st. elizabeths hospital, staff residence no. 8 habs dc …

PHOTOGRAPHS

WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA

HABS DC-349-MHABS DC-349-M

ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL, STAFF RESIDENCE NO. 8(Building No. 79)2700 Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue, SoutheastWashingtonDistrict of Columbia

HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEYNORTHEAST REGIONAL OFFICE

National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Custom House, 3rd Floor

200 Chestnut StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19106

Location:

HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY

ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL, STAFF RESIDENCE NO.8

(St. Elizabeths Hospital, Building No. 79)

2700 Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue, SE Washington District of Columbia UTM: 18.326817.4302196 Quad: Anacostia

HABS No. DC-349-M

Present Owner: District of Columbia John A. Wilson Building 1350 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20004

Present Use: The hospital's West Campus is largely vacant; the East Campus still serves as a psychiatric hospital. The Staff Residences are located on the East Campus and are all currently vacant.

Significance: Staff Residence No.8 historically served as the residence of agricultural staff of St. Elizabeths Hospital and is one of the few remaining buildings to reflect the significant agricultural heritage of the hospital. Its vernacular form and details are characteristic of the midto late nineteenth century residential architecture.

Project Information: Staff Residence No.8 was recorded by URS Corporation of Gaithersburg, Maryland on behalf of Jacobs Facilities in April 2002. Architectural Historians Amy Barnes, Anne Brockett, and Caleb Christopher completed the fieldwork and research for this project in April 2002. The photographs were taken by Robert Tucher of Photographic Documentation of Highbridge, New Jersey in April 2002. The proj ect was reviewed by Mark Edwards.

Plans for the building are uncertain. A new Unified Communications Center is planned for the site. At this time, plans call for moving and adaptively re-using Staff Residence No.8. A Memorandum of Agreement among the District of Columbia Office of the Chief Technology Officer, the District of COlulllbia Office of Planning, the District of Columbia Department of Mental Health, the District of Columbia Historic Preservation Officer, and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation is currently being developed.

Description

St. Elizabeths Hospital, Staff Residence No.8 (St. Elizabeths Hospital, Building No. 79)

HABS No. DC-349-M (Page 2)

Staff Residence No.8 is located adj acent to and faces east toward Martin Luther King, Jr. Avenue. It is rectangular in fonn with a side gable roof with rear catslide. The front fac;ade is four bays wide with doors at the north and south ends which open onto a full-width frame front porch.

The house has been sided with asbestos shingles, which covers clapboard siding. Historic photos of a nearly identical house (previously demolished) just north of Staff Residence No.8 indicate the original siding may have been board and batten. The roof is covered with historic diamond-shaped asbestos shingles; a central brick chimney punctuates the gable ridge. The foundation is brick that has been parged and scored to resemble stone; open brick piers support the front porch.

The full width porch features four chamfered wood posts to support the hipped roof. The porch was enclosed, probably in the 1950s or 1960s with metal stonn windows over a plywood base. Currently, the tongue-and-groove porch floor is in a deteriorated state and sags considerably in the center.

In addition to enclosing the porch, other alterations, dating to ca. 1910-20, include the addition of a basement under the north half of the house, the addition of a rear porch, an enlarged kitchen, and interior basement steps. Exterior basement access was added later through a door along the east wall. A large ca. 1930 shed donner protrudes from the catslide roof. This addition enlarged the southwest bedroom and added a bathroom on the second floor. A second bathroom was added on the first floor in part of the rear porch around 1935-40.

All windows are six-over-six-pane double hung sashes with non-historic shutters with a diamond-shape cutout. The first floor windows have metal mesh security screens. The south front door is wood with four recessed panels and the original iron hardware. The north door is a replacement with three upper lights over a single lower panel. Both have hinged metal mesh 'security doors on the exterior. Interior doors are two panel wood doors with brass knobs. Door and window trim is molded wood and consistent throughout the house; molded wood baseboards surround each room.

The first floor interior contains two front rooms and two rear rooms with an added bathroom between the two rear rooms. The walls and ceilings are plastered, as is the rather low ceiling. A partially enclosed straight run staircase is located in the northwest room and features shallow treads and a simple square newel post and balusters. A fireplace in the northwest room has been covered over. The floors in the two front rooms are oak. The kitchen floor is linoleum, and the floors in the southeast room and bathroom are carpeted. The kitchen



features ca. 1970 modifications throughout, but an arch in the north wall over the sink reflects ca. 1930 modifications.

