responses of some bell-pepper (capsicum annuum l ... · the cost of desalinization units used in...

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J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt Vol.12 (1) 2013

RESPONSES OF SOME BELL-PEPPER (CAPSICUM

ANNUUM L.) CULTIVARS TO SALT STRESS UNDER

GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS

MAHMOUD A. WAHB-ALLAH

Department of Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt.

Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud

University, P.O. BOX 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

E-mail [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Saline irrigation water often causes adverse effects on

growth, yield and quality of vegetable crops and increases

the cost of desalinization units used in the greenhouse.

Response of vegetative growth, fruits yield and its

components and leaf chemical constituents of three bell-

pepper hybrid cultivars; Boogie, Romica and Zamboni

grown under greenhouse conditions to irrigation with saline

water at six levels; 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 dS m-1

in

2010 and 2011 seasons was evaluated. Drip irrigation with

saline water over 1.5 dS m-1

was associated with decreases

in vegetative growth traits; plant height, stem diameter, leaf

number and leaf dry matter percentage, fruits yield and its

components; average fruit weight, fruit number, total fruits

yield, marketable fruits yield and leaf’s Ca and K

concentrations. However, leaf’s Na and Cl concentrations

were increased. At 6.0 dS m-1

salinity level, total fruits yield

reduced by more than 50% meanwhile, at 7.5 dS m-1

salinity

level, marketable fruits yield was reduced by 100%. Under

different salinity levels, Romica hybrid cultivar showed the

best performance for most studied traits followed by Boogie

and Zamboni hybrid cultivars. Romica was relatively

tolerant to high saline water (3.0 – 4.5 dS m-1

) and had good

productivity. Therefore, this cultivar could be recommended

for greenhouse production in areas with high salinity water

of irrigation to minimize the dependence on water

desalinization.

mailto:[email protected]

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Keywords: Pepper, growth, yield, marketable yield, cations, anions, mineral

analysis, salt tolerance.

INTRODUCTION

Irrigation with saline water can be a major environmental

constraint to plant growth and productivity. Rapid salts accumulation

under greenhouse conditions reflect a negative critical influence on

vegetable production (Shannon and Grieve, 1999). The scarcity of

good quality water forces growers to irrigate with moderate or high

saline water . The sustainable greenhouse production includes

utilization all available resources of agricultural practices such as

irrigation with saline water. Evaluating irrigation water quality for

long-term productivity is critical (Bauder et al., 2004). Genetic

variability within species is a valuable tool for screening and breeding

for salt tolerance. Increasing crop salt tolerance through plant breeding

could allow the use of poor quality water (Abdel-Gwad et al., 2005).

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the main crops

grown under greenhouse and is considered moderately sensitive to

salinity (Ayers and Westcot, 1985). Excess salinity in irrigation water

causes severe problems such as a reduction in fruit size (Navarro et

al., 2002) and an increase in the incidence of blossom-end rot (Rubio

et al., 2009). Moreover, irrigation with saline water in combination

with over-fertilization often causes serious problems in pepper

production (Tadesse et al., 1999). For instance, salt-affected pepper

shows severe decreases in growth, disturbances in membrane

permeability, water channel activity, stomatal conductance,

photosynthesis and ion balance (Bethke and Drew, 1992; Navarro et

al., 2003; Cabanero et al., 2004; Aktas et al., 2006).

Limited available information on the literature regarding pepper

genetic variability for salt tolerance was detected. Among the few

studies on genetic variability for sodium chloride (NaCl) tolerance in

pepper are those done by Cornillon and Palloix (1997), who reported

significant differences among pepper cultivars in salt tolerance. In a

hydroponics' culture, Chartzoulakis and Klapaki (2000) studied the

salt tolerance of two greenhouse bell-pepper hybrid cultivars during

seed germination, seedling growth and vegetative growth stage. They

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found that, Lamuyo hybrid cultivar was more sensitive to salinity than

