proceeding redstar - 2012, 23 june 2012, halaman 353 - 366

8/13/2019 Proceeding Redstar - 2012, 23 June 2012, Halaman 353 - 366

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Msdan ln$titute $f Techn$logyJalan Gedung Arca 5e MedanNarth $ufftatralndsnesia?fr June Z$Lz

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UOTOR PERFORMANCESurya HARDI*, l. Daut,L Nisya, R.Chan,Musdar Bin Dahlan

STUDY TO IMPROVE DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS PERFORMANCE BY-IO2 THICKNESS AND EXTRACT MANGOSTEEN PERICARPL Daut", M. Fitra,M. lrwanto, N. Gomesh,Suhelmi, Hermansyah Alam

silODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM BEEF TALLOWRanggita Dwi N. Affandi*, Toni RizkiAruan,Taslim, lriany

:OEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION BEHAVIOR OF VERTICAL ANDroRrzoNTAL cLAy (soFT cLAy) usrNc vERTtcAL DRATNBasri SyariefRENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY MICROBIAL FUEL CELLDESIGN WITH ESCHERICHIA COLI BACTERIA AS A BIOCATALYSJTILIZAT]ONDean Corio, Melda Latif,

Endang PunryatiCFD SIMULATION OVER AN AHMED CAR MODEL

Sanrvo Edhy S*, Amir Zaki Mubarak,RazaliThaibEFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT IN THE WULUNG'S BAMBOOPRESERVATION WITH AIR PRESSURERika Deni Susanti

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]- EFFECT OF FOAMED BITUMEN ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF RECLAIMEDASPHALT PAVEMENT MIXHerda Yati KATMAN, Mohd Rasdan IBRAHIM,Mohd. Yazip MATORI, Shuhairy NORHISHAMNorlela lSMA|L, Rohayu CHE OMAR

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E LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION MODELING IN PACKING COLUMN WITHPERCOLATION METHODMustafa/

II

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spectrum. Mangosteen pericarp sensitized absorbs the light spectrum can bebetter than some of the other extracts [2].

RESEARCH METHODOLOGYTools and MaterialsToolEquipment used in this study is a transparent conductive oxide glass, binder clip,graphite pencil, tape, scissors, glass beads, mortars (grinding), tissuepaper, filter paper, wire, glass beaker, pipette drops, mumps pipette,measuringCUp$; bOwlsdishes, bOwlS Watch, oven, furnace, stirrer rod, aluminiumfoil, ampoules, and weigh the balance sheet and pyranometer.

MateriatsThe rnaterials used in[3], acebyl acetnils, tritonof sensitized, ethanol, HCl,

this study were TiOz powder (from Tronox)K*100, a solution of l? in Kl, the fruitdistilled water.

Solution PrcparationPreparation of TiO2 $uspensionTiOz powder (Tronox) as much as 6 grams of crushed using a mortar and thenadded into it as muctr as 0.2 mL of acetyl acetone which was dissolved in 1 mLof water. This mixture was stirred until evenly distributed. Then the mixture wasadded with I mL of distilled water, the entered slowly - land, stirring to evenly. lfit has been uneven, a solution of TiO 2 incorporated in a closed bottle andshaken with glassbeads to break the particles - particles of TiOz. Then thesuspension was shaken in 0.1 mltriton X put-100 which was dissolved in 1 mL of

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water,After the acldition of triton X-100, the suspension should not bemechanically shaken again to avoid the occurrence of foam (foaming). Then thesuspension allcnred to stand for 15 minuts before use, so that stable and foam(foaming) and the air bubbb is reduced [4].