An open dogleg stair leads to the added basement, which contains two storage/mechanical rooms. A central area was partitioned off to enclose a basin and toilet. When the basement was added, the building's battered brick footings were exposed beneath the original foundation walls. These now form the lower portion of the basement walls on the north and west sides. The south wall is constructed of concrete block. The floor is poured concrete and windows are four-pane hopper sashes.

The second floor contains three bedrooms and a bathroom. The floor is oak, except in the bathroom, where it is linoleum. Walls are plastered and painted. Each bedroom has a closet with modem sliding wood laminate doors. The bathroom has a raised floor to allow space for the added plumbing pipes. The south wall has two cabinets flanking a recessed cove containing a built-in vanity. The eastern cabinet contains older plumbing fixtures, apparently for a toilet with an elevated tank. The toilet and sink are not historic; the tub and its fixtures appear to date from ca. 1930-40.

In addition to these plumbing upgrades, other systems improvements include the addition of steam radiators for heating, the installation of window air conditioning units, and the addition of fluorescent ceiling panel lights throughout.

The ca. 1945 garage associated with Staff Residence No.8 is located to the east of the house. It features frame construction and metal siding meant to imitate wood lapped siding. The roof is covered with standing seam metal over corrugated metal and the floor is poured concrete. The garage retains its original single bay door, constructed of large sheets of metal mounted on a wood frame. The door is hinged vertically which allows it to slide along a curved ceiling track. There is a six-pane fixed window on the west fayade and a boarded over window opening on the south.

A ca. 1930-1940 shed is located to the southeast of Staff Residence No.8. It is constructed with a wood frame and flush horizontal board siding on a concrete block foundation. The building was covered with composition board siding in the 1960s or 1970s. The side gable roof is covered with standing seam metal over horizontally laid wood boards. A paneled wood door provides access through the north fayade.

In front of Staff Residence No.8 is a large old buckeye tree. It is located just south of the pathway leading from Martin Luther King Avenue to the front door. The tree is believed to be one ofa row of trees planted along the roadway, probably around the tum of the century. A grape arbor, constructed of metal pipes is located off the southeast comer of the house.

History of Staff Residences Nos. 7,8,9, and 10



Staff Residences Nos. 7, 8, 9, and 10 are located on the Shepherd Fann, now called the East Campus, but traditionally known as the outside or out-farm. Several residences were built or moved onto the East Campus to house fann and support staff, including, at various times, the fann superintendent, assistant fann superintendent, gardener, florist, and chief engineer.

Although the individual construction history of these residences is somewhat enigmatic, certain infonnation regarding various employee residences on the East Campus has been located. An early map of the hospital, dating to ca. 1855-60, immediately after the hospital opened, shows the first, most essential buildings on the hospital grounds. These seven structures include the main hospital building, the lodge for "colored insane," the gas house, gasometer, wharf, the fanner's house, and gardener's house.! The early presence of on-site residences for agricultural staff attests to the importance of fanning operations to the hospital since its inception.

In 1873, funding was requested by the Board of Visitors in its annual appropriations request to Congress "for removing, repairing, and building cottages for the employes [sic] of the hospital having families. ,,2 The next year it was reported to Congress that the monies appropriated in 1873 had been used for various projects including " ... the removal of two frame dwellings to sites more eligible than those they previously occupied. ,,3 Although it is unknown if these two moved dwellings were in fact the farmer's and gardener's houses shown on the ca. 1855-60 map, a map dated October 1873 does depict two building on the East Campus, marked as "Fanners and Gardeners Cottages" and no buildings on the West campus where these two fonnerly stood.4 These two new or moved residences are located where Staff Residence No.7 stands and where Staff Residence No. 10 was located prior to its move to its current location.

Consequently, whether Staff Residences Nos. 7 and 10 were newly constructed or moved, they were in place by October 1873, which conflicts with infonnation in the National Historic Landmark nomination fonn, which assigns each Staff Residence a construction date of 1888.5

No evidence was found to support this date. Hospital records from the twentieth century indicate a construction date of 1881 for Staff Residence No.9 (a date that better matches its

1 Untitled map showing St. Elizabeth Hospital West Campus, c. 1855-60, (R.G. 418-STEP). 2 Board of Visitors, Annual Report, 1873. 3 Board of Visitors, Annual Report, 1874. 4 Topographical Map of the Site and Lands of the Government Hospital for the Insane, October 1873 (R.G. 418-STEP). 5 Millikan, Sellin, et al. NPS 10-900: Saint Elizabeths Hospital (National Historic Landmark Nomination Form), 1990, pp. 14 and 20.