Sonar hybrid cultivar overall plant growth stages. The current study

aims to evaluate the effect of irrigation with different saline water

concentrations on vegetative growth, fruits yield potential and leaf

chemical constituents of three bell-pepper hybrid cultivars under

greenhouse conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Experimental

Farm of Agricultural Research Station, 35 km southwest of Riyadh,

Saudi Arabia, under controlled conditions, during 2010 and 2011

seasons. Seeds of three commercial bell-pepper hybrid cultivars

namely Boogie; yellow fruits, Romica; yellow fruits and Zamboni; red

fruits (Rijkzwaan Company, Netherland) were sown in speedling trays

on February 3 and 9 in the first and second season, orderly . Speeding

trays were placed under controlled conditions (26 ± 1ºC/day and 20 ±

1ºC/night temperatures). After six weeks of seed sowing, transplants

of healthy, uniform sized and having four to five leaves were

transplanted into soil in a fiberglass greenhouse on rows; 2 m long, 1

m width and inter- row spacing's was 50 cm. Throughout the entire

growing period, the air temperature maintained to be 27 ± 1ºC / day ,

20 ± 1ºC / night and relative humidity to be 75 ± 2% . Prior the

initiation of each experiment, composite soil samples to 40 cm depth

were collected from the experimental site and analyzed for some

physical and chemical properties according to the published

procedures ( Klute, 1986 ). Results of these analyses are presented in

Table 1.

Six saline water treatments, having electrical conductivities of

0.5(control), 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 dSm-1

were prepared by adding

molar concentrations of sodium chloride to the control treatment. The

source of control treatment was local well and its water was purified at

water desalination station. The chemical properties of the water that

serves as a control treatment are listed in Table 2.

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Table 1. Some physical and chemical characteristics of the

experimental soil site in 2010 and 2011 seasons. Parameters 2010 2011

Sand ,% 89.0 89.0

Silt, % 6.0 4.0

Clay, % 5.0 7.0

Texture Sandy Sandy

Organic matter content, % 0.13 0.16

CaCO3, % 27.0 24.0

Saturation water content, %(w/w) 28.3 29.3

Field capacity, %(w/w) 16.4 17.1

Permanent wilting point, %(w/w) 7.2 6.7

Plant available water, %(w/w) 9.2 10.4

pH 7.72 7.92

ECe,, dS m-1 2.65 2.00

Ca++, meq L-1 11.1 11.1

Mg++, meq L-1 6.7 5.6

Na+, meq L-1 14.4 6.5

K+, meq L-1 2.1 1.7

CO3--, meq L-1 Tr Tr

HCO3-, meq L-1 4.0 2.0

Cl-, meq L-1 10.5 7.0

SO4--, meq L-1 13.9 10.9

SAR, % 4.83 2.18

Table 2. Analysis of desalinized irrigation water (control

treatment) in 2010 and 2011 seasons. Parameters 2010 2011

pH 6.05 6.09

EC, dSm-1

0.50 0.52

Soluble Cations, meq L-1

Ca++

2.30 2.44

Mg++

1.36 1.25

Na+ 7.10 7.00

K+ 0.20 0.27

Soluble Anions, meq L-1

CO3-- Tr. Tr.

HCO3- 1.10 1.00

Cl- 5.10 4.80

SO4-- 2.90 3.40

NO3-, ppm 7.20 8.28

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A drip irrigation network was designed for this study. Six water

containers (1 m3 each) were assigned to each salinity treatment. Each

container connected with two dripper lines. Irrigation with different

levels of saline water started 7 days after transplanting and terminated

170 days later. Irrigation scheduling was performed using

evapotranspiration (ETc) and coefficient values of bell pepper.

Evapotranspiration value (ETc) was calculated, using the data of

meteorological station near the study area, according to Penman

Monteith equation ( Allen et al., 1998 ). Irrigation was applied three

times per day at a target rate of 100% Etc. All agro-managements for

greenhouse bell-pepper production were followed as mentioned by

Maynard and Hochmuth ( 2007 ).