Preparation of $olvant DyesFruits were weighed as much as 20 grams of sensitized and lhen mashed with amortar, extracted with 15 mL of ethanol as much as he crushed with a modarsettling for thrw days and then filtered using filter paper. Alltreatnents anangecin a dark room or with a minimum illumination,

Prcparation of Electrodes\Preparatlon of Working Elactrodes

Pasta TiO2 coated on conducting glass insulation that has been coated on bolf^sides until the widest part to be coated b drltre 4cm2. Coating was done b1using doctor-blade until it reaches a thickness of 7-10 pm.Glass that has beer'coated T|OZ disintering the furnace at a temperature of 450 " C for 30 minutesthen cooled at a tenpenature of 700 C. Tlo2.sgted glass surfiaces immersed rsensitized extract in a petri dish and then stored in a dark place for oneday. After the glass surface soaked, washed again with ethanol, and dried with atissue on the outside.'

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Preparation of Electrode ComparisonConducting glass surface coated with graphite pencil until blended. Then theplate was heated for 30 minutes at a temperature of 450 o C, slowly cooled,washed with ethanol and dried in the open air.

Current and Volbge Measurementln Direct Sunlight irradiationSolar cells connected to the voltmeter wires on both sides with poles (+) iselektoda comparators, and polar (-) is the working electrode. Solar cells thathave been strung with wires, and then irradiated with direct sunlight. Themaximum measured current and voltage. Similarly the output current is then

Imeasured by determining the active area of solar cells.

lndirectly solar radiationThe same procedure carried out in the open space with sunlight irradiationindirectly (indoors).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\Results Preparation of Solar Cell Material GomposerDye sensitizedSubstratesConductive glass substrate to the electrode is made of soda lime glass that hasbeen coated with transparent conductive oxide material of the fluorine doped tin(lt) oxide.The electrode has a resistivity ot 18-24 ohms per cm2 with a thicknessof g Angstroms.The conductive oxide coated on one side of the glass by using achemical vapgr mating techniques or "chemical vapor deposition"

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shaking is done on the suspension in the previous stage. Ratio of the amount ofTiO 2 with other liquid material is a factor that is important enough to beconsidered during the manufacture of TiOZ suspension" Because if the ratio ofTiO2 and liquid material is too high will cause the resulting TiO2 film becomestoo thick and will tend to be peeled from the glass surface of theconductor" Conversely, if the ratio of the mmparison is too small, then the filmwould be too thin a layer will result in volatile and the resulting solar cells will notbe strong enough to absorb sunlight.Thessulb of the TiO2 electrode coatingFurthermore TiO2 suspensions were prepared surfaces can be coated onconductive glass substrate which will serve as the working electrode. Beforecoating, which has been cleaned conductive glass was measured using amultimeter resistance and acquired resistance for each conductor of the glass tobe used ranges between 18-24 ohm/cm2. Coating method chosen in this studyis the "doctor blade" ttrat uses a stir bar for leveling suspension of TiO 2 whichhad been dropped on conductive glass. ln the limit of masking tape affixed to theglass edge which aims to control the thickness of TiO2 layer on the glass andthe size of the glass area to be coakd. ln addition, the boundary edge tapemarks that are not coated in suspensions of TiO2 can be used to attach thebrace to be connected to the circuit so that the cell can be measured.Suspension of TiO2 coatings on conductive glass layer using the "doctor blade"is by moving the rod quickly towards the edge of the glass and then move it backtowards the opposite of the previous fast. lf the layer does not seem equitable,\ \then the coating can be cleaned from the glass surfiace by using a tissue to cleanand the coating proce$s is repeated again.

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Varlation in thickness of the nanocrystalline-Tio 2 layer is a crucial factor inoptimizing the photovoltaic performances of DSC. Although precisemea$uremants of the exd layer thicknees is diffcult, to perfonn Followingformation of the "double-layel' electrode, the nanocrystalline-Tio 2 layer can beMeasured prior to sintering using a surface profiler. ln order to facilitate depthestimations and to the make useful proleetions of the final thickness of thenanocrystalline-Tio2 layer comprised in the "double layef' electrode Followingsintering, a calibration curve wag made. The ratio "before sintering" / "6ftersintering", describecl by a linear relalionship going frrough the origin, yields ashrinkage factor of slightly under unity (ie, 0942) for 20 nm sized TiO 2particulate films. By using this calibration line, a relationship Betweennanocrystalline-Tio 2 film thickness and the resultant DSC conversion efiiciencycan be obtained, the optimum film thickness to Produce highly efficient DSCbeing 12-14 pm (with the Addition of an adhered ARF) [6],After the mating process, which has been coated conductive glass TiO2 openair to dry for t 45 minutes. After drying, the tape is opened slowly ' land and thesurface of Tio2-coated glass is not cleaned by the liver - the liver using ethanolto remove impurities that stick pendiaman immersion process for 45minutes. Then the electrodes have been made ready for disintering.