architectural style and features) and no known dates of construction for the other three residences.6 In fact, the dates of construction for Staff Residences Nos. 7, 8, and 10 are the only dates missing on twentieth century inventories of the hospital's nearly 120 buildings.7

More conflicting information is evident in the Board of Visitors' request for funding from Congress in 1883, 1884 and 1885 to build n[t]wo small cottages for employes [sic] ... on the out-farm. n8 The funds appear to have been appropriated and the two residences requested were apparently built by June 1886 when the annual report for that year was issued. This report makes no mention of the need for these buildings, though several other requests have been carried over from the previous years.9 Quite possibly, th~se funds were used to make substantial additions to the Staff Residences, as they have all been enlarged from their original configurations. It is certain that all the dwellings were constructed by 1901, when they are shown on a map of the hospital grounds. 10 They all had electricity by 1920 and telephone service by 1923. 11

The building was documented as part of an inventory by the Comptroller General of the United States in 1926. In this inventory, Staff Residence No.8 is identified as the White House and was valued by the government at $2,311.00. James White was the Florist for St Elizabeths Hospital.I 2 The White House appears again in a 1928 inventory of quarters where it is described as an "[u]nfumished 5-room house.,,13 The property continued to be used as a staff residence, appearing on a 1938 map as the residence of the hospital's Fire Chief 14 and on a 1963 list of buildings to be demolished as the "Electrical engineer's cottage.,,15

By 1964, the only farm personnel remaining at St. Elizabeths was the Grounds and Farm Superintendent in Staff Residence No.9. Staff Residences Nos. 7, 8, and 10 had all become residences for engineering staff. I6 The buildings continued to be used for residential purposes

6 St. Elizabeths Hospital Washington D.C. Key Plan of Buildings, December 14,1938 (R.O. 418-STEP) and Public Buildings Administration, Saint Elizabeths Hospital, 1945 (R.O. 121 consolidated file). 7 Ibid. 8 Board of Visitors, Annual Reports, 1883,1884 and 1885. 9 Board of Visitors, Annual Report, 1886. \0 Untitled map of the St. Elizabeths Hospital grounds, 1901 (R.O. 48-MISC #2). 11 Electrician's Annual Report, Washington, D.C., 1921-23. 12 U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary. Investigation 01 St. Elizabeths Hospital, 1927, pp. 128-130 and City Directory, Washington, D.C., 1926, 1927, and 1928. 13 U.S. House Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. Quarters and Allowances, 1929, pp. 32-37. 14 St. Elizabeths Hospital Washington D.C. Key Plan of Buildings, 1938 (R.G. 418-STEP). 15 U.S. House Committee on Education and Labor. Administration and Operation olSt. Elizabeths Hospital, 1963, pp. 42-45. 16 U.S. House Committee on Education and Labor. Administration and Operation olSt. Elizabeths Hospital, 12-14 and 20 November 1963, pp. 42-45.



until the 1980s when St. Elizabeths Hospital was transferred to the District of Columbia government. With this transfer, any remaining farming operations were discontinued, and support staff were no longer provided with residences on the hospital grounds. The buildings were converted into offices for various offices. Staff Residence No.8 was vacated in 2001.

The East Campus and the Agricultural Context of St. Elizabeths Hospital

In 1855, the United States opened the Government Hospital for the Insane for residents of the District of Columbia and for military personnel. In 1916, the hospital's name was changed to St. Elizabeths, recalling the name of the original land grant on which it is located. On October 1, 1987, oversight of the hospital and ownership of parts of the East Campus were transferred from the Department of Health and Human Services to the District of Columbia government pursuant to P.L. 98-621, The St. Elizabeths Hospital and the D.C. Mental Health Services Act of 1984. 17 The hospital continues to serve as a secured institution for psychiatric patients with most activity and occupancy centered on the East Campus.