The experimental layout was a split – plot system in a randomized

complete block design with three replications. Salinity level

treatments were randomly allocated to the main plots while, the bell-

pepper hybrid cultivars were arranged in the sub-plots. The sub-plot

area was 4 m2 and included 8 plants.

Recorded Data

1- Vegetative traits

At flowering growth stage; 75 days after transplanting, four randomly selected plants from each experimental unit were sampled to

record plant height, stem diameter and number of leaves plant-1

.

Samples from the terminal leaves were collected, washed and dried at

70 °C in a forced air-oven until the weight became constant. Leaf dry

matter percentage was calculated.

2- Fruits yield and its components

Data on number of fruits plant-1

, average fruit weight , total fruits

yield plant-1

and marketable fruits yield plant-1

( fruit weight> 80 g,

according to Chartzoulakis and Klapaki, 2000) through the entire

harvesting period were performed.

3- Leaf’s chemical constituents

At 150 days after the beginning of saline water treatments, samples

of most recent, fully expanded leaves (3rd

and 4th

upper leaf ) ,from

each experimental unit, were collected, washed , dried at 80 Co in a

forced air-oven till a constant weight and finally ground for chemical

determinations. Sulphoric acid, salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide

agents were used to digest the ground leaf samples. Leaf’s Na, Ca and

K contents were determined using flame emission spectrometer

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(Varian, Spectr AA-200) as described in A. O. A. C.( 1992 ). Leaf’s

Cl content was colourmetrically determined after extraction with

water (Walinga et al., 1995).

4- Statistical analysis

All obtained data were subjected to computerized statistical

analysis using SAS (Statistical Analysis System) version 8.1 (SAS

Institute, 2008 ). Revised Least Significant Difference test at 0.05

level introduced by Snedecor and Cochran (1989) was utilized to

verify difference between treatment means.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1 Influence of irrigation with saline water on: 1.1 Vegetative traits

Increasing salinity level in irrigation water from 1.5 up to 7.5 dSm-

1 reflected progressive adverse influences on plant height, stem

diameter, number of leaves plant-1

and leaf dry matter percentage of

bell-pepper plants compared to the control treatment in 2010 and 2011

seasons (Table 3 ). However, differences between irrigation with

saline water at 0.5 and 1.5 dSm-1

in all studied growth characters

except plant height were not significant in 2010 season. Meanwhile,

leaf dry matter percentage was not so high enough to be significant in

2011 season. The adverse effects of salt treatments on vegetative

growth can be related to salt-induced disturbance of water balance and

loss of leaf turgor, which can reduce leaf expansion and so

photosynthetic leaf area (Shannon and Grieve, 1999). Salt stress

treatments induced toxicity by Cl− as well as harmful osmotic effect

which diminish the above ground fresh biomass (Rubio et al., 2010).

The Obtained results are in accordance with those of Ben Gal et al.,

(2008) and Chartzoulakis and Klapaki (2000), who indicated negative

effects of higher salinity levels on leaf area, number and dry weight of

pepper plants.

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Table 3. Influence of salinity levels on vegetative growth traits of

bell-pepper plants during 2010 and 2011 seasons. Salinity level

(dS m-1

)

Plant height

(cm)

Stem

diameter

No. of leaves

Plant-1

Leaf’s dry

matter( %)

First season (2010)

0.5

1.5

3.5

4.5

6.0

7.5

55.4 a*

52.8 b

47.2 c

45.3 c

41.9 d

35.6 e

15.7 a

15.1 a

13.6 b

13.4 b

12.3 c

11.5 d

25.1 a

24.1 a

22.4 b

20.9 c

17.8 d

15.7 e

15.2 a

14.9 a

12.7 b

11.9 bc

11.5 c

9.6 d

Second season (2011)

0.5

1.5

3.5

4.5

6.0

7.5

60.2 a

56.4 b

52.3 c

49.6 d

47.2 e

37.3 f

14.7 a

14.3 b

13.8 b

12.7 c

12.1 c

11.1 d

23.4 a

21.7 b

20.4 b

18.3 c

16.2 d

13.1 e

14.7 a

14.2 a

12.3 b

11.4 bc

10.8 c

9.0 d

*Values followed by the same letter (s) through a particular column of means

are not significantly different using revised L.S.D test at 0.05probability

level.