$intering results T|OZ ElectrcdesTiO2 electrode sintering process carried out at a temperature of 450o C for 30minutes in a furnace. After 30 minutes, the furnace temperature is slouttylorered, to prrcnt thennal stress ocorrs and terkelupa$nya TIOZ layer and theelw{rodes remolrcd from the oven and lefi at room temperature. Sintering

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temperature of 70 oC. This is done io prevent tlm possible entry of molsture fromthe air particles into the pores . pore TiO2 film. Or if not immediate immersion,then prior to use TiO2 electrodes can be heated again at 70 o C for sometime. Electrode dipped into the dye Eolution wilh the position of the TiO 2-coatedelectrode is at the bottom. Dyeing proeesses canied out for at least 24 hoursprior to the TiO2 elecfroele is white will tum into purplish color extract solution asa result of the sensitized sensitized dye adsorption on TiO2 surface. Differencesthat occurred in purple TiO2 layer which has been soaked in the dye sensitizedshows the difrrence in thicknes$ of TiO2 layer. After the dyeing process, TiO2electrodes cleaned in advance sf the excess dye that sticks around the glass$ub$trate[8].

The results of the comparison electrode manufactureComparison electrode (counter electrode) serves to accelerate the reactionkinetics in the reduction reaction at the cathde 13. Comparative electrodesmade of conductive glass substrate coated with a carbon catalyst. Carboncatalysts used in the form of soft graphite pencil inscribed on one gurface of theconductive gla$ coated with conductive oxide. The entire surface of theelectrode coated with a carbon catalyst. ln this process, there is not cultivatedspot. Thin layer of carbon serves as a catialyst for the reaction to the formation ofiodide triodida [9].

Material couplingOnce the matedal making up the ell is ready for u8, then assembled into solarcells.Coupling process begins with washing the Ti02 ebctrode wag imm

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a solution of sensitized and porous carbon electrodes comparators, with ethanoland dried in the open air [10]. TiO2 electrodes placed on a flat surface that hasbeen coatd with TiO 2 is facing up, then the comparison with the electrodeplaced on top facing position. Electrolyte solution is dripped on the sidelines ofthe two electrodes, until the solution is spread between them. Tues together withbinder clips.

CONCLUSIONSConclusions obtained from this study is based on the process and observationare:1. Electrical energy conversion efficiency in dye sensitized solar cell

performance is strongly influenced by the dye and the thickness Titaniuamdioxide. Both of these items greatly affect performance once in a dyesensitized solar cells.

2. From the data below we can see the type of dye is a very good use of wastesensitized dye (Mangosteen pericarp) refer with table 1. and the thickness ofthe titanium dioxide that can improve the performance and efficiency of dyesensitized solar cells are 12'14 prm refer with Fig' 1.

rable 1., Photoelectrochemical parameters of the DSCs sensitized by natural dyesextractedNo Natural Dye lsc tmA cm-Z) Voc tV) FF {%I n (%l

1 Begonia 0.63 0.537 72.2 0.242 Tangerine psel 0.74 0.592 63.1 0.283 Rhododendron 161 / 0,585 60.9 0.57


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{4 Fructus lyciia 0,53 0.68S 46.6 0175 Marigold 0.51 0.542 83.1 4.236 Perilla 1.36 0"s2? 6S.6 0.507 Herba artemisiae