The St. Elizabeths Hospital property was comprised of four separate large parcels. Of these, three were used almost exclusively for agricultural purposes. The initial purchase of the Blagdon Farm in 1852 resulted in the acquisition of land that was already under agricultural production. 18 Eventually, most farming was moved onto subsequently purchased parcels and the Blagdon tract, now known as the West Campus, became the main hospital grounds. The East Campus, where Staff Residences Nos. 7, 8, 9, and 10 are located, was purchased in 1867.19 This tract was traditionally used as pasture and to house the hospital's livestock, including the dairy herd, pigs, and chickens. 20

St. Elizabeths, like many psychiatric institutions of the era, was remote and self-sufficient by design. Agriculture was "a critical concern" for both food supply and for it therapeutic benefits for the patients. 21 To run the farm operations, St. Elizabeths hired numerous employees. By 1866, the hospital had on staff a farmer, gardener, dairymaid, cowherd, four farm laborers, and two garden laborers in addition the other medical and support staff. 22

With the exception of the hospital clergy, all of the employees lived on the hospital

17 U.S. General Accounting Office. St. Elizabeths Hospital: Real Property Issues Related to the West Campus, April 2001 , p. 5. 18 Millikan, Frank R. "Wards of the Nation: The Making of St. Elizabeths Hospital, 1852-1920," 1989, p. 48. 19 Plat of the survey ofland purchased by the United States from Alexr. R. Shepherd and Chas. H. Nichols, 1871 (R.G.418-STEP). 20 Map of the Grounds of the Government Hospital for the Insane, 1908 (RG 48-MISC #2, Folder 1-70). 21 Millikan, Sellin, et aI., p. 24. 22 Millikan, p. 60-61.



property.23 However, unlike the medical staff, who were housed in the hospital buildings themselves, the farming staff lived in a "separate community," geographically and functionally distinct from the medical operations on the West Campus.24 This separation of farm use from medical use is reflected in the fact that when the hospital buildings were numbered, around the tum of the century, all medical and hospital support buildings on the grounds were assigned numbers except the farm buildings and farm residences.25

Although the records of the farm and dairy have been lost,26 historic aerial photos, maps, and building inventories attest to the extent of the agricultural production at St. Elizabeths. On the East Campus, in close proximity to the residences of the Farm Superintendent, Assistant Superintendent, and other agricultural staff residences were a stable for the hospital's work horses, the dairy barns, dry bam, bull bam, silos, hennery, piggery, sheds, and outbuildings??

Historically, the farms served a dual purpose - they were necessary to the self-sufficiency of the hospital, providing fruit, vegetables, meat, and dairy products to the patients and staff of St. Elizabeths while also providing work for patients, which was seen as a form of occupational therapy.28 Farming for therapeutic reasons had become an integral part of treatment at St. Elizabeths as early as 1858.29 In this respect, St. Elizabeths was similar to other mental institutions in the second half of the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries. 30

For instance, the Insane Hospital of North Carolina, now known as the Dorothea Dix Hospital, in Raleigh, was founded immediately prior to St. Elizabeths. It, too, had a farm for the benefit of patients and staff?l Similarly, the Utica State Hospital, the first state psychiatric hospital in New York, had "a large farm with animals, a slaughterhouse, vegetable cellars and an ice house. ,,32 A description of the agricultural aspects of Lakeshore Psychiatric Hospital in Ontario may provide insight into the history of the East Campus of St. Elizabeths:

23 Ibid., p. 61. 24 Ibid., p. 60. 25 Map of the Grounds, 1908. 26 Guide to Record Group 48, File 16-22, records for the Dairy and Farm listed as "destroyed." 27 For example, see R.G. 418-STEP, R.G. 48, and Public Buildings Administration, 1945. 28 Millikan, Sellin, et aI., p. 24 29 Millikan, p. 61, footnote 15. 30 For an excellent account of farm life at a psychiatric hospital, see Gittins, Diana. Madness in its Place, 1998, ~p. 158-163.

1 History of Dorothea Dix Hospital, http://www.dhhs.state.nc.us/mhddsasIDIXIindex.html 32 Mohawk Valley Psychiatric Center http://www.my.com/townipointsI144mohawkvalleypsychiatric.html



The garden supplied food to hospital patients and staff. Patients tended soft fruits (such as raspberries) and other garden crops, also considered a form of occupational therapy.

