l a r

    r es p on s e o cc u rs

    i n

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s

    a n d

    s e d i -

    m e n t s .

    E .

    c o l i

    was

    r e c o v e r a b l e

    f r o m

    e s t u a r i n e

    s e d i m e n t s

    f o r

    c o n s i d e r a b l y l o n g e r

    t h a n

    f r o m

    w a t e r s .

    F u r t h e r m o r e ,

    i t s u r v i v e d

    e v e n b e t t e r

    i n

    n o n s t e r i l e

    s e d i m e n t s

    t h a n V .

    c h o l e r a e .

    T h e

    f i n d i n g

    t h a t E .

    c o l i d o e s n o t s u r v i v e as

    w e l l

    as V .

    c h o l e r a e

    i n

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s h a s

    s i g n i f i c a n t

    i m p l i c a t i o n s

    i n t e r m s

    o f w a t e r

    a n d

    s h e l l f i s h

    s a f e t y .

    S i n c e

    f e c a l

    c o l i f o r m

    E .

    c o l i

    l e v e l s are u s e d

    t o

    i n d i c a t e t h e

    q u a l i t y

    o f

    w a t e r

    a n d

    s h e l l f i s h ,

    t h e

    q u e s t i o n

    a r i s e s a s

    t o t h e v a l i d -

    i t y

    o f

    f e c a l

    c o l i f o r m s a s

    i n d i c a t o r s

    o f

    V .

    c h o -

    l e r a e .

    One o f

    t h e

    b a s i c c r i t e r i a

    f o r

    a

    g o o d

    i n d i c a -

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    o r g a n i s m

    i s t h a t

    t h e i n d i c a t o r m u st

    s u r v i v e a s

    l o n g

    as t h e

    p a t h o g e n .

    T h e

    r e s u l t s o f

    t h i s

    s t u d y

    d e m o n s t r a t e

    t h a t

    E .

    c o l i

    d o e s

    n o t s u r v i v e i n

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  • 8/10/2019 Survival of Vibrio Cholerae And

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    V . C H O L E R A E AND

    E .

    COLI IN ES TUARIES

    5 8 3

    E .

    c o l i

    Human

    Isoate

    E

    10 '

    1 0 8

    0 1

    ( C l i n i l

    I s o l a t e

    10

    7

    1 0

    10

    1 0 5

    10 4

    10 3

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    6

    7

    9

    1 0

    1 2

    1 3

    14

    1 5

    Days

    F I G .

    7 . S u r v i v a l

    o f

    V . c h o l e r a e

    0 1

    ( W F / 1 )

    a n d a

    c l i n i c a l V . c h o l e r a e

    0 1

    s t r a i n

    i n

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s a n d

    s e d i m e n t s a t 2 0 0 C .

    T h e v a l u e s are

    e x p r e s s e d

    a s

    c o l o -

    n y - f o r m i n g

    u n i t s .

    S y m b o l s :

    * ,

    s t e r i l e

    s e d i m e n t ; * ,

    s t e r i l e

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r ;

    O ,

    n o n s t e r i l e

    s e d i m e n t ;

    0

    n o n s t e r i l e e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r .

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r

    as w e l l

    as

    V .

    c h o l e r a e .

    T h i s

    s u g g e s t s

    t h a t

    m e a s u r i n g

    t h e l e v e l s

    o f f e c a l c o l i -

    f o r m s i n

    t h e

    w a t e r c o l u m n may n o t

    b e a d e q u a t e

    f o r m o n i t o r i n g

    t h e

    presence

    o f

    V .

    c h o l e r a e .

    F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e i s i n c r e a s i n g

    e v i d e n c e

    f r o m

    e n v i r o n m e n t a l

    s t u d i e s

    t h a t

    f e c a l c o l i f o r m l e v e l s

    3

    0

    1 0 2 .

    1 0 7 .

    1 0

    1 o 5

    1 0 o

    1 0 2

    z

    1 0 7

    1 o 6

    1 o 5

    1 0 4

    1 0 2

    1 0 1

    1 0 7

    1 0 6

    1 0 5

    1 0

    1 0 1 .

    1 0 6

    E

    z

    0

    ODC

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    o

    N o n - 0 1

    IC

    o

    N

    o n - 0

    1 0 4

    A O D C

    a t p N v

    NON

    01

    ODC

    F U

    Adapted

    01

    ODC

    CFU-

    0 1

    ODc

    CF U

    2

    4

    6

    DAYS

    a 10

    12 14

    F I G .

