Independence Movements Around

the World

Indian Sub-Continent

India August 15. 1947 Partition of India (Hindu India,

Muslim East Pakistan and West Pakistan) Migration of People millions of Hindus and

Muslims crossed new borders Mass massacre of each other – 1 million killed Kashmir when independence was granted,

border conflicts ignited a war over Kashmir – a princely state in the Himalayas Hindu price in charge signed Kashmir over to India, but its

majority of Muslims wanted to be part of the newly created Pakistan

Two nations are still fighting over this region today

Sri LankaSri Lanka

India Jawaharlal Nehru 1St Prime

Minister of India Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1st

Governor of Pakistan January 30, 1948 Mohandas

Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu extremist

1964 Nehru dies after working to build a modern, secular India Promoted social justice Green Revolution Built dams, hydroelectric power,

steel mills (India lacked natural gas and oil, which are two resources necessary to industrialization

India 1966 Indira Gandhi

becomes the new Prime Minister of India

1984 Indira Gandhi increases the production of food (Green Revolution) Assassinated by a Sikh

bodyguard 1984 Raji Gandhi

becomes Prime Minister Assassinated in 1991

Pakistan 1971 East Pakistan

(Bangladesh) breaks with West Pakistan (Pakistan)

Differed by language and culture

West Pakistan dominated the economy and the government

During the war, India aided Bangladesh for freedom from Pakistan and helped them gain independence

Sri Lanka Island located off the

coast of India Since 1981, Militant

Tamils want to separate from Sri Lanka

Civil unrest continues today in the small nation

Asia

Philippines Immediate goals rebuild

the economy and restore the capital of Manila

Bell Act Establish free trade between the United States and the Philippines for eight years, followed by gradually increasing tariffs

United States maintained a military force following independence

Philippines Ferdinand Marcos Elected

president of Philippines in 1965 until 1986 Established an authoritarian

regime Stole million of dollars from

the government Corazón Aquino elected

president in 1986, but Marcos refused to acknowledge her victory Public outcry led to the

exile of Marcos and placing Aquino in control

Instituted a new constitution Ended US leases on

military bases

Burma (Myanmar) Became a sovereign

republic in 1948 Aung San leader of the

Burmese Nationalist Army At first, cooperated with the

Japanese, then joined the British to fight the Japanese occupation

Defeated the Japanese, but was gunned down before independence

General Ne Win Set up a repressive government with the goal of a socialist state

Burma (Myanmar) Aung San Suu Kyi

1988, became active in the National League for Democracy Placed under house arrest

for almost six years for pro-democratic actions

1990 National League for Democracy won 80 seats in government during the election

Released in 1995 from house arrest, but is still under surveillance

Malaysia & Singapore 1957 Federation of Malaya

created Singapore, Malaya, Sarawak,

and Sabah 1965 Singapore separates

from the federation One of the busiest ports in the

world Lee Kuan Yew Prime minister

from 1965-1990

Indonesia Sukarno leader of the

Indonesian independence movement

Dutch were unwilling to give up their colonies

Through guerilla war, Indonesians gained their independence

1965 attempted coup on Sukarno, but suppressed by Suharto (a general)

Indonesia 1967 Suharto

officially named president Established a police state

with martial law Government filled with

bribery and corruption 1998 Suharto was

forced to resign

Africa

Ghana Africans allowed in legislative

council by British after WWII Kwame Nkrumah worked to

gain Ghana’s independence in the 1940s

1957 Ghana gains it’s independence

Pan-Africanism goal to create a unified, fully African society Organization of African Unity

(1963) Jerry Rawlings seized power

in 1979 and 1981, still in power today

Kenya Mau Mau wanted to frighten

white farmers into leaving Kenya Jomo Kenyatta refused to

condemn actions of Mau Mau – imprisoned by the British

Kenya granted independence in 1963

Kenyatta becomes the 1st president

Worked to unify the various ethnic and language groups

Kenya Daniel arap Moi takes

over control in 1978 Less successful than

Kenyatta at governing Protests led to Moi’s

government becoming slightly more democratic

Economy suffers a reversal and Moi’s government becomes very corrupt

Congo Most exploited colony

within Africa 1960 – Congo granted

independence from Belgium

Patrice Lumumba becomes 1st Prime Minister Ruled a divided nation Looked to the United

Nations and the Soviet Union for aid

Congo Moise Tshombe local

leader of the Katanga region Area rich in copper Backed by mining interests

Mobutu Sese Seko led a coup against Lumumba Seized power in 1965 Renamed Congo – Zaire

