revolutions and independence movements 1750-1914

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Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

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Page 1: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

Revolutions and Independence Movements

1750-1914

Page 2: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

Aim: How did the ideals of the Enlightenment lead to

revolutions?A Study of the American, French,

Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions

Page 3: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

The American Revolution

• A growing sense of patriotism

• Britain’s mounting debt

• Colonial merchants’ desire for more success

• Enlightenment influences

Page 4: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

The French and Indian War

• British colonists in America felt that French colonial settlements were a direct threat

• In 1763 the British defeated the French in the French and Indian War (A.K.A. The Seven Years War)

• To read about scalping during the French and Indian War click hereTHE DELICATE ART OF SCALPING

Page 5: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

European Land in the Americas17th Century

Encarta.com

Page 6: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

The Results of the French and Indian War

• The French were pushed northward

• All territory East of Mississippi River went to Britain

• Spain received New Orleans and French Louisiana

• Spain ceded Florida to Britain

• The American colonists became unified after fighting a common enemy

• The War caused serious debt that the British crown needed to alleviate

Page 7: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

• The British:American colonists should help defray the cost of the French and Indian War.

• The Americans:Americans should not have to be burdened with taxes.

Google Images

Page 8: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

Taxes

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/timeline.html

Page 9: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

THOMAS JEFFERSON

• Thomas Jefferson was influenced by the writings of John Locke.

• Jefferson used several of Locke’s ideas when he authored the Declaration of Independence.

Page 10: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

ON THE PURPOSE OF GOVERNMENT

“Men enter into society to protect their property; they choose a government to make laws and set rules for this reason.”

-John Locke- Two Treatises on Government

“All men are created equal; their Creator has given themcertain rights which cannot be taken away; among these arelife, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.Governments are formed by men to protect these rights.

-Thomas Jefferson- The Declaration of Independence

Page 11: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

WHEN REVOLUTION IS JUSTIFIED

“Whenever the government tries to take away their propertyor their freedom, the government has really declared war on thepeople.”

John Locke-Two Treatises on Government

“Whenever a government attempts to take away rather than protectthese rights, the people have the right to abolish or change thatgovernment.”

Thomas Jefferson- The Declaration of Independence

Page 12: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

THE GRAVITY OF REVOLUTION

“People will suffer a great deal before they will begin to complain.After such suffering, people are right in trying to put the laws in thehands of a government which will protect their rights.”

-John Locke- Two Treatises on Government

“…When people have been made to suffer over long periods of time, and have had their rights taken away, it is not only their right but their duty to throw off such a government and to provide new guards for their future safety.”

-Thomas Jefferson- The Declaration of Independence

Page 14: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

• http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/funddocs/billeng.htm

Identify the Enlightenment principles in the Bill of Rights.

How were the Bill of Rights a response to the events

that caused the American Revolution?

Page 15: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

The French Revolution

http://historywiz.com/oldregime.htm

Page 16: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

The Ancien Regime

• The First Estate• 100,000 Clergy

• The Second Estate• 400,000 Nobles

• The Third Estate• 24 million serfs, free

peasants, bourgeoisie

Google images

Think about it…Each Estate

got one vote!What do you think

happened at voting timein the Estates General?

Page 17: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

•http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/searchimages/116.jpg

Q: Identify principles from the Enlightenment.

https://www.college.columbia.edu/core/students/cc/settexts/nafman89.pdf

Page 18: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

“We must smother the internal and external enemies of the Republic or perish with it; now in this situation, the first maxim of your policy ought to be to lead the people by reason and the people's enemies by terror.”

Fordham.eduhttp://www.chd.univ-rennes1.fr/Icono/Thiers/20ThiersHRFt0304Robespierre.jpg

Page 19: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

The Guillotine

http://www.lancs.ac.uk/staff/dixont/images_clip_image002_0000.jpg

Robespierre is guillotined

Page 20: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

Is this square doomed??

Use a mathematical approach to solve this.

Page 21: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914
Page 22: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

The Era of Napoleon

Google Images

Page 23: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

• After the French Revolution was over a weak, 5-man council called the Directory was formed.

• Napoleon Bonaparte assumed power. He called himself the “First Consul,” then “Consul for Life,” and then “Emperor.”

• He passed a civil code that gave equality to all men, and it protected private property.

• Free speech was limited and newspapers were censored.

• Women, who had been more active during the Revolution, were set back politically and socially by Napoleon.

http://www.ohiou.edu/~chastain/dh/divorce.htm

Women and DivorceIn France during

The Napoleonic Era

Page 24: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

The Napoleonic Wars

• Napoleon led France into war in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.

• Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo (Belgium) June 18, 1815.

http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/encyclopedia/article_show/Waterloo/m0018316.html

Click the link to see a recreation of the Napoleonic Wars.

Page 25: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

The Haitian Revolution• On the eve of revolution French Haiti (Saint Domingue)

had a population on 40,000 white French settlers, 30,000 free people of color (gens de couleur), and 500,000 black slaves (most were born in Africa). There were also a group of escaped slaves (maroons).

• 800 gens de couleurs were sent to fight in the American Revolution. After the French Revolution erupted whites in Haiti wanted to govern themselves (but did not want to give equality to the gens de couleur). This led to a civil war between these two groups.

• The slaves, led by Toussaint Louverture, then revolted in August of 1791. Napoleon sent troops but ultimately they lost.

• In 1804 Haiti declared independence and became the first republic that abolished slavery.

Image wikipedia

Page 26: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

The next few images view the Haitian Revolution from two different perspectives: The British and the French.

Can you detect which representations are British and which are French?

Page 27: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

Slaves Dancing

http://scholar.library.miami.edu/slaves/representations/Individual_art_essays/patricia_essay.htm

Page 28: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

Compare these representations of Haiti.

http://scholar.library.miami.edu/slaves/representations/Individual_art_essays/patricia_essay.htm

Page 29: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

Depictions of Toussaint Louverture

http://scholar.library.miami.edu/slaves/representations/Individual_art_essays/patricia_essay.htm

Page 30: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

Simon Bolivar• Known as “The Liberator”

was a Creole• Studied Rousseau’s

republican ideals as well as Montesquieu

• 1810 led independence movements in Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, and Ecuador (Gran Colombia). Regional differences led to the breakup of this nation

• Promised to fight for the rights of mixed race Latin Americans (Ultimately this promise is abandoned in general by future leaders)

http://bolivien.info-centro.com/documents/portal/images/simonBolivar.png

Page 31: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

Jose de San Martin

• Creole• Had extensive military

service from serving in the Spanish army

• 1814- led independence movements in Argentina, Chile, and Peru

• He joined forces with Bolivar and by the 1820s much of Latin America was independent

http://pachami.com/English/sanmartin1E.htm

Page 32: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

Peninsulares

Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattoes

African Slaves & Native Americans

• If you were a Criollo (creole), would you support Gran Columbia, Argentina, Brazil, Mexican Independence? Why/ Why not?

The Creole Dillema

Page 33: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

http://www.mexonline.com/person1.htm

Hidalgo’s Call for Mexican Independence

• The Grito de Dolores took place on September 16, 1810

• Father Hidalgo rang the Church bell and called on native Mexicans to rise up against the local Spaniards (gachopines)

• A slaughter of Spaniards followed

• Hidalgo was arrested and executed

• His struggle was continued by Father Jose Morelos who was also executed by the Spaniards

• Every year on September 16 Mexicans shout the Grito in honor of Hidalgo

Page 34: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

The Road to Mexican Independence

• Dispute between liberals (i.e. followers of Fathers Hidalgo and Morelos) and Creole conservatives

• Liberals wanted to give equal rights to all and distribute hacienda lands to Native Americans and Mestizos. Creoles opposed this

• Lieutenant Agustin Iturbide, a conservative, won support by offering equal rights to all

• His combined army defeated the Spaniards (1821)

• Iturbide crowned himself Emperor. He was ousted and exiled in less than a year

http://www.mapquest.com/atlas/main.adp?region=mexico

Page 35: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

Effects of Independence in Latin America

• Independence did not include freedom for many.• Slavery continued to exist.• There was no emergence of a significant middle class, many

peasants worked on huge plantations owned by a few wealthy landowners.

• Emergence of Caudillos.• The Catholic Church protected the status quo because it held a lot

of land in Latin America• Latin American countries continued to participate in European

mercantilism and exported a few specialized cash crops.• There were some exceptions to this: Chile diversified its economy,

and Brazil and Argentina saw a growing middle class. But for most countries in Latin America it would be more than 100 years until real reforms took place.

Page 36: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

http://www.bartleby.com/67/latina02.html

Page 37: Revolutions and Independence Movements 1750-1914

Latin American Revolutions of Early 1800s

• Country Mother Country Population Freedom Yrs of Revolution What happens to this Area Ultimately • Fighter• Caribbean• Haiti -

• Other -

• South America• Northern – • (Venezuela, etc.)

• Southern –• Brazil –

• (Argentina, etc.) –

• North America (Mexico) -