    9 .

    S u r v i v a l

    o f

    V .

    c h o l e r a e

    01 ( W F / 1 ) ,

    a n

    e s t u a r y - a d a p t e d

    s t r a i n

    ( W F / 1 ) ,

    a n o n - O 1

    s t r a i n

    ( W F /

    1 1 1 ) , a n d a n

    E . c o l i human

    i s o l a t e i n s t e r i l e e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r a t

    2 0 C . T h e v a l u e s are

    e x p r e s s e d as

    a c r i d i n e

    orange

    d i r e c t

    c o u n t s

    (AODC)

    a n d

    c o l o n y - f o r m i n g

    u n i t s

    ( C F U ) .

    1

    2

    3

    4 5

    6

    7

    Day s

    F I G .

    8 .

    S u r v i v a l o f

    V .

    c h o l e r a e

    0 1 ( W F / 1 )

    a n d a

    n o n - O 1

    s t r a i n

    ( W F / 1 0 8 )

    i n

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s

    a t

    2 0 C .

    T h e v a l u e s are

    e x p r e s s e d

    a s

    a c r i d i n e

    orange

    d i r e c t

    c o u n t s

    (AODC)

    a n d

    c o l o n y - f o r m i n g

    u n i t s

    ( C F U ) .

    S y m b o l s :

    U

    s t e r i l e s e d i m e n t ; 0

    s t e r i l e

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r ;

    l,

    n o n s t e r i l e

    s e d i m e n t ;

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    n o n s t e r i l e e s t u a r i n e

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    i n

    e s t u a r i n e w a t e r s

    d o

    n o t

    c o r r e l a t e

    w e l l

    w i t h V .

    c h o l e r a e l e v e l s

    ( 8 ,

    1 3 ,

    1 4 ) .

    T h u s ,

    i f

    f e c a l c o l i f o r m

    l e v e l s

    i n

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s

    d o n o t

    i n d i c a t e

    t h e

    presence

    o f

    V .

    c h o l e r a e ,

    o t h e r

    means o f

    d e t e r -

    m i n i n g p o t e n t i a l l y

    d a n g e r o u s

    l e v e l s

    o f

    V . c h o -

    l e r a e

    i n

    e s t u a r i n e

    w a t e r s

    a n d

    s h e l l f i s h

    mus t

    b e

    f o u n d .

    A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S

    W e

    g r a t e f u l l y

    a c k n o w l e d g e

    R on

    B a k e r ,

    J o h n

    C h e n e y ,

    a n d

    K a t h y

    W i l l i a m s

    f o r t h e i r

    e x c e l l e n t

    t e c h n i c a l

    s u p p o r t ,

    t h e

    V O L . 4 3 ,

    1 9 8 2

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  • 8/10/2019 Survival of Vibrio Cholerae And

    8/8

    5 8 4

    HOOD

    AND N ESS

    F l o r i d a S t a t e

    D e p a r t m e n t o f N a t u r al R e s o u r c e s

    f o r t h e i r

    l o g i s t i c a l s u p p o r t ,

    a n d

    R . R .

    C o l w e l l

    f o r

    h e l p f u l

    d i s c u s s i o n s .

    T h e

    w o r k

    i s

    a

    r e s u l t

    o f

    r e s e a r c h s p o n s o r e d b y

    F l o r i d a

    S e a

    G r a n t ,

    N a t i o n a l

    O c e a n i c

    a n d

    A t m o s p h e r i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ,

    O f f i c e

    o f S e a G r a n t , D e p a r t m e n t

    o f C o m m e r c e , u n d e r g r a n t

    SG NA

    8 0 A A - D - 0 0 0 3 8 .

    L I T E R A T U R E

    CITED

    1 . A s s o c i a t i o n

    o f A n a l y t i c a l C h e m i s t s .

    1 9 7 5 .

    O f f i c i a l m e t h o d s

    o f a n a l y s i s o f t h e

    A s s o c i a t i o n o f A n a l y t i c a l

    C h e m i s t s , 1 2 t h

    e d .

    A s s o c i a t i o n o f A n a l y t i c a l

    C h e m i s t s , W a s h i n g t o n ,

    D . C .

    2 . B l a k e ,

    P . A . , D . T . A l H e g r a ,

    J .

    D .

    S n y d e r ,

    T .

    J . B a r r e t t ,

    L .

    M c F a r l a n d , C .

    T .

    C a r a w a y ,

    J .