$copariaea1.03 4.484 69.2 034

I China loropetala 0.84 0.51 I 62.S a.27I Yellow rose 0.74 0.609 57. t 0.2610 Flowery knotweed 0.60 0,554 62.7 0,2111 Bauhinia tree 0.96 0,572 66,0 0,3612 Petunia 0.85 0.616 60.5 0.3213 Lithospermurn s,14 s,337 58.5 0.0314 Violet 1.02 0.498 64.5 03315 Chine$e rose 0,90 0.483 61.9 4.2716 Mangosteen pericarp

(Buah Mangsi)2.69 0,680 63.3 1 .17

17 Rose 0"97 0.595 65.S 0.3818 Lily 0.51 0.498 66.7 aJ719 Coffee 0.85 0,559 68.7 0.3320 Broadleaf holly leaf 1.19 0.607 65.4 o.47

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g8bL2 4 6 A tcl 12, "1 4 1e 1IS-f i Q a, th ick rrress f 6r tn*t

Fig. 1. Photoconversion efficiency as a func{ion of nanocrysklline TiO2 layerThickness, respectively [1 1 ].

;*S*t h>r.J-str"&.}rl.Fc[J].gfcqJp=tPtC*J

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3. ln this paper can provide good information to its dedicated researcherswho want to develop dye-sensitized solar cells to mske this as a guide formaking a dye-sensitized eolar cells that have a high efficiency of the dyeand the thicl


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REFERENCE$

[61.

M"A. Green, K. Emery, Y. Hishilwa, W. Warta, "$olar cell efrlciencytableg (version 33)o, Prog, Photovoltaics 17 (2009) 85*94.Huizhi Zhou, Llgiong Wu, Yurong Gao, Tingli Ma* "Dye.senritizsd solarcells using 20 natural dyes as sensltlzeru" Journal of Photochemistryand Photobiolry A: Ghemistry 219 (2011) 188-194Bhattacharaya, Pallab, (1 997), "$omlconductor OptoelectronicDevices", Prentice Hall lnternational, lnc,, New Delhi,I nformation on http://nnrvw. sola ron ix. comZion Tachan,SvenR" uhle _, ArieZaban "Dyeensltized solar tubes: Anew solar cell deoign for efficient current collection and improved cellsealing" Zion Tachan,SvenR" uhle *, ArieZabanS. lto, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, P. Liska, P. Oomte, R. Charvet, P. P6chy, M.Jirousek, A. Kay, S.M, Zakeeruddin, M, Grfltzel, Prog. Phutovolt. 14 (2006)589.

t7l Mayo, Elizabeth 1., (2004), 'n Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Dye(Grcup Vlll iletal|- Sensitized llanocrystallino Titanium DioxidePhstoelectnrdes', Thesis PhD, Califiomia lnstitutre of Technologry.Pasadena, Californial8l. Jin-A Jeong, Han-KiKim* "Thlckness effect of RF sputtered TlO2passivatin g layercnth eperformanceof dye.sene iUzodeola rcelh" Solar. Energy Materhls & $olar Cells 95 (2011) 3a63ag.19] Smestad, G., et al., (1994), "Testlng of Dye.Sencltized TlO2 Solr Cilb I: Experimental Photocurrent Output and Convercion ElllciencF ,Solar Energy Materials & $olar Cells.[10J. Qifeng Zhang, Guozhong Cao* "Nanostructured photoelectrodg brdye-sensitized solar cell$" journal hmepagn:www, elsevier. com/locate/nanotoday,tlll.Seigq lto, Takurou N. Murakami 1, Pascal Comte 1, Paul Liska 1, CaroleGr6tzel, Mohammad K. Nazeeruddin 1, Michael GrgEel, "Fabriclton althin film dye sensltized eolar cellg with solar to olectrh porerconvarrsion efficiency ovar 10i6", Available online at

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proceeding redstar - 2012, 23 june 2012, halaman 353 - 366

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