1.2 Fruits yield and its components plant-1

Irrigation with saline water over 1.5 dSm-1

resulted in significant

negative effects on average fruit weight, number of fruits plant-1

, fruits

yield plant-1

and marketable fruits yield plant-1

in both seasons ( Table

4 ). However, the differences resulted from the effect of irrigation

with saline water at 0.5 and 1.5 dSm-1

on all studied features of fruits

yield and its components plant-1

were not significant except, average

fruit weight in the second season. As an average of the two

experimental seasons, irrigation with saline water at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6

and 7.5 dSm-1

decreased average fruit weight by 4.2, 16.5, 28.3, 50.3

and 53.3% , number of fruits plant-1

by 0.51 ,7.4 , 12.7 , 33.6 and

50.4% , fruits yield plant-1

by 4.9 , 23.6, 38.1, 66.3 and 76.2 and

marketable fruits yield plant-1

by 9.8, 46.8, 70.4, 93.7 and 100%

compared to the control treatment, respectively. These results can be

explained on the physiological fact that increasing salinity in irrigation

water accompanied with an increase in osmotic potential of soil

solution and consequently the sap flow within xylem and water

accumulation rate during cell expansion were restricted (Munns, 2005;

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Yamaguchi and Blumwald, 2005) with an eventual result a reduction

in total fruits yield and its components. Similar findings on pepper

plants were reported by Johnson et al.( 1992 ), Chartzoulakis and

Klapaki (2000), Savvas et al. (2007), Ben Gal et al. (2008), Kaya et

al., (2009) and Rubio et al. (2009). Their results obviously clarified

that the higher the concentration of salinity in irrigation water the

lower the yield of fruits and its components.

Table 4. Influence of salinity levels on fruits yield and it its

components of bell-pepper plants during 2010 and 2011

seasons. Salinity levels

(dS m-1

)

Average fruit

weight (g) No. Fruits

plant-1

fruits yield

(kg plant-1)

Marketable yield

(kg plant-1)

First season (2010)

0.5

1.5

3.5

4.5

6.0

7.5

95.3 a*

92.1 a

79.4 b

68.3 c

46.9 d

44.1 d

19.4 a

19.3 a

17.9 b

16.8 c

12.6 d

9.3 e

1.895 a

1.780 a

1.420 b

1.152 c

0.612 d

0.425 e

1.806 a

1.602 a

0.939 b

0.522 c

0.112 d

0.000


0.5

1.5

3.5

4.5

6.0

7.5

92.7 a

88.1 b

77.5 c

66.5 d

46.6 e

43.2 f

19.9 a

19.8 a

18.5 b

17.5 c

13.5 d

10.2 e

1.845 a

1.776 a

1.437 b

1.162 c

0.648 d

0.465 e

1.780 a

1.633 a

0.969 b

0.540 c

0.115 d

0.000 e


are not significantly different using revised L.S.D test at 0.05 probability

level.

1.3 Leaf’s chemical constituents

Increasing salinity level of irrigation water up to the highest level

progressively and significantly increased leaf’s Na+ and Cl

- contents (

Table 5). The reverse was true, to some extent, for leaf’s Ca++

and K+

contents. The positive relationship between salinity levels and leaf’s

Na+ and Cl

-1 contents might be due to a reduction in osmotic potential

and/ or maintenance of water potential difference between the leaves

and the soil constant to absorb more water and Na+ and Cl

- from the

saline solution. The negative relationship between salinity level and

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leaf’s K+ and Ca

++ contents probably achieved as a result of depressed

activity of these ions and / or competition effects among ions to be

absorbed through root surface. Plants which take up more Ca++

and

K+ from the medium will have lower Na+/K

+, Na

+/ Ca

++ ratios and

equilibrium of nutrients will appear more similar to the non salinized

plants (Cuartero et al., 1992; Perez-Alfocea et al., 1993).