    C . F e e l e y ,

    J .

    P .

    C r a i g ,

    J .

    V . L e e ,

    N . D .

    P u h r ,

    a n d

    R . A .

    F e l d m a n .

    1 9 8 0 . C h o l -

    e r a - a

    p o s s i b l e

    e n d e m i c

    f o c u s

    i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

    N .

    E n g l .

    J . M e d .

    3 0 2 : 3 0 5 - 3 0 9 .

    3 . C a r l u c c i ,

    A .

    F . ,

    a n d

    D . P r a m e r . 1 9 5 9 . F a c t o r s

    a f f e c t i n g

    s u r v i v a l o f

    b a c t e r i a

    i n

    s e a w a t e r .

    A p p l .

    M i c r o b i o l . 7 : 3 8 8 -

    3 9 2 .

    4 .

    C e n t e r s

    f o r

    D i s e a s e

    C o n t r o l .

    1 9 7 8 .

    V i b r i o

    c h o l e r a e - L o u i -

    s i a n a .

    M o r b i d .

    M o r t a l .

    W e e k l y R e p .

    2 7 : 3 6 7 .

    5 .

    C e n t e r s

    f o r D i s e a s e

    C o n t r o l .

    1 9 7 9 .

    N o n - O 1

    V i b r i o

    c h o l e r a e

    i n f e c t i o n s - F l o r i d a .

    M o r b i d .

    M o r t a l .

    W e e k l y

    R e p .

    2 8 : 5 7 1 - 5 7 2 .

    6 . C e n t e r s

    f o r

    D i s e a s e

    C o n t r o l .

    1 9 8 0 . C h o l e r a e - F l o r i d a .

    M o r b i d . M o r t a l .

    W e e k l y R e p .

    2 9 : 6 0 1 .

    7 .

    C o l w e l l ,

    R .

    R . ,

    J . K a p e r ,

    a n d

    S .

    W.

    J o s e p h .

    1 9 7 7 . V i b r i o

    c h o l e r a e ,

    V i b r i o

    p a r a h a e m o l y t i c u s ,

    a n d

    o t h e r v i b r i o s :

    o c c u r r e n c e

    a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n

    i n

    C h e s a p e a k e

    B a y .

    S c i e n c e

    1 9 8 : 3 9 4 - 3 9 6 .

    8 .

    C o l w e l l ,

    R . R . , R . J . S e i d l e r , J . K a p e r ,

    S .

    W.

    J o s e p h ,

    S .

    G a r g e s ,

    H .

    L o c k m a n ,

    D .

    M a n e v a l ,

    H .

    B r a d f o r d ,

    N .

    R o b -

    e r t s ,

    E .

    R e m m e r s ,

    I .

    H u q ,

    a n d

    A .

    H u q .

    1 9 8 1 . O c c u r r e n c e

    o f V i b r i o

    c h o l e r a e s e r o t y p e

    O 1

    i n

    M a r y l a n d

    a n d

    L o u i s i a n a

    e s t u a r i e s .

    A p p l .

    E n v i r o n . M i c r o b i o l .

    4 1 : 5 5 5 - 5 5 8 .

    9 .

    D a l e y ,

    R .

    J .

    1 9 7 9 . D i r e c t

    e p i f l u o r e s c e n c e

    e n u m e r a t i o n

    o f

    n a t u r a l

    a q u a t i c

    b a c t e r i a : u s e s , l i m i t a t i o n s ,

    a n d

    c o m p a r a -

    t i v e a c c u r a c y , p . 2 9 - 4 5 .

    I n

    J .

    C o s t e r t o n

    a n d

    R .

    R .

    C o l w e l l

    ( e d . ) ,

    N a t i v e a q u a t i c

    b a c t e r i a : e n u m e r a t i o n , a c t i v i t y ,

    a n d

    e c o l o g y .

    A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y f o r T e s t i n g

    a n d

    M a t e r i a l s ,

    W a s h i n g t o n ,

    D . C .

    1 0 .

    G e r b a ,

    C . P . ,

    a n d

    J . S .

    M c L e o d . 1 9 7 6 . E f f e c t s o f s e d i -

    m e n t s o n s u r v i v a l

    o f

    E s c h e r i c h i a

    c o l i i n m a r i n e

    w a t e r s .

    A p p i .

    E n v i r o n .

    M i c r o b i o l .

    3 2 : 1 1 4 - 1 2 0 .

    1 1 . G r e e n be r g, A .

    E .

    1 9 5 6 .