The farm was added later as the final component of the therapeutic landscape concept. At its peak, it accommodated poultry, pigs and cows and included an orchard, soft fruit production, fields of potatoes, and land used for pasture and hay production. Reports indicate that male patients vied for opportunities to participate in farm duties, another type of occupational and industrial therapy within the Lakeshore facility.33

Hospital farms were in use well into the twentieth century, although they were not necessarily financially productive. As early as 1876, it was noted that goods could be bought from wholesalers or retailers for less money than producing them at St. Elizabeths. But the farms were seen more as an opportunity to provide patient therapy and employment than as "a source of profit.,,34 This sentiment was reiterated in 1949, when a committee renounced the idea of closing the farms at Maryland's five mental institutions, stating that "the therapeutic value of the farm work for many of the patients makes abandonment of the farms undesirable and impractical. ,,35

The agricultural staff were largely responsible for overseeing the work of patients on the farms. 36 Thus, the residents of Staff Residences Nos. 7, 8, 9, and 10 at various times, were responsible for the both agricultural operations at St. Elizabeths, including farming, gardening, tending the greenhouses, herding, milking, etc., and the care of patients. However, with more reliance placed on prepared goods, which could be easily and cheaply shipped, agricultural production at St. Elizabeths Hospital decreased during the mid-twentieth century. With this decline in farm production came a need for a reduced agricultural staff. The positions that had been central to the operation of the hospital since its founding, were no longer critical. By 1964, only Staff Residence No.9 housed farm staff, while the others were occupied by engineering staff. 37

Because of the historic bond between farm and hospital, farm staff and patient, the agricultural associations at St. Elizabeths Hospital are significant in its history. Along with the Dry Bam and Horse Bam, Staff Residences Nos. 7, 8, 9, and 10, which were consistently

33 Paine, Cecelia. Origins of Therapeutic Landscape Design in Ontario: Lakeshore Psychiatric Hospital, 1998. http://www.apa.umontreal.calgadratlformcontl seminaire98/conferenceslPainelPaine.htrn 34 Millikan, p. 93. 35 Maryland General Assembly, Joint Committee to Study the State Mental Hospitals. Report of the Joint Senate and House Committee on the State Mental Hospitals of Maryland, 1949, p. 9. 36 Millikan, p. 61 and Gittens, p. 162-162. 37 U.S. House Committee on Education and Labor. Administration and Operation afSt. Elizabeths Hospital, 1963, pp. 42-45.



occupied by farmers, gardeners, and florists during much of the hospital's existence, serve as the only reminders of the historic agricultural interdependence of St. Elizabeths Hospital and its agricultural resources.

Sources of Information

Architectural Drawings of the District of Columbia, Records Relating to the Government Hospital for the Insane (St. Elizabeths Hospital), 1851-1911; Records of the Department of the Interior, 1826-1985, Record Group 48; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD.

Board of Visitors. Government Hospital for the Insane. Operations of the Government Hospital for the Insane, Sixteenth Annual Report. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1871.

Bucknill, john Charles. Notes on Asylums for the Insane in America. London: J. & A. Churchill, 1876, reprinted Arno Press, 1973.

__ . Operations of the Government Hospital for the Insane, Eighteenth Annual Report. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1873.

__ . Operations of the Government Hospital for the Insane, Nineteenth Annual Report. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1874.

__ . Annual Report of the Government Hospitalfor the Insane, Twenty-Eighth Annual Report. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1883.

__ . Annual Report of the Government Hospital for the Insane, Twenty-Ninth Annual Report. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1884.

__ . Thirtieth Annual Report of the Government Hospital for the Insane to the Secretary of the Interior. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1885.

__ . Thirty-First Annual Report of the Government Hospital for the Insane to the Secretary of the Interior. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1886.

__ . Thirty-Second Annual Report of the Government Hospital for the Insane to the Secretary of the Interior. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1887.



__ " Eighty-Fifth Annual Report of the Government Hospital for the Insane to the Secretary of the Interior. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1940.

City Directory. Washington, D.C., 1926.



Daily Sentinel Points of Pride. "Mohawk Valley Psychiatric Center." http://www.my.com/town/pointsI144mohawkvalleypsychiatric.html (April 11, 2002).

Electrician's Annual Report, Washington, D.C., 1921-23; Records Relating to the Preparation of the Superintendent's Annual Reports; Records of the Office of the Superintendent; Records ofSt. Elizabeths Hospital, Record Group 418; National Archives Building, Washington D.C.

Gittins, Diana. Madness in its Place: Narratives of Severa lis Hospital, 1913-1997. London: Routledge, 1998.

Godding, William W., Superintendent to Carl Schurz, Secretary of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1878; June 12, 1877-June 7, 1879, pg 625-626; "Executive Series"; Records of the Office of the Superintendent, Letters Sent, 1857-1906; Records ofSt. Elizabeths Hospital, Record Group 418; National Archives Building, Washington D.C.