Table 5. Influence of salinity levels on leaf’s chemical constituents

of bell-pepper plants during 2010 and 2011 seasons. Salinity level

(dS m-1

)

Leaf’s ion concentrations ( mg 100g-1

)

Na+ Cl

- Ca

++ K

+

First season (2010)

0.5

1.5

3.5

4.5

6.0

7.5

213 f *

409 e

615 d

707 c

837 b

1523 a

566 f

946 e

1233 d

1340 c

1413 b

1706 a

1716 a

1708 a

1671 b

1623 c

1570 d

1536 e

2411 a

2440 a

2173 b

2033 c

1893 d

1750 e


0.5

1.5

3.5

4.5

6.0

7.5

228 f

425 e

626 d

753 c

850 b

1536 a

578 f

895 e

1190 d

1330 c

1416 b

1560 a

1540 a

1520 a

1488 b

1440 c

1383 d

1363 d

2380 a

2333 b

2156 c

1993 d

1866 e

1776 f

*Values followed by the same letter (s) through a particular column of

means are not significantly differ using revised L.S.D test at 0.05

probability level.

2. Response of pepper cultivars to salinity stress 2. 1. Vegetative traits

Values of plant height, stem diameter and, number of leaves plant-1

of the bell pepper hybrid cultivar Romica were significantly higher

than Boogie and Zamboni hybrid cultivars in 2010 and 2011, except

plant height in the 2nd

season (Table 6 ). Leaf’s dry mater percentage

of Romica and Boogie , however were not significant . However,

Zamboni hybrid cultivar, significantly, ranked the third in most

studied vegetative traits. The superiority of Romica hybrid cultivar

can be owe to higher number of leaves and/ or higher ability for water

and nutrients absorption. Results of these experiments complemented

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those of Midan and Gabal (1986) in which they concluded significant

variations among three pepper cultivars in the dry mater percentage of

leaves.

Table 6 Vegetative growth traits for three greenhouse bell-pepper

hybrid cultivars grown under different salinity levels during 2010

and 2011 seasons. Cultivars Plant

height

(cm)

Stem diameter

(mm) No. leaves

Plant-1

Leaf dry matter

( %)

First season (2010)

Boogie

Romica

Zamboni

46.2 b

48.2 a

44.7 c

13.3 b

14.8 a

12.4 c

20.5 b

22.7 a

19.3 b

14.2 a

13.2 a

10.5 b


Boogie

Romica

Zamboni

51.4 a

50.6 b

49.5 c

13.2 b

13.7 a

12.5 c

18.7 b

21.2 a

16.5 c

12.5 a

12.8 a

10.9 b

Values followed by the same letter (s) through a particular column of means

per season are not significantly differ using revised L.S.D test at 0.05

probability level.

2. 2 Fruits yield and its components plant

-1

The general effect noticed from comparisons among the studied

pepper hybrid cultivars indicated that, Romica hybrid cultivar,

significantly, produced heavier average fruit weight, marketable fruits

yield, total fruits yield and more number of fruits plant-1

than Boogie

and Zamboni hybrid cultivars, in both seasons ( Table 7 ). Cultivar

difference between Boogie and Zamboni hybrid cultivars in all studied

features of fruits yield in 2011 season was not significant, but this was

true only for average fruit weight, marketable fruits yield in 2010

season. These results can be discussed on the ground that Romica

hybrid cultivar produced taller plant stature, thicker stem, more

number of leaves than the other two hybrid cultivars ( Table 6) with

an eventual increase in total fruits yield and its components.

