World History IIWorld History IISOL Review SOL Review

Independence Movements – Independence Movements – World TodayWorld Today

Independence in Africa - OverviewIndependence in Africa - Overview

NegritudeNegritude Movement – a movement Movement – a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, to celebrate African culture, heritage, and valuesand values

Right to self-determination Right to self-determination (U.N. (U.N. charter)charter)

Peaceful and violent revolutions after Peaceful and violent revolutions after World War IIWorld War II

Resentment toward imperial rule and Resentment toward imperial rule and economiceconomic exploitation exploitation

KenyaKenya

Bloody – British settlers owned prime Bloody – British settlers owned prime ffarmlandarmland in the highlands of Kenya in the highlands of Kenya and resisted independence for Kenyaand resisted independence for Kenya

Leader – Leader – Jomo KenyattaJomo Kenyatta

GhanaGhana

West Africa – West Africa – peacefulpeaceful transition transition Originally called Gold Coast under Originally called Gold Coast under

the Britishthe British

AlgeriaAlgeria

War for independence from War for independence from FranceFrance

South Africa South Africa

Struggle against Struggle against apartheidapartheid Led by Nelson Led by Nelson MandelaMandela, who , who

became the first black president of became the first black president of South AfricaSouth Africa

Religious Conflict – Palestine vs. Religious Conflict – Palestine vs. IsraelIsrael

Both Palestinians and Israelis want Both Palestinians and Israelis want the same the same landland

Creation of Israel in Creation of Israel in 1948 1948 led to led to many conflicts between Israel and many conflicts between Israel and countries in the Middle East (Syria, countries in the Middle East (Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, etc…)Lebanon, Iraq, etc…)

1993 –1993 – creation of a Palestinian state creation of a Palestinian state (Gaza Strip and West Bank)(Gaza Strip and West Bank)

Religious Conflict – Ireland and Religious Conflict – Ireland and Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland

Protestants vs. Protestants vs. Catholics Catholics IRA (Irish Republican Army) – wants a IRA (Irish Republican Army) – wants a

united Ireland (Northern Ireland – united Ireland (Northern Ireland – part of Great Britain)part of Great Britain)

Today – not an Today – not an issueissue

Religious Conflict - BalkansReligious Conflict - Balkans 1990s – 1990s – Slovenia Slovenia and Croatia separate and Croatia separate

from Yugoslaviafrom Yugoslavia Serbian-led Yugoslav army invaded both Serbian-led Yugoslav army invaded both

Croatia and Slovenia – became free from Croatia and Slovenia – became free from Serbian ruleSerbian rule

February 1992 February 1992 – Bosnia Herzegovina – Bosnia Herzegovina declared independencedeclared independence

April 1992 – Serbia and Montenegro April 1992 – Serbia and Montenegro formed a new Yugoslaviaformed a new Yugoslavia

While Bosnian Muslims and Croats While Bosnian Muslims and Croats supported independence, Bosnian Serbs supported independence, Bosnian Serbs did notdid not

Religious Conflict - BalkansReligious Conflict - Balkans

Supported by Supported by Serbia, Bosnian Serbia, Bosnian Serbs launched a Serbs launched a brutal war brutal war in in 1992 (ethnically 1992 (ethnically cleanse Bosnia cleanse Bosnia Herzegovina of all Herzegovina of all Muslims)Muslims)

IndiaIndia

Leader – Leader – GandhiGandhi Role of civil disobedience and Role of civil disobedience and

passive resistance (boycotts and Salt passive resistance (boycotts and Salt March)March)

Hindu-MuslimHindu-Muslim conflict conflict 1947 partition – India (Hindus) and 1947 partition – India (Hindus) and

Pakistan (Muslims)Pakistan (Muslims)

PakistanPakistan

Was created based on a religious Was created based on a religious issue and divided into two territories issue and divided into two territories ((East and WestEast and West))

Conflict between East and West Conflict between East and West (linguistic, religious, and regional (linguistic, religious, and regional issues)issues)

BangladeshBangladesh

1971 1971 – East Pakistan declared its – East Pakistan declared its independenceindependence

East Pakistan became East Pakistan became BangladeshBangladesh

ChinaChina

Division of China into two nations at Division of China into two nations at the end of the Chinese civil warthe end of the Chinese civil war

Chiang Kai-shek – nationalist China Chiang Kai-shek – nationalist China ((TaiwanTaiwan))

Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) – Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) – Communist China (mainland China)Communist China (mainland China)

Continuing conflictContinuing conflict

Developed NationsDeveloped Nations

North America and EuropeNorth America and Europe Economic Economic stabilitystability - prosperous - prosperous High literacy rates (most people can High literacy rates (most people can

read and write)read and write) Health care (most people have Health care (most people have

access to health care)access to health care) Low birth rate/Low birth rate/lowlow infant mortality infant mortality

raterate Population growth - slowPopulation growth - slow

Developing NationsDeveloping Nations

Africa and AsiaAfrica and Asia Economic Conditions – Poverty Economic Conditions – Poverty Low literacy rateLow literacy rate Health care (Health care (diseasesdiseases)) High birth rate/high infant mortality High birth rate/high infant mortality

raterate Growing population – Growing population – rapid rapid

Impact of New Technologies Impact of New Technologies

Widespread but uWidespread but unequalnequal access to access to computers and instantaneous computers and instantaneous communicationscommunications

Genetic engineering and Genetic engineering and bioethicsbioethics

Factors Affecting Environment and Factors Affecting Environment and SocietySociety

Economic development (Economic development (pollutionpollution)) Rapid population growth (strain on Rapid population growth (strain on

natural resources)natural resources)

Environmental ChallengesEnvironmental Challenges

PollutionPollution Loss of Loss of habitathabitat (places to live) (places to live) Global climate changeGlobal climate change

Social ChallengesSocial Challenges

PovertyPoverty Poor healthPoor health IlliteracyIlliteracy FamineFamine MigrationMigration

Economic InterdependenceEconomic Interdependence Role of rapid Role of rapid transportation,transportation, communication, communication,

and computer networksand computer networks Rise and influence of multinational corporationsRise and influence of multinational corporations Changing role of international boundariesChanging role of international boundaries Regional integration (Regional integration (European Union European Union – tariff-– tariff-

free trade among European nations)free trade among European nations)

Economic InterdependenceEconomic Interdependence Trade Agreements – North American Free Trade Trade Agreements – North American Free Trade

Agreement (Agreement (NAFTA) – NAFTA) – tariff-free trade between tariff-free trade between U.S., Canada, and Mexico and World Trade U.S., Canada, and Mexico and World Trade Organization (WTO) – monitors trade among Organization (WTO) – monitors trade among nationsnations

International Organizations – United Nations + International Organizations – United Nations + International International Monetary Fund Monetary Fund (IMF) – offers (IMF) – offers emergency funds to countries in crisisemergency funds to countries in crisis

RefugeesRefugees

Refugees as an issue in international Refugees as an issue in international conflicts (ex. Palestinian-Israeli conflicts (ex. Palestinian-Israeli conflict forced a lot of Palestinians conflict forced a lot of Palestinians into Jordan) – people who are forced into Jordan) – people who are forced to leave their homelands because of to leave their homelands because of warwar, poverty, political problems, and , poverty, political problems, and environmental environmental disastersdisasters

Migrant WorkersMigrant Workers

People who leave their homeland to People who leave their homeland to work elsewhere (Ex. Central and work elsewhere (Ex. Central and South Americans coming to the South Americans coming to the United States) – United States) – guest workersguest workers