(1965-1997) Accused of stealing billions of

dollars from the government 1997 Mobutu overthrown

by Laurent Kabila – becomes Congo again

Algeria 1945 French troops fired

on Algerian nationalists 1954 Algerian National

Liberation Front (FLN) announced its fight for independence Used guerilla tactics

1958 De Gaulle returns to power in France

Algeria 1962 Referendum setting

conditions for Algerian independence Both sides agree on

referendum Independence granted in July,

1962 Ahmed Ben Bella 1st prime

minister and then 1st president Overthrown in 1965

Islamic Salvation Front (ISF) chief Islamic party, won local nd parliamentary elections in 1990-91

Civil war broke out and continues off and on today

Angola 1960 Three revolutionary

groups emerged Portugal sent in 50,000 troops

to put down rebels Discontent with the colonial wars

led to the toppling of the Portuguese dictatorship

1975 Portuguese troops withdraw from Angola

MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) took control of Luanda (capitol) Led to a civil war

Angola FNLA (National Front for the

Liberation of Angola) Backed by Zaire and the United

States Short-lived independence group

UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola) Assisted by South Africa and the

United States 1988 United States pressed for

settlement between these groups 1989 shaky ceasefire

established 1995 began discussions about

representation of each group in the government

Middle East

Palestine and Israel Jews and Arabs each

have claims to this land Zionists people who

favor a Jewish homeland in Palestine Began settlement in late 19th

and early 20th century Balfour Declaration

statement from the British that the government will support the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Palestine and Israel

1947 United Nations calls for a partition of Palestine into a Palestinian state and a Jewish state

May 14, 1948 official formation of Israel

Israel and the Arab States in Conflict

Day after Israel is proclaimed a state, it was invaded by Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria Ended in a few months with an

Israeli victory Full scale war broke out in

1956, 1967, and 1973 Palestinian land never came

into reality Israel seized half of

Palestinian land in 1948-49 fighting

Egypt took the Gaza strip Jordan took the West Bank

Israel and the Arab States in Conflict

1956 Suez Crisis Egypt seized the Suez Canal

by orders of President Abdel Nasser

The British and French made an agreement with Israel

Israeli troops marched on the Suez Canal

Pressure from the world community forced the Israelis to withdraw and Egypt regained control of the Suez Canal

Israel and the Arab States in Conflict

1967 Six Day War Nasser and allies decided it

was time to defeat the Israelis

Israel struck first, hitting the airfields in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, and Syria

Israel lost 800 men and the Arabs lost 1500 men

Israel gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, which created a buffer zone Some Palestinians were

left stateless

Israel and the Arab States in Conflict

1973 4th Arab-Israeli Conflict Anwar Sadat (leader of Egypt)

planned a joint Arab attack on Yom Kippur (holiest Jewish holiday)

Caused major Israeli causalities and lost some territory

Golda Meir (Prime Minister of Israel) launched a counterattack and regained territory and settled on an uneasy truce

Trading Land for Peace Anwar Sadat offered peace in 1977

Egypt would have peace if Israel would recognize Palestinian rights and return territory seized in 1967 from Egypt, Jordan, and Syria

US president, Jimmy Carter, invited Sadat and Menachem Begin (Israeli Prime Minister) to Camp David Camp David Accords treaty

signed by Egypt and Israel Egypt recognizes Israel and Israel

returns Sinai Peninsula 1981 Sadat assassinated by

Muslim extremists Egypt’s new leader – Hoshi Mubarak

– maintained peace with Israel

The Palestinians Demand Independence

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) led by Yasir Arafat Armed struggle against Israel in the

1970s-80s Israel bombed suspected bases in

Palestinian towns 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon in an

attempt to destroy strongholds, but was drawn into Lebanese civil war and were forced to withdraw

1987 Intifada – campaign of civil disobedience in the form of boycotts, demonstrations, attacks on Israeli soldiers, and throwing rocks Continued into the 1990s but with little

effect

The Palestinians Demand Independence

1993 Secret talks in Oslo, Norway led to an agreement Declaration of Principles – Israel

agreed to grant Palestinians self-rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank

Signed by Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin

1995 Rabin assassinated by right-wing Jewish extremist

1997 Rabin’s successor, Benjamin Netanyahu, met with Arafat to work out plans for a partial Israeli withdrawal from Hebron, on the West Bank Peace has continued to be difficult

to reach