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Table 7 . Fruits yield and its components of bell-pepper hybrid

cultivars grown under different salinity levels during 2010 and

2011 seasons. Cultivars Average

fruit

weight (g)

No. Fruits

Plant-1

Total yield

(kg Plant-1

) Marketable

yield

(kg Plant-1

)

First season (2010) Boogie

Romica

Zamboni

69.5 b 76.0 a

67.5 b

13.4 c 18.7 a

15.4 b

1.028 c

1.441 a

1.153 b

0.729 b

0.994 a

0.767 b


Boogie

Romica

Zamboni

66.6 b

73.7 a

66.5 b

15.3 b

19.3 a

15.1 b

1.114 b

1.438 a

1.115 b

0.771 b

1.012 a

0.735 b



probability level.

2. 3 Leaf’s chemical constituents

Significant cultivar difference in leaf’s Na+, Cl

-, Ca

++ and K

+

contents and the trend was approximately similar, in both seasons (

Table 8). Zamboni cultivar had the highest leaf’s Na+ and Cl

- contents

while, Romica cultivar had the lowest ones. Meanwhile, Romica

cultivar attained the highest leaf’s Ca++

and K+ contents but, Zamboni

and Boogie cultivars had the lowest leaf’s Ca++

and K +contents,

orderly. Inhibitory of leaf’s Na+ and Cl

- contents in Romica hybrid

cultivar seemed to be arised as a result of restriction Na+ and Cl

- to

enter the plant and contribute to salt tolerance (Romero-Aranda et al.,

2001). The exclusion of Na from root into growth medium play a

critical role in expression of high Na tolerance in pepper. Cornillon

and Palloix (1997) reflected genetic variation in NaCl tolerance

among four pepper genotypes. Aktas et al., (2006) found significant

variation in salt tolerance among 102 pepper genotypes. Rubio et al.

(2009) reported that Ca++

greatly contributes to maintain higher K/Na

ratios in pepper plants by reducing Na+ uptake and promoting K

+

uptake. Similar conclusion was reported by Yoshida ( 2002) and Zhu

(2002).

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Table 8. Leaf’s ion concentrations for three greenhouse bell-

pepper hybrid cultivars as influence by six levels of salinity during

2010 and 2011 seasons.

Cultivars

Leaf’s ion concentrations mg 100g-1

Na+ Cl

- Ca

++ K+

First season (2010) Boogie

Romica

Zamboni

695 b

634 c

823 a

1264 b

1043 c

1313 a

1639 a

1648 a

1626 b

1951 c

2275 a

2125 b


Boogie

Romica

Zamboni

717 b

643 c

849 a

1236 a

1002 b

1245 a

1454 b

1496 a

1416 c

1936 c

2230 a

2086 b

Values followed by the same letter (s) through a particular column of means


probability level.

3 Influence of interaction between salinity levels and pepper hybrid

cultivars 3.1 Vegetative traits:

The data regarding the interaction effects between salinity

levels and pepper hybrid cultivars on vegetative traits will not

tabulated because the results of both studied seasons did not reflect

any significant effects. 3.2 Fruits yield and its components plant

-1

The effect of interaction between salinity levels and pepper hybrid

cultivars on fruits yield and its components plant-1

was significant, in

both seasons ( Table 9 ). At any level of salinity, Romica hybrid

cultivar recorded the highest magnitudes of average fruit weight,

number of fruits plant-1

, total fruits yield plant-1

followed by Boogie

and Zamboni , with few exceptions. At any hybrid cultivar, increasing

the salinity level in irrigation water mostly accompanied with

decreasing average fruit weight, number of fruits plant-1

and total

fruits yield plant-1

. Therefore, the combined treatment of Romica

hybrid cultivar – 0.5 dSm-1

was the best and Zamboni hybrid cultivar

– 7.5 dSm-1

was the worst for fruits yield and its components.

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3. 3 Leaf’s chemical constituents

Comparisons among the mean values of leaf’s Na, Cl, Ca and K

ion contents indicated that Romica hybrid cultivar irrigated with high

salinity levels (> 3 dSm-1

) , generally, associated with lower leaf’s Na

and Cl contents and higher leaf’s Ca and K contents than Boogie and

Zamboni ( Table 10 ). It was obvious that, Romica hybrid cultivar

more tolerant to salinity stress than Boogie and Zamboni hybrid

cultivars. Salt tolerance in some plant species has negative correlation

with Na in plant shoots and the salt tolerant plants generally exclude

Na+ from their shoots to prevent Na+ accumulation in the leaves

(Cuartero et al., 1992).