Godding, William W., Superintendent to Carl Schurz, Secretary of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1878; June 12, 1877-June 7,1879, pg 719; "Executive Series"; Records of the Office of the Superintendent, Letters Sent, 1857-1906; Records of S1. Elizabeths Hospital, Record Group 418; National Archives Building, Washington D.C.

Godding, William W., Superintendent to Samuel J. Kirkwood, Secretary of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1881; June 9, 1881-February 12,1883, pg 143; "Executive Series"; Records of the Office of the Superintendent, Letters Sent, 1857-1906; Records ofSt. Elizabeths Hospital, Record Group 418; National Archives Building, Washington D.C.

"Historic Asylums." June 1, 1999. http://darkspire.org/asylums/mainpage.html (10 April 2002).

Klee, James L. to James L. Green, Manager of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., January 25, 1888; Letters Relating to Hospital Maintenance and Construction 1979-98; Records of



Superintendent William W. Godding; Records of St. Elizabeths Hospital, Record Group 418; National Archives Building, Washington D.C.

Maps and Plans of the Government Hospital for the Insane; Records of St. Elizabeths Hospital 1820-1981, Record Group 418-STEP; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD.

Maps of the District of Columbia Metropolitan Area, Saint Elizabeths Hospital, Records of the Commission of Fine Arts 1893-1981, Record Group 66; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD.

Maryland General Assembly, Joint Committee to Study the State Mental Hospitals. Report of the Joint Senate and House Committee on the State Mental Hospitals of Maryland, March 1949.

Millikan, Frank R. "Wards of the Nation: The Making of S1. Elizabeths Hospital, 1852-1920." Ph.D. diss., The George Washington University, 1989.

Millikan, Frank, Sellin, Ann, et al. NPS Form 10-900: Saint Elizabeths Hospital (National Historic Landmark Nomination Form), 1990.

North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. "History of Dorothea Dix Hospital." http://www.dhhs.state.nc.us/mhddsasIDIXIindex.html (April 10,2002).

Overholser, Winfred, ed. Centennial Papers St. Elizabeths Hospital. Washington, D.C.: Centennial Commission St. Elizabeths Hospital, 1956.

Paine, Cecelia. "Origins of Therapeutic Landscape Design in Ontario: Lakeshore Psychiatric Hospital." Paper presented at the Histories of Landscape Architecture in Canada conference, 26-28 March 1998, Montreal, Quebec. http://www.apa.umontreal.ca/gadrat/formcont/seminaire98/ PainelPaine.htm (April 11, 2002).

Photographs of St. Elizabeths Hospital; Records of the Public Information Office, St. Elizabeths Hospital, Record Group 418-P; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD.

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Facilities Engineering, Division of Architecture. National Register of Historic Places Inventory -Nomination Form, Saint Elizabeths Hospital, 1979.



U.S. General Accounting Office. St. Elizabeths Hospital: Real Property Issues Related to the West Campus (GAO-01-434). Washington, D.C.: GAO, April 2001.

U.S. House Committee on Education and Labor. Administration and Operation of St. Elizabeths Hospital: Hearings before the Ad Hoc Subcommittee on St. Elizabeths Hospital of the Committee on Education and Labor. 88th Cong., 1 st sess., 12, 13, 14, and 20, November 1963.

U.S. House Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. Quarters and Allowances: Hearings before the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. 70th Cong., 2nd sess., 19 December 1929.

U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary. Investigation of St. Elizabeths Hospital: Letter from the Comptroller General of the United States. 69th Cong., 2nd sess., 16 December 1927.

U.S. House Special Committee. Hearings before the Special Committee Appointed by the Speaker, under a Resolution of the House of Representatives, Fifty-Ninth Congress, to make a Full and Complete Investigation of the Management of the Government Hospital for the Insane. 59th Cong., 2nd sess., 1907.

U.S. Public Buildings Administration. Saint Elizabeths Hospital, Washington 20, D.C. Washington D.C: Public Buildings Administration, March 1945.



Site of Staff Residences Nos. 7, 8, 9, and 10 St. Elizabeths Hospital

Source: USGS Anacostia Quad Map, 1982

o 75' 150'

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st. Elizabeths Hospital, Staff Residence No. 8 (St. Elizabeths Hospital, Building No. 79)


LOCATION MAP ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL STAFF RESIDENCES

St. Elizabeths Hospital, Staff Residence No. 8 (St. Elizabeths Hospital, Building No. 79)


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