    S u r v i v a l o f

    e n t e r i c

    o r g a n i s m s

    i n

    s e a w a t e r .

    P u b l i c H e a l t h

    R e p .

    7 1 : 7 7 - 8 6 .

    1 2 .

    H o b b i e ,

    J . E . ,

    R . J .

    D a l e y ,

    a n d S . J a s p e r . 1 9 7 7 . U s e

    o f

    n u c l e p o r e f i l t e r s

    f o r c o u n t i n g

    b a c t e r i a b y

    f l u o r e s c e n c e

    m i c r o s c o p y .

    A p p l .

    E n v i r o n .

    M i c r o b i o l .

    3 3 : 1 2 2 5 - 1 2 2 8 .

    1 3 . H o o d ,

    M .

    A . , G . E . N e s s ,

    a n d G . E .

    R o d r i c k .

    1 9 8 1 . I s o l a -

    t i o n

    o f V i b r i o

    c h o l e r a e s e r o t y p e 0 1 f r o m

    t h e e a s t e r n

    o y s t e r ,

    C r a s s o s t r e a

    v i r g i n i c a .

    A p p l .

    E n v i r o n .

    M i c r o b i o l .

    4 1 : 5 5 9 - 5 6 0 .

    1 4 .

    K a p e r , J . , H . L o c k m a n , R .

    R . C o l w e l l , a n d

    S .

    W. J o s e p h .

    1 9 7 9 . E c o l o g y ,

    s e r o l o g y ,

    a n d e n t e r o t o x i n

    p r o d u c t i o n

    o f

    V i b r i o c h o l e r a e i n C h e s a p e a k e B a y .

    A p p l . E n v i r o n . M i -

    c r o b i o l .

    3 7 : 9 1 - 1 0 3 .

    1 5 . M i t c h e l l , R . 1 9 6 8 . F a c t o r s

    a f f e c t i n g t h e

    d e c l i n e

    o f n on -

    m a r i n e m i c r o o r g a n i s m s

    i n

    s e a w a t e r .

    W a t e r

    R e s . 2 : 5 3 5 -

    5 4 3 .

    1 6 .

    P o l l i t z e r ,

    R .

    1 9 5 9 . C h o l e r a ,

    p .

    1 8 5 - 1 8 6 .

    I n W o r l d H e a l t h

    O r g a n i z a t i o n

    m o n o g r a p h s e r i e s

    n o .

    4 3 .

    W o r l d H e a l t h

    O r g a n i z a t i o n ,

    G e n e v a .

    1 7 .

    S n e d e c o r ,

    G . W . , a n d

    W.

    G .

    C o c h r a n .

    1 9 6 7 .

    S t a t i s t i c a l

    m e t h o d s ,

    6 t h e d . I o w a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y

    P r e s s , A m e s .

    1 8 .

    T w e d t ,

    R . M . , J . M.

    M a d d e n , J . M . H u n t , D .

    W .

    F r a n c i s ,

    J .

    T .

    P e e l e r , A .

    P .

    D u r a n ,

    W. 0 .

    H e b e r t ,

    S . G . M c C a y ,

    C .

    N . R o d e r i c k ,

    G .

    T .

    S p i t e ,

    a n d

    T .

    J . W a z e n s k i .

    1 9 8 1 .

    C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n

    o f V i b r i o c h o l e r a e i s o l a t e d

    f r o m o y s t e r s .

    A p p l .

    E n v i r o n . M i c r o b i o l .

    4 1 : 1 4 7 5 - 1 4 7 8 .

    1 9 .

    W e i s s , C .

    M .

    1 9 5 1 . A d s o r p t i o n o f E . c o l i

    o n

    r i v e r a n d

    e s t u a r i n e

    s i l t s .

    S e w a g e

    I n d .

    W a s t e s .

    2 3 : 2 2 7 - 2 3 7 .

    2 0 .

    W e i s s m a n ,

    J . B . , W. E . D e W i t t ,

    J . T h o m p s o n , C . N .

    M u c h n i c k ,

    B .

    L .

    P o r t n o y , J . C .

    F e e l e y , a n d

    E .

    J . G a n g a r o -

    s a .

    1 9 7 5 .

    A

    c a s e o f c h o l e r a

    i n

    T e x a s ,

    1 9 7 3 .

    Am.

    J .

    E p i d e m i o l .

    1 0 0 : 4 8 7 - 4 9 8 .

    A P P L . E N V I R O N . M I C R O B I O L .

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