CONCLUSION

The performance of pepper cultivars under salt stress indicates that

the relative salinity effects varied among cultivars and their

classification for salt tolerance would vary according to a specific

trait. Based on results of the current study, Romica hybrid cultivar was

more tolerant to relatively high salinity levels than the other two ones.

In conclusion, Romica was tolerant to high water salinity and had

good yield traits. Therefore, this cultivar could be recommended for

greenhouse production in areas with high water salinity to minimize

dependence on water desalinization.

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15


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الملخص العربي

استجابة بعض أصناف الفلفل الحلو لإلجهاد الملحي الزراعة المحمية نظامتحت

محمود عبادي وهب هللا

والزراعة األغذٌة علوم كلٌة النباتً اإلنتاج جامعة اإلسكندرٌة ، قسم -كلٌة الزراعة -قسم الخضر سعود الملك جامعة –

بب الري بمٌاه عالٌة الملوحة غالبا تأثٌرات عكسٌة على نمو وإنتاجٌة وجودة محاصٌل ٌس

تهرردا الدراسررة الخضررر وتزٌررد مررة تكلاررة وحرردات تحلٌررة المٌرراه المسررتخدمة قررً الزراعررة المحمٌررة ، ، 6.0، 4.5، 3.0، 1.5، 0.5) مرة ملوحرة مٌراه الرري الحالٌة إلى اختبار تأثٌر ستة مسرتوٌات

ارتارا النبرات ، سرمك السراع ، عردد األوراع ، على صراات النمرو الخضرر ) (1-دٌسٌسمنز م 7.5متوسر وزة وعردد الثمرار، وكرذلك المحصرول ( والجهد المحصولى للثمرار) المادة الجافة باألوراع

الصررودٌوم ، ( والمكونررات الكٌمٌاةٌررة لرر)وراع ) محتررو الكلررً والمحصررول ال ابررل للتسرروٌع للنبررات)برروجً ، رومٌكررا ، ( لثالثررة اصررناا جررٌة مررة الالاررل الحلررو الكلورٌررد ، الكالسررٌوم ، البوتاسررٌوم

. اوضرحت النتراةا المتحصرل 2011، 2010تحت ظروا البٌت المحمى خالل موسمى زامبونً(صرراحبها انخاررا 1-دٌسررٌمنز م 5,1عررة تن ررٌ تحررت نظررام ال علٌهررا اة زٌررادة ملوحررة مررا الررري

تدرٌجى فرً صراات النمرو الخضرر والجهرد المحصرولى للثمرار ، محترو األوراع مرة البوتاسرٌوم والكالسٌوم ، بٌنما زاد محتو األوراع مة الصودٌوم والكلورٌد. لم ٌتحصل على ا محصول قابل

النترراةا . اوضررحت 1-دٌسٌسررمنز م 5,7للتسرروٌع أل جررٌة مختبررر عنرردما بل ررت ملوحررة مررا الررر الصاات المدروسة تحت مستوٌات الملوحة المختل ة تاله اٌضا تاوع الصنا الهجٌة رومٌكا لمعظم

أكثر الصنا الهحٌة بوجً وزامبونً على الترتٌب ، كما اشارت النتاةا اة الصنا الهجٌة رومٌكا باسرتخدام رذا ( ولرذلك ٌوصر1ً-دٌسٌسرٌمنزم 4.5و 3.0تحمال لملوحة مٌاه الري المرتاعرة نسربٌا )

الصنا الهجٌة لتحمل االجهراد الملحرً تحرت ظرروا الزراعرح المحمٌرة ممرا ٌريدي لت لٌرل االعتمراد على تحلٌح المٌاه.

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