Independence Movements Independence Movements & Decolonization& Decolonization

Ch. 33-ishCh. 33-ish

Patterns:Patterns: World War I – World War I – Anti-Colonial Movements BeginAnti-Colonial Movements Begin

WWI weakened European colonizers WWI weakened European colonizers – Shattered perceptions of greatnessShattered perceptions of greatness– Failed promises of self-determinationFailed promises of self-determination

While WWI strengthened coloniesWhile WWI strengthened colonies– Expanded administrative & industrial Expanded administrative & industrial

opportunitiesopportunities– Solidified public supportSolidified public support

PatternsPatterns: World War II – : World War II – Nationalism AcceleratesNationalism Accelerates

WWII sapped resources & will of WWII sapped resources & will of Europe to maintain coloniesEurope to maintain colonies

U.S. & USSR condemned colonialismU.S. & USSR condemned colonialism

PatternsPatterns: Independence: Independence

Mass support based on promises of Mass support based on promises of better lifebetter life

Masses rarely benefitted from Masses rarely benefitted from independenceindependence

IndiaIndiaGrowing NationalismGrowing Nationalism

Earlier colonization = earlier nationalismEarlier colonization = earlier nationalism

INC with modest goals & support initiallyINC with modest goals & support initially

Increasingly resented hardshipsIncreasingly resented hardships

Amritsar MassacreAmritsar Massacre

1 of 2

Growing NationalismGrowing Nationalism Gandhi broadened nationalist movement Gandhi broadened nationalist movement

– Civil disobedienceCivil disobedience

– InclusiveInclusive

Opposing ViewsOpposing Views

– Muslim LeagueMuslim League

2 of 2

Winning IndependenceWinning Independence

WWII yields negotiationsWWII yields negotiations

PartitionPartition– Secular (Hindu-dominated) IndiaSecular (Hindu-dominated) India– Muslim PakistanMuslim Pakistan– Ethnic violenceEthnic violence

1 of 2

Winning IndependenceWinning Independence

IndiaIndia– DemocraticDemocratic

– Growing middle-classGrowing middle-class

– Problems of social classes & diversity remainProblems of social classes & diversity remain

PakistanPakistan– Endemic economic & political instabilityEndemic economic & political instability– East Pakistan secedes East Pakistan secedes → Bangladesh→ Bangladesh

2 of 2

Ghana (Tropical Africa)Ghana (Tropical Africa) Growing NationalismGrowing Nationalism

WWI caused shortages & exploitation in WWI caused shortages & exploitation in Africa sparking nationalist groupsAfrica sparking nationalist groups– Led by western-educated elitesLed by western-educated elites

WWII deepened resentment & hardships WWII deepened resentment & hardships while adding industrywhile adding industry

Winning IndependenceWinning Independence

WWII WWII → civil disobedience & gradual transfer of → civil disobedience & gradual transfer of power power to nationaliststo nationalists– NkrumahNkrumah

Nkrumah’s GhanaNkrumah’s Ghana– Ambitious gov’t development schemesAmbitious gov’t development schemes

– Problems yield authoritarianismProblems yield authoritarianism

Algeria (Settler Africa)Algeria (Settler Africa)Growing NationalismGrowing Nationalism

European “superiority” shatteredEuropean “superiority” shattered

Economic desperation & tension w/ white Economic desperation & tension w/ white settlers settlers → violent independence→ violent independence

Winning IndependenceWinning Independence

British KenyaBritish Kenya

French AlgeriaFrench Algeria– Guerilla warGuerilla war

– 1 million French cling, then flee1 million French cling, then flee

VietnamVietnamGrowing NationalismGrowing Nationalism

Harsh French colonizationHarsh French colonization

WWI sparks movements:WWI sparks movements:

– VNQDDVNQDDDestroyed by French repressionDestroyed by French repression

– CommunistsCommunistsHo Chi MinhHo Chi Minh

Winning IndependenceWinning Independence

WWII WWII → f→ free communist North Vietnamree communist North Vietnam

French re-colonization & Cold War tensions French re-colonization & Cold War tensions spark warspark war– North Vietnam, Viet Minh, Viet CongNorth Vietnam, Viet Minh, Viet Cong

vs.vs.– South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem, U.S.South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem, U.S.

Communist unificationCommunist unification– Recent Chinese-style developmentRecent Chinese-style development

South AfricaSouth Africa

Long settler history & ethnic divisions Long settler history & ethnic divisions led to tight gov’t control by whitesled to tight gov’t control by whites

Afrikaner Nationalists used white Afrikaner Nationalists used white supremacy to pass supremacy to pass apartheidapartheid– System of racial segregationSystem of racial segregation

HomelandsHomelands

1 of 2

South AfricaSouth Africa

Rich, repressive S. Af vs. black nationalismRich, repressive S. Af vs. black nationalism

– African National Congress & MandelaAfrican National Congress & Mandela

1980s: internal & international pressure 1980s: internal & international pressure

1994: Apartheid ends1994: Apartheid ends– President MandelaPresident Mandela

2 of 2

Latin AmericaLatin America

Neo-ColonialismNeo-Colonialism

Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution

1876-1910: Diaz’s repressive dictatorship1876-1910: Diaz’s repressive dictatorship– Export based growth Export based growth → tension→ tension

1910-1920: 1910-1920: Civil War & RevolutionCivil War & Revolution– Turmoil as Villa & Zapata push for peasant-Turmoil as Villa & Zapata push for peasant-

based reforms: land reformbased reforms: land reform Obregon & Constitution of 1917Obregon & Constitution of 1917

– Secular, social justiceSecular, social justice

1920- : PRI1920- : PRI– One-party ruleOne-party rule– Redistribution of landRedistribution of land

Interwar YearsInterwar Years

Liberal democracy & free-trade questionedLiberal democracy & free-trade questioned

– Nationalism from economic dependenceNationalism from economic dependenceStudents, Depression necessitate changeStudents, Depression necessitate change

– Authoritarianism echoes European FascismAuthoritarianism echoes European Fascism

Heavy U.S. involvementHeavy U.S. involvement

Cold War – CommunismCold War – Communism

1950s & 1960s:1950s & 1960s:Governments swing toward communismGovernments swing toward communism

– Cold War brings foreign involvementCold War brings foreign involvement– Guatemala & United FruitGuatemala & United Fruit

CubaCuba– U.S. influence & Batista U.S. influence & Batista → → Communism & CastroCommunism & Castro

– Castro’s communist Cuba:Castro’s communist Cuba:Failed economy; Successful social programsFailed economy; Successful social programs

– Che GuevaraChe Guevara

Cold War – U.S.Cold War – U.S.

1960s & 1970s1960s & 1970s::Conservatives & U.S. counter communism Conservatives & U.S. counter communism w/ military rulew/ military rule

– Stability w/o economic or political progressStability w/o economic or political progress

1980s-today1980s-today::Democracy spreads but communist Democracy spreads but communist sympathies remainsympathies remain