12/04/17

1

MORTALITY

•  Before the Industrial Revolution •  Average life expectancy (L.E) 22 years

•  14th c. – one of the peaks •  1/3 of European population dies… •  Black Death (Plague)

•  17th c. – Columbian exchange •  Transfer of diseases between Spain and Latin America •  Increase in mortality both in Europe and Latin America

•  Early 19th c. – L.E ~ 40 years •  Mid-19th c; decline in L.E due to infectious diseases.

The Columbian Exchange

12/04/17

2

1840- Irish Potato Famine •  Potato – major food source for the island •  Blight- potato fungus •  500,000 – 1 million people died •  About 2 million refugees

12/04/17

3

Famine of 1866-68 (Sweden and Finland) mid-1800s- agricultural crisis due to cold sowing season and poor harvest Statistics Sweden

Spanish Flu – 1918 •  Influenza epidemic •  50-100 million deaths (3-5% of the world population)

What about developing countries?

  GDP/capita (2015) -USD Life Expectancy (2014)

Saudi Arabia 20,481.70 74

Oman 15,550.70 77

Bahrain 22,600.20 77

Iran 15,610.00* 75

UAE 40,438.80 77

Sri Lanka 3,926.20 75

Cuba 6,051.22* 79

Costa Rica 11,260.00 79

How do we explain it?

12/04/17

4

Biological reasons (that are not really only biological)

•  Biological deterioration – people degenerate •  Chronic diseases

•  Communicable diseases •  AIDS, TB, hepatitis, cholera

•  Socioeconomic environment •  Traffic accidents, homicides, suicides

•  Natural disasters •  earthquakes – Japan vs. Turkey

Social status differentials and mortality

•  Occupation

•  Race/ethnicity

•  Marital status

•  Gender

•  Age

Kerala vs. India

Indicator Kerala IndiaTotal population (In crores) (Census 2011) 3.33 121.01

Decadal Growth (%) (Census 2001) 4.86 17.64Infant Mortality rate (SRS 2013) 12 40

Maternal Mortality Rate (SRS 2010-12) 66 178

Total Fertility Rate (SRS 2012) 1.8 2.4Crude Birth Rate (SRS 2013) 14.7 21.4Crude Death Rate (SRS 2013) 6.9 7Natural Growth Rate (SRS 2013) 7.8 14.4Sex Ratio (Census 2011) 1084 940Child Sex Ratio (Census 2011) 959 914Schedule Caste Population (In crores) (Census 2001) 0.31 16.66

Schedule Tribe Population (In crores) (Census 2001) 0.03 8.4

Total Literacy Rate (%) (Census 2011) 93.91 74.04

Male Literacy Rate (%) (Census 2011) 96.02 82.14

Female Literacy Rate (%) (Census 2011) 91